One-dimensional Ternary Photonic Crystals Research Articles

Development of the Monolayer Silicon Solar Cell Based on Photonic Crystals

In the present paper, we have designed a structure of the PIN silicon solar cell. We optimize the thickness of each layer of the PIN silicon solar cell, and its effect on the optical properties of the cell to be cost-effectively incomparable to the commercial cell. Moreover, we design an anti-reflecting coating from a single period one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal. The simulation procedure of the considered structure is mainly based on COMSOL Multiphysics software, which is essentially based on finite element method. We obtained the effect of the anti-reflecting coating on the optical properties of the cell. Also, we investigate the role played by photonic crystals anti-reflecting coating on the generation of electron-hole pairs. The numerical results conduct an inquiry into a prominent enhancement on the optical path length of the incident photons inside the cell. Therefore, the anti-reflecting coating of one-dimensional photonic crystals could have a significant effect on raising the efficiency of the cell.

Extension of energy band gap in ternary photonic crystal using left-handed materials

We investigate the extension of energy band gap in one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal. We assume one of the layers constituting the ternary photonic crystal to be left-handed material (LHM) of simultaneously negative electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. The photonic crystal has the structure dielectric/LHM/dielectric. We show in this work, the energy band gap in one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal can be dramatically enlarged with the increase of the LHM layer thickness. Moreover, it can also be enlarged with the decrease of both the negative permittivity and permeability of the LHM layer. The effects of the angle of incidence and the number of layers are also investigated.

Variation of optical bandwidth in defected ternary photonic crystal under different polarisation conditions

Photonic bandwidth of defected one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal is analytically calculated under both types of oblique incidences. Both P and S type polarised incidences on the structure are considered in order to compute transmittivity of the proposed Butterworth type bandpass filter, and passband spectrum is kept at 1,550 nm by suitably choosing structural parameters and defect density. Defect is kept within feasible limit, and ripple in the desired passband region is tailored by its controlled variation. Width of passband as function of defect density, angle of incidence and dimension of constituent layers is computed, and critical dimension for the sandwiched layer is predicted over which the structure will behave as equivalent binary one. For closely-spaced signal transmission, this narrow bandpass filter will work as excellent candidate to improve SNR.

Variation of optical bandwidth in defected ternary photonic crystal under different polarisation conditions

Photonic bandwidth of defected one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal is analytically calculated under both types of oblique incidences. Both P and S type polarised incidences on the structure are considered in order to compute transmittivity of the proposed Butterworth type bandpass filter, and passband spectrum is kept at 1,550 nm by suitably choosing structural parameters and defect density. Defect is kept within feasible limit, and ripple in the desired passband region is tailored by its controlled variation. Width of passband as function of defect density, angle of incidence and dimension of constituent layers is computed, and critical dimension for the sandwiched layer is predicted over which the structure will behave as equivalent binary one. For closely-spaced signal transmission, this narrow bandpass filter will work as excellent candidate to improve SNR.

Multichannel tunable filter properties of 1D magnetized ternary plasma photonic crystal in the presence of evanescent wave

The multichannel tunable filter properties of one-dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystal composed of magnetized plasma and lossless dielectric have been theoretically investigated using transfer matrix method in the microwave region. The proposed filters possess 2N − 2 comb-like sharp resonant peaks also called transmission channels for N > 1 in transmission spectra in the absence and presence of an external magnetic field. Due to the coupling between evanescent waves and propagating modes in plasma and dielectric layers, respectively, 2N − 2 transmission channels are found without the addition of any defect, enabling the structure to work as a multichannel filter. Next, the filter properties can be made tunable by the application of an external magnetic field, i.e., channel frequency can either be red or blue shifted depending upon the orientation of an external magnetic field. The number of channels and their positions can also be modulated by changing the number of periods (N) and the incident angle (θo), respectively, for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes besides other parameters such as plasma collision frequency, thickness of the plasma layer, plasma frequency, etc.

The theoretical analysis of omnidirectional photonic band gaps in the one-dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystals based on Pell quasi-periodic structure

In this study, an omnidirectional photonic band gap (OPBG) in one-dimensional (1D) plasma photonic crystals (plasma-PCs) with Pell quasi-periodic structures, which are consisting of plasma and two isotropic dielectrics is theoretically calculated by the transfer matrix method. Compared to the Bragg gaps, the OPBG is not dependent on the angle of incidence and both transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes. The bandwidth and frequency region of the OPBG is not sensitive to Pell sequence order, but the bandwidth of the OPBG can be significantly enhanced, as the density and length of plasma layer are increased. The calculated results demonstrate that the 1D plasma-PCs with Pell quasi-periodic not only can obtain a larger bandwidth of OPBG but also have a shorter length in realizing devices, compared to the 1D Thue-Morse (Th-M) aperiodic or Fibonacci ones. It is clear that such 1D plasma-PCs with Pell quasi-periodic have advantages in realizing compact devices.

Investigation of band-gap properties in one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals with a single defect layer

We report one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals containing a single defect layer, whose photonic band-gap properties including the bandwidth and defect mode are analysed by changing the thickness and position of the defect layer, the number of unit cell repetitions in photonic crystals and the initial incidence angle. The results obtained show that the defect layer thickness can strongly affect the transmittance and the number of defect modes. The defect mode can disappear by increasing the number of periodic layers. The position of the defect layer in the photonic crystals can change the wavelength and transmittance of the defect mode. In addition, both the bandwidth and the defect mode properties of TE and TM waves are strongly dependent on the incidence angle.

Transmission properties of one-dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystals

Omnidirectional photonic band gaps (PBGs) are found in one-dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystals (PPC) composed of single negative metamaterials. The band characteristics and transmission properties are investigated through the transfer matrix method. We show that the proposed structure can trap light in three-dimensional space due to the elimination of Brewster's angle transmission resonance allowing the existence of complete PBG. The results are discussed in terms of incident angle, layer thickness, dielectric constant of the dielectric material, and number of unit cells (N) for TE and TM polarizations. It is seen that PBG characteristics is apparent even in an N ≥ 2 system, which is weakly sensitive to the incident angle and completely insensitive to the polarization. Finite PPC could be used for multichannel transmission filter without introducing any defect in the geometry. We show that the locations of the multichannel transmission peaks are in the allowed band of the infinite structure. The structure can work as a single or multichannel filter by varying the number of unit cells. Binary PPC can also work as a polarization sensitive tunable filter.

Tuning the defect mode in ternary photonic crystal with external voltage for designing a controllable optical filter

In this work, behavior of defect mode in one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal (1DTPC) structure with arrangement of (MgF2/Ag/TiO2)5LiNbO3(TiO2/Ag/MgF2)5 was investigated under the applied external electric dc voltage. The defect layer is lithium niobate (LiNbO3), an electro-optical (EO) material whose refractive index is voltage-dependent with high EO coefficient. In comparison, magnesium fluoride (MgF2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) layers have very low EO coefficients. A narrow localized defect mode with perfect transmittance was appeared inside the photonic band gap. Under applying the positive or negative biases, red shift and blue shift was observed in the defect mode, respectively. More than 120 nm tunability was obtained under externally applied voltage in the range of −200 V to 200 V. The physical interpretation is very simple. Change in optical path-length displaces the localized wavelength of the defect mode due to Bragg interface condition. The externally tunable localized mode can be employed in designing a controllable optical filter, one of the essential devices for new-generation all-optical integrated circuits.

Amplifying and compressing optical filter based on one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal structure containing gain medium

The transmission spectrum properties of the one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal (1DTPC) structure, composed of dielectric (D), metal (M) and gain (G) materials, with three different arrangements of (DGM)N, (GDM)N and (DMG)N, where N is the number of periodicity, were investigated. Two full photonic band gaps and N−1 resonant peaks, localized between them, were observed on transmittance spectra on near-UV spectrum region. When the gained layer was placed in front of the metal, the peaks appeared with higher resolution. There is a peak, localized on the higher band-edge of the first gap, which shows very interesting property than the other peaks. Thus, it amplifies and compresses faster with increase in the N and strength of the gain coefficient. The effects of the gain coefficient and periodicity number are graphically illustrated. This communication presents a PC structure that can be a good candidate to design an amplifying and compressing single or multi-channel optical filter in the UV region.

Omnidirectional reflection in one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals and photonic heterostructures

• We design the model of a one-dimensional ternary photonic heterostructure (TPH). • We propose an approach to design optimal TPHs being able to create omnidirectional band gaps. • The formula of the thicknesses of materials of the optimized TPHs is derived. • The formula of the number of sub-ternary photonic crystals of the optimized TPHs is obtained. Designing dielectric systems to create omnidirectional band gaps (OBGs) is an attractive topic in the field of photonic band gap (PBG) structures. In this Letter, we propose a new approach to create OBGs by ternary photonic heterostructures (TPHs) composed of three kinds of materials with different refractive indices and obtain the formulae of the structures of TPHs, i.e., those of the thicknesses of materials and the number of sub-ternary photonic crystals. It may provide a powerful technique for designing the structures being able to produce OBGs by use of usual materials, lowcost materials, and materials with low refractive indices, etc.

Properties of the Band Gaps in 1D Ternary Lossy Photonic Crystal Containing Double-Negative Materials

Theoretically, the characteristics matrix method is employed to investigate and compare the properties of the band gaps of the one-dimensional ternary and binary lossy photonic crystals which are composed of double-negative and double-positive materials. This study shows that by varying the angle of incidence, the band gaps for TM and TE waves behave differently in both ternary and binary lossy structures. The results demonstrate that, by increasing the angle of incidence for the TE wave, the width and the depth of zero-n¯, zero-μ, and Bragg gap increase in both ternary and binary structures. On the other hand, the enhancement of the angle of incidence for the TM wave contributes to reduction of the width and the depth of the zero-n¯ and Bragg gaps, and they finally disappear for incidence angles greater than 50° and 60° for the binary structure and 40° and 45° for the ternary structures, respectively. In addition, the details of the edges of the band gaps variations as a function of incidence angle for both structures are studied.

Nonreciprocal electromagnetic wave propagation in one-dimensional ternary magnetized plasma photonic crystals

In this paper, we propose a one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal based on magnetized plasma to obtain nonreciprocal propagation. By employing the transfer matrix method, the transmission spectra of the counterpropagating plane waves incident from air upon either end of the periodic structure are calculated. Our results reveal that there is a significant contrast between the transmittance of the waves propagated in opposite directions. This means that the structure shows nonreciprocal effects. It is shown that the bandwidth at which nonreciprocity is observed depends on the external magnetic field. The effects of the incident angle and the number of elementary cells on the nonreciprocal behaviors are studied. We demonstrate that nonreciprocity disappears in very small angles of incidence. The designed structure shows nonreciprocal response even in the case of a small number of layers. It is also demonstrated that nonreciprocal effects become stronger when increasing the plasma density and the wavelength of the incident wave.

Designing a Tunable Filter on the One-Dimensional Ternary Photonic Crystal

A tunable filter was designed, which using the liquid crystal as defect films based on the one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal. The spectrum transmission was obtained by using the transfer matrix method, analyze the properties of the band gap of the 1D ternary photonic crystal and main factors influencing the tunable filter. The results show that the filter has different job windows by changing the thickness increment of the adjacent medium behind the liquid crystal, and the tuning range of which has 30nm and above .

Enlarged omnidirectional photonic band gap in one-dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystals based on a new Thue–Morse aperiodic structure

In this paper, an omnidirectional photonic band gap (OBG) realized by one-dimensional ternary non-magnetized plasma dielectric photonic crystals (PPCs) based on a new Thue–Morse aperiodic structure, is studied by the transfer matrix method. From the numerical results, the OBG can be enlarged by manipulating the plasma thickness and density, but ceases to change with increasing Thue–Morse order. However, the plasma collision frequency has no effect on the OBG. It is clear that such new one-dimensional ternary PPCs have a superior feature in the enhancement of OBG compared with the conventional ternary and conventional ternary Thue–Morse aperiodic PPCs.

Complete photonic band gaps in one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals containing single negative materials

Complete photonic band gaps (PBGs) are found in one-dimensional ternary photonic crystals (1D TPCs) composed of an ordinary dielectric and single negative metamaterials. The proposed TPC gives omni directional PBG completely independent of polarizations dependent weekly on angle of incidence. Here the choice of different parameters of TPC is done in such a way so that it eliminates the Brewster's-angle transmission resonance, thus allowing a complete 3D PBG. It exhibits a photonic band or gap near frequencies where either the magnetic permeability or the electric permittivity of the metamaterial changes sign, whose width increases with the increasing angle of incidence. These result from the dispersive properties of the metamaterials and disappear for the particular case of propagation along the stratification direction. The results are discussed in terms of incident angle, layer thickness, dielectric constant of the dielectric material for TE and TM polarizations.

Omnidirectional Photonic Band Gap in One-Dimensional Ternary Superconductor-Dielectric Photonic Crystals Based on a New Thue–Morse Aperiodic Structure

In this paper, an omnidirectional photonic band gap (OBG) of one-dimensional (1D) ternary superconductor-dielectric photonic crystals (SDPCs) based on a new Thue–Mores aperiodic structure is theoretically studied by the transfer matrix method (TMM) in detail. Compared to zero- $\bar{n}$ gap or single negative (negative permittivity or negative permeability) gap, such OBG originates from Bragg gap. From the numerical results, the bandwidth and central frequency of OBG can be notably enlarged by manipulating the thicknesses of superconductor and dielectric layers but cease to change with increasing the Thue–Mores order. The OBG also can be tuned by the ambient temperature of the system especially close to the critical temperature. However, the damping coefficient of the superconductor layer has no effects on the OBG. The relative bandwidth of OBG also is investigated by the parameters as mentioned above. It is clear that such 1D ternary SDPCs have a superior feature in the enhancement of the bandwidth of OBG compared to the conventional ternary SDPCs and conventional ternary Thue–Mores aperiodic SDPCs. These results may provide theoretical instructions to design the future SDPCs devices.

Omnidirectional photonic band gaps enhanced by Fibonacci quasiperiodic one-dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystals

An omnidirectional photonic band gap realized by one-dimensional Fibonacci quasiperiodic structure which is composed of plasma and two kinds of isotropic dielectric is theoretically studied. It has been shown that such an omnidirectional photonic band gap is insensitive to the incident angle and the polarization of electromagnetic wave (EM wave). The frequency range and central frequency of omnidirectional photonic band gap cease to change with increasing Fibonacci order, but vary with the thickness and density of the plasma. The bandwidth of omnidirectional photonic band gap can be notably enlarged. The omnidirectional photonic band gap originates from a Bragg gap in contrast to zero-n˜ gap or single negative (negative permittivity or negative permeability) gap. From the numerical results performed by the transfer matrix method (TMM), it has been proved that Fibonacci quasiperiodic one-dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystals have a superior feature in the enhancement of omnidirectional photonic band gap frequency range compared with the conventional ternary plasma photonic crystals. This omnidirectional photonic band gap has potential applications in filters, microcavities, and fibers, etc.

Omnidirectional photonic band gap enlarged by one-dimensional ternary unmagnetized plasma photonic crystals based on a new Fibonacci quasiperiodic structure

In this paper, an omnidirectional photonic band gap realized by one-dimensional ternary unmagnetized plasma photonic crystals based on a new Fibonacci quasiperiodic structure, which is composed of homogeneous unmagnetized plasma and two kinds of isotropic dielectric, is theoretically studied by the transfer matrix method. It has been shown that such an omnidirectional photonic band gap originates from Bragg gap in contrast to zero-n¯ gap or single negative (negative permittivity or negative permeability) gap, and it is insensitive to the incidence angle and the polarization of electromagnetic wave. From the numerical results, the frequency range and central frequency of omnidirectional photonic band gap can be tuned by the thickness and density of the plasma but cease to change with increasing Fibonacci order. The bandwidth of omnidirectional photonic band gap can be notably enlarged. Moreover, the plasma collision frequency has no effect on the bandwidth of omnidirectional photonic band gap. It is shown that such new structure Fibonacci quasiperiodic one-dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystals have a superior feature in the enhancement of frequency range of omnidirectional photonic band gap compared with the conventional ternary and conventional Fibonacci quasiperiodic ternary plasma photonic crystals.

Enhancement of omnidirectional photonic band gaps in one-dimensional ternary superconductor-dielectric photonic crystals

In this paper, the first two total omnidirectional photonic band gaps (OBGs) of one-dimensional (1D) superconductor-dielectric photonic crystals (SDPCs) which composed of superconductor (Nb) and two kinds of isotropic dielectric periodic structures have been investigated theoretically by using the transfer matrix method (TMM). It has been shown that such OBGs are insensitive to the incident angle and the polarization of electromagnetic wave (EM wave) which originate from Bragg gaps. From the numerical results, it has been proved that 1D ternary SDPCs have a superior feature in the enhancement of OBGs. The frequency ranges of OBGs can be notably enlarged by increasing the thickness of superconductor layer and decreasing the thicknesses of dielectric layers. The bandwidths of OBGs can be enhanced by decreasing the ambient temperature of system. The frequency ranges of OBGs also can be manipulated by the parameters as mentioned above. This kind of OBGs has potential applications in filters, microcavities, and fibers, etc.