One-dimensional Plasma Photonic Crystals Research Articles

A theoretical study based on coherent perfect absorption and polarization separation in one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals.

This article presents a study on tunable narrowband coherent perfect absorption (CPA), which can be altered by adjusting the initial phase to the ranges of 1.03α-1.13α (with α = 2πc/d) and 1.29α-1.43α. The relative bandwidths of these ranges are determined to be 8.5% and 7.4%, respectively. The study utilizes the transfer matrix method for calculations of the largest CPA amplitudes within one-dimensional (1D) magnetized plasma photonic crystals (MPPCs) across two absorption bands, achieving a maximum of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. In addition, the phase modulation and amplitude modulation characteristics of the CPA are also discussed, and the results show that its absorption amplitude can be gradually modulated from 0.08 to 0.99 by the former and from 0.60 to 0.98 by the latter. The external magnetic fields have also been shown to limit the CPA amplitude between 0.41 and 0.99 within one band and between 0.52 and 0.99 within another band. The study further highlights the effect of plasma frequency and dielectric layer thickness on coherent band shifts towards high or low frequencies. Notably, the article presents the multiband polarization separation properties of 1D MPPCs, with calculated transmittance differences between the TM and TE waves of up to 0.70 and 0.74 at 1.13α and 1.37α, respectively.

A theoretical study of optical transport properties’ considerations in three variants of one-dimensional Fibonacci-based plasma photonic crystals

ABSTRACT In this study, we considered the optical transmission properties of one-dimensional plasma photonic crystals according to the Fibonacci order. Here, three types of Fibonacci sequence-based structures with fixed total lengths were compared. It was found that type (1) and type (2) structures had the best and the worst frequency bandgaps, respectively. In the first type, barriers only changed with position according to the Fibonacci sequence, while the second and the third types varied dependently and independently according to the Fibonacci sequence, respectively. To obtain the numerical results, the transfer matrix method was used. We considered the effects of the number of layers, plasma density, total system length, and dielectric constant magnitude in the dielectric layers in the mentioned types of Fibonacci systems. The omnidirectional band gaps (OBG) have been also addressed. We showed that the OBGs were available in types (1) and (3) the Fibonacci systems, whereas they were absent in type (2).

A New Lattice Boltzmann Scheme for Photonic Bandgap and Defect Mode Simulation in One-Dimensional Plasma Photonic Crystals

A novel lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with a pseudo-equilibrium potential is proposed for electromagnetic wave propagation in one-dimensional (1D) plasma photonic crystals. The final form of the LBM incorporates the dispersive effect of plasma media with a pseudo-equilibrium potential in the equilibrium distribution functions. The consistency between the proposed lattice Boltzmann scheme and Maxwell’s equations was rigorously proven based on the Chapman–Enskog expansion technique. Based on the proposed LBM scheme, we investigated the effects of the thickness and relative dielectric constant of a defect layer on the EM wave propagation and defect modes of 1D plasma photonic crystals. We have illustrated that several defect modes can be tuned to appear within the photonic bandgaps. Both the frequency and number of the defect modes could be tuned by changing the relative dielectric constant and thickness of the defect modes. These strategies would assist in the design of narrowband filters.

A Novel Lattice Boltzmann Scheme with Single Extended Force Term for Electromagnetic Wave Propagating in One-Dimensional Plasma Medium

A one-dimensional plasma medium is playing a crucial role in modern sensing device design, which can benefit significantly from numerical electromagnetic wave simulation. In this study, we introduce a novel lattice Boltzmann scheme with a single extended force term for electromagnetic wave propagation in a one-dimensional plasma medium. This method is developed by reconstructing the solution to the macroscopic Maxwell’s equations recovered from the lattice Boltzmann equation. The final formulation of the lattice Boltzmann scheme involves only the equilibrium and one non-equilibrium force term. Among them, the former is calculated from the macroscopic electromagnetic variables, and the latter is evaluated from the dispersive effect. Thus, the proposed lattice Boltzmann scheme directly tracks the evolution of macroscopic electromagnetic variables, which yields lower memory costs and facilitates the implementation of physical boundary conditions. Detailed conduction is carried out based on the Chapman–Enskog expansion technique to prove the mathematical consistency between the proposed lattice Boltzmann scheme and Maxwell’s equations. Based on the proposed method, we present electromagnetic pulse propagating behaviors in nondispersive media and the response of a one-dimensional plasma slab to incident electromagnetic waves that span regions above and below the plasma frequency ωp, and further investigate the optical properties of a one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal with periodic thin layers of plasma with different layer thicknesses to verify the stability, accuracy, and flexibility of the proposed method.

Optical properties of one-dimensional plasma photonic crystals with inhomogeneous plasma density distribution functions.

This paper investigates the optical properties of the two plasma photonic crystal structures. The first structure contains periodic thin layers of plasma with heterogeneous densities, and in the second one, the heterogeneous plasma layer has been applied as the defect layer of a one-dimensional photonic crystal. Herein, the plasma density distribution function is considered a continuous function of plasma critical density as follows: n=ncrf(r→), where ncr=meε0ω2/e2 represents the critical density of the plasma and f(r→) indicates the plasma density distribution function. The heterogeneous plasma layer is assumed to be composed of several homogeneous sublayers with constant density. The transfer-matrix method is applied in calculations, and the total transfer matrix is obtained by multiplying the transfer matrices of each sublayer. Properties and behavior of the photonic bandgap and the defect mode for five different plasma density distribution functions and applied external constant magnetic field are comparatively investigated. Results show that, in the first structure, increasing the incident angle from 0° to 30° causes a bandgap shift to higher frequencies. So, the incident angle is a parameter that can control the bandgap. In the defective structure, the intensity of the defect modes is almost the same in all five distributions, but their locations in the spectrum are different. The effect of the lateral position of the maximum density and external constant magnetic field on the defect mode position is also investigated. The capability of controlling the photonic bandgaps and defect modes of the plasma photonic crystals creates wide applications in promising tunable optical devices, such as optical filters.

Coherent perfect absorption in the one-dimensional non-magnetized plasma photonic crystals

Electromagnetic (EM) absorption is the basic characteristic of materials that plays an important role in many applications such as solar cells, EM radiation protection, and stealth technology. However, under normal circumstances, the traditional medium’s absorption efficiency of EM waves is limited, but the designer can operate by adjusting the structure of the medium. In this paper, the coherent perfect absorption (CPA) is introduced in the one-dimensional (1D) non-magnetized plasma photonic crystals. Under the premise that the selected material meets the conditions (appropriate thickness and dielectric constant), the absorption amplitude at the frequency point that meets the coherent absorption conditions is greatly improved. The results show that the forward and backward EM waves that meet the CPA conditions and propagate in PPCs can increase the absorption to 99.94% and change the phase difference of the two coherent beams to control the adjustment range of the absorption efficiency to 12.60%–99.94%. In addition, the effects of plasma and collision frequency on the absorption property, and the effects of the periodic constant of dielectric layers and plasma thickness on the frequency and amplitude of coherent absorption are also presented. It is foreseeable that the idea of tunability of light absorption in photovoltaic cells is proposed in this paper, and the application of absorbers in the field of optical switching and light modulation has been further expanded.

Investigation on the nonreciprocal properties of one-dimensional cylindrical magnetized plasma photonic crystals.

In this paper, the equations for the transfer matrix method of one-dimensional cylindrical magnetized plasma photonic crystals are proposed, and its nonreciprocal properties based on the Thue-Morse sequence are also studied. By adding the influence of the magnetic field into Maxwell's equations in the cylindrical coordinate system, the transmission matrix equation of cylindrical wave propagation in the cylindrical medium is obtained and a quasi-periodic structure with the Thue-Morse sequence is designed to study its nonreciprocal features. By considering Maxwell's equations and the equations of motion of charged particles, the relative dielectric function of plasma under the $z$-axis magnetic field is achieved. Considering the influences of this dielectric function in the cylindrical coordinate system, the transmission matrix equations of cylindrical wave propagation in the cylindrical medium are derived, and those equations are used to design a cylindrical structure with two layers of ordinary medium and one layer of plasma satisfying the Thue-Morse sequence. It is concluded that the nonreciprocal phenomenon becomes more and more obvious with the increase of the plasma frequency, the relative dielectric constant of the medium, and the incident angle. But with the increase of ${\omega _c}$, the nonreciprocal propagation is attenuated, and there is no significant change when the collision frequency is enlarging.

Microwave transmittance characteristics in different uniquely designed one-dimensional plasma photonic crystals

Plasma photonic crystals (PPCs) are emerging as a powerful instrument for the dynamical control of the electromagnetic properties of a propagating wave. Here we demonstrate several one-dimensional (1D) PPCs with uniquely designed superlattice structures, annular structures or with incorporation of the third material into the primitive unit cell. The influences of the properties of the third material as well as the structural configurations of suplerlattices on the transmittance characteristics of PPCs have been investigated by use of the finite element method. The optimal design strategy for producing PPCs that have more and larger band gaps is provided. These new schemes can potentially be extended to 2D or 3D plasma crystals, which may find broad applications in the manipulation of microwaves and terahertz waves.

A single column plasma photonic crystal (SC-PPC)

In this paper, a reconfigurable one-dimensional single column plasma photonic crystal (SC-PPC) has been investigated. The SC-PPC is a glass column containing standing plasma density patterns (SPDPs) called plasma blobs, where its density varies sinusoidally along the column axis. It appears like a collinear array of the plasma blobs which is produced by having the critical combination of input RF power and gas pressure in a column. The numbers of blobs and plasma density can be controlled by RF power and gas pressure. The value of plasma density is measured for the different numbers of plasma blobs formation by using the experimental setup. These measured data are utilized in the modeling and simulation of SC-PPC for the photonic bandgap (PBG) analysis. The simulation outcomes reveal that the SC-PPC induces PBGs that can be reconfigured with plasma density, lattice constant, and numbers of plasma blobs. This paper explicitly investigates the PBG analysis by modeling two cases, where the plasma density Ne=2.45×1016 m−3 with five plasma blobs and Ne=9×1016 m−3 with six plasma blobs are considered. The obtained outcomes verify the reconfigurable characteristics of SC-PPC.

Nonreciprocal absorption characteristics of one-dimensional cylindrical magnetized plasma photonic crystals

By combining the propagation matrix of planar magnetized plasma photonic crystals with that of the cylindrical non-magnetized medium, the transfer matrix equation of the cylindrical magnetized plasma photonic crystals is obtained. Applying this equation to the cylindrical structure, a quasi-periodic structure conforming to the Pell sequence is designed, which has good nonreciprocal property. Therefore, the absorptance of light propagating forward and backward in this structure are studied respectively. The concept of contrast ratio (D C ), calculated from the absorption of the forward and backward propagation of electromagnetic waves in the structure, is used to compare the degree of difference between the two. It is found that the nonreciprocal propagation becomes larger with the increase of the azimuth modulus and the relative dielectric constant of the medium, increases first, and then decreases with the increase of the incident angle, but does not change obviously when the plasma collision frequency and the cyclotron frequency of the plasma are getting larger. The absorptance decreases with the increase of azimuth modulus, relative dielectric constant, and plasma cyclotron frequency, and becomes better with the increase of the plasma collision frequency. However, when the incident angle gets larger, the absorptance becomes better at first and then gets worse.

Multichannel filter based on tunable fibonacci quasi-periodic structure for one-dimensional magnetized ternary plasma photonic crystal

In this paper, we propose an one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystal based on the ternary Fibonacci quasi-period structure, and use the transmission matrix method (TMM) to study the terahertz band comb-like multichannel filtering properties, which is different from the periodic structure multichannel properties introduced by the plasma defect or dielectric defect. Second, we give the calculation formula of the transmission matrix of the model, third, we find the numerical relationship between the number of Fibonacci sequences and the number of channels. Higher relative refractive index improves the filter performance of comb-like channels. The effect of the length of each layer on the number of channels and the frequency of adjacent comb-like channels is different from that of traditional periodic multichannel filters. The detuning of magnetic field can increase the number of filtering channels, and different incident angles have different phenomena.

Omnidirectional absorption properties of a terahertz one-dimensional ternary magnetized plasma photonic crystal based on a tunable structure

In this paper, by using the transfer matrix method and introducing the plasma as the dispersion medium, we propose the tunable one-dimensional magnetized ternary plasma photonic crystal structure (APB)N, and study its omnidirectional absorption properties of TM wave in terahertz band, where A and B are two different dielectric layers, P is plasma layer, and studied the regulation of the frequency and peak of the absorption channel by the number of periods, the relative refractive index of the dielectric layer, length, density, collision frequency and magnetic field intensity of the plasma layer to the absorption channel frequency and peak value. Therefore, this paper provides an idea for the design of terahertz absorbers for omnidirectional plasma photonic crystals.

The electromagnetic wave modulation based on single-frequency reflection in absorption with angle stability of hyperbolic metamaterials

In this paper, the hyperbolic metamaterials (HMs) based on the one-dimensional (1D) plasma photonic crystals is proposed, whose dielectric constant and group index can be obtained through the effective medium theory. By adopting an improved Thue–Morse sequence structure and using the transfer matrix method, the tunable single-frequency reflection in absorption (SFRA) with angle stability is achieved. The effects of incident angle, filling rate, and plasma collision frequency on the refractive index of HM and the SFRA are also analyzed respectively. The simulated results show that the incident angle makes no difference in the frequency position of the SFRA. However, a larger filling rate means that SFRA will move quickly to the lower frequencies, and the greater plasma collision frequency indicates that SFRA will appear in the higher frequencies. The better performance of SFRA can be realized in the cases of a smaller filling rate, plasma collision frequency, and θ (less than 60°). When the incident angle is about 60°, a perfect single-frequency reflection in the absorption region can be found for the transverse magnetic wave. These computed results can provide ideas for designing the new angle stability anti-dispersion waveguide structures, single-frequency filter with reflection, and absorber.

A reconfigurable device based on the one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals nested with the Pell and Thue–Morse sequences

In this paper, the properties of a reconfigurable device which realizes the omnidirectional band gaps (OBGs), nonreciprocity (NR) and polarization beam splitting (PBS) based on the one-dimensional (1-D) magnetized plasma photonic crystals (MPPCs) nested with quasi-periodic Pell and Thue–Morse sequences are theoretically investigated by the transfer matrix method (TMM). The obtained results show that the OBGs, the NR region, and the scope of PBS can be notably manipulated by the plasma frequency, plasma cyclotron frequency, incident angle, and the plasma collision frequency. More specifically, the higher plasma frequency is needed for accomplishing the property of OBGs while the better performance of NR can be achieved with a larger incident angle and a higher plasma cyclotron frequency. Also, the lower plasma frequency and higher plasma cyclotron frequency are suitable for the splendid performance of PBS. The augment of the plasma collision frequency is adverse to the properties as mentioned above. Due to the Voigt magneto-optical effect generating from the magnetized plasma layers, the time-reversal symmetry is destroyed which is beneficial for obtaining the properties of NR and PBS. Besides, owing to the nested technology which breaks the spatial symmetry of the structure further, compared with the conventional 1-D single quasi-periodic structures, the proposed nested MPPCs have a preeminent strength in achieving the three functions through modulating the corresponding physical parameters. These findings provide theoretical guidance for the design and application of the multifunctional devices.

Analysis of the features of a multifunctional device based on the regulation of the magnetic field in one-dimensional photonic crystals containing only plasma with a novel quasi-periodic structure

In this paper, the features of a multifunctional device that are realized by one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals (MPPCs) containing only the plasma regulated by the external magnetic field in an innovative quasi-periodic arrangement are studied by the transfer matrix method, which possesses the characteristics of the omnidirectional bandgap (OBG), nonreciprocity (NR), and polarization separation (PS). The effects of the magnetic field and other physical parameters including the plasma frequency and incident angle on those three properties are illustrated, respectively. The computed results demonstrate that, with the gradually increasing magnetic field, the performances of OBG and NR apparently deteriorate while the PS region expands ideally. Meanwhile, the greater presentations of OBG and PS can be gotten with the proper rise of the plasma frequency. Nevertheless, the higher the plasma frequency is, the worse the quality of NR will be observed. Furthermore, an appropriate incident angle also plays a crucial part in the display of NR and PS for the proposed structure, and these properties can be enhanced well with a larger incident angle. This new kind of MPPC has potential application in designing tunable and multifunctional optical instruments.

Tunable multichannel terahertz filtering properties of dielectric defect layer in one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystal

In this paper, the multichannel filtering properties caused by the dielectric defect layer of the one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystal (PPC) in the terahertz band are studied by the transmission matrix method (TMM). The structure of (AC)N(CBC)M(AC)N is proposed, in which A is the plasma layer, B is the dielectric defect layer, C is the ordinary dielectric layer, N and M are the periods of the plasma layer and the dielectric defect layer respectively. The research shows that the filter channel generated by the structure is equal to M, and the variation of N will affect the photonic band gap (PBG) range. Secondly, the length of each layer will affect the frequency and transmission of the channel. In particular, the length of the C layer only affects the frequency of the channel and rarely affects the transmission. The refractive index of dielectric layer B affects both transmission and channel frequency. Thirdly, the increase of the plasma density causes the attenuation of the channel transmission, but rarely affects the channel frequency. The magnetic field range of PBG can be changed by controlling the plasma density. Therefore, this paper can provide ideas for the design of multi-channel tunable terahertz filter.

Tunable omnidirectional band gap and polarization splitting in one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals with a quasi-periodic topological structure

An omnidirectional band gap (OBG) can be achieved by stacked hetero-structures or conventional quasi-periodic dielectric structures, which has similar effects on both polarization waves. In this paper, a new quasi-periodic structure (QPS) is constructed to form a photonic crystal, which is composed of magnetized plasma and common dielectrics. The computed results show that different OBG features of two polarized waves can be obtained in the proposed QPS. On this basis, the polarization splitting (PS) phenomenon also can be found, and the bandwidths of both OBG and PS are ultra-wideband. The effects of plasma frequency, external magnetic field, and normal dielectrics on the performance of OBG and PS are also investigated by the transfer matrix method, respectively. It is found that the performance can be adjusted by changing those parameters. The greater OBG can be observed at a large plasma frequency and small magnetic field, while the property of PS is just the opposite. With a smaller plasma frequency or a larger magnetic field, an improved performance of PS can be obtained. These results can provide ideas for the construction of novel quasi-periodic topology, OBG devices, and polarized splitters.

Optical transport properties of one dimensional plasma photonic crystals: Crossover from rectangular to semi-sinusoidal layers

We have numerically investigated the optical transport properties of one-dimensional plasma photonic crystals with varying layers shapes from rectangular to semi-sinusoidal ones. We do this crossover by a parameter Ld in the plasma electron density profile. We study the effects of various parameters such as plasma collision frequency, number of layers, total system length, plasma electron density and incident angle of the electromagnetic wave on the absorption and transmission coefficients of this system. We found that this system has narrow omnidirectional, omni-Ld, omni-(number of layers), and omni-(total system length) bandgaps which seems exotic. However, the position of these bandgaps can be tuned by changing other parameters of the system. The absorption edge of the system also redshifts by increasing the number of walleyes. Finally, high tunability of this system can help experimentalists to more easily fabricate their desired optical devices.

A novel symplectic MRTD scheme studies on numerical characteristics of plasma photonic crystals

A novel symplectic multi-resolution time-domain (S-MRTD) scheme is put forward for simulating the one-dimensional unmagnetized plasma photonic crystals (PPCs). The lossless plasma model is taken into account in S-MRTD scheme, and the detailed calculation formulas of the proposed scheme are provided. An one-dimensional perfectly matched layers (PML) technique is used to truncate the computational domain, and the corresponding formulas are also derived. From the perspective of numerical stability and dispersion characteristics, it is shown that the S-MRTD scheme is more effective than the traditional time-domain methods. The propagation process of electromagnetic (EM) waves in one-dimensional PPCs structure are simulated by S-MRTD scheme, and from the perspective of frequency domain, the reflection and transmission cofficients of EM pulse waves through the PPCs are analyzed. Meanwhile, The characteristics of photonic band gaps (PBGs) are studied based on different parameters. Numerical simulations show that plasma frequency, dielectric constant, periodic thickness, number of periods, the thickness ratio of plasma and medium are important factors affecting the characteristics of PBGs.

Study on the properties of unidirectional absorption and polarization splitting in one-dimensional plasma photonic crystals with ultra-wideband

In this paper, to realize unidirectional ultra-wideband absorption and polarization splitting, a new 1D plasma photonic crystal (PPC) composed of an air layer and nonmagnetized and magnetized plasma layers is theoretically studied. In the proposed 1D PPCs, TM and TE waves are absorbed when the electromagnetic wave is the forward transmission. For the backward propagation, the TM wave is absorbed and the TE wave is reflected. We consider that such a phenomenon is the unidirectional absorption and polarization splitting. The simulated results present that the largest relative bandwidths of co-occupied absorption and polarization splitting regions are 76.64% and 99.09%, respectively. The parameters of such 1D PPCs play an important role in adjusting absorption and splitting polarization regions. Better performance can be obtained when the conditions are met, which are the proposed PPCs with a smaller plasma frequency and larger plasma cyclotron frequency. These findings are useful to guide achieving reconfigurable unidirectional applications.