One-dimensional Photonic Crystal Research Articles

Highly sensitive and selective chlorobenzene vapor sensor based on ZIF-8/GO one-dimensional photonic crystal

In this study, one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) chlorobenzene sensors assembled by ZIF-8, GO, and TiO2 were proposed. The optical properties of 1DPC based on ZIF-8, GO, and TiO2 were studied by varying the number of periods, and the optimized structure of 1DPC based on ZIF-8, TiO2, and GO was to be 2-period. In comparison to the ZIF-8/TiO2 1DPC sensor, the fabricated ZIF-8/GO 1DPC sensor showed better optical sensing properties of chlorobenzene vapor, which showed stronger selectivity, higher sensitivity, and lower limit of detection (0.55 ppm). The sensitivity of the ZIF-8/GO 1D PC sensor (0.18 nm/ppm) is almost 3 times higher than that of ZIF-8/TiO2 1D PC sensor (0.05 nm/ppm) at 0–100 ppm concentration of chlorobenzene vapor. The relationship between the reflected spectra shifts and chlorobenzene of low concentrations was presented to be high linearity. Moreover, the ZIF-8/GO 1DPC sensor showed ultrafast response time (500 ms), outstanding stability, and recyclability. The mechanism of 1DPC sensor based on ZIF-8/GO for enhancing the selectivity and sensitivity to chlorobenzene was also discussed. Given its excellent properties, ZIF-8/GO 1DPC sensor can be an attractive option of high-performance chlorobenzene sensor for environmental quality monitoring.

Anomalous polarization-sensitive Fabry-Perot resonance in a one-dimensional photonic crystal containing an all-dielectric metamaterial defect.

Owing to polarization-independent property of propagating phases inside isotropic dielectric layers, Fabry-Perot resonances in metal-dielectric-metal sandwich structures and one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystals (PhCs) with isotropic dielectric defects are polarization-insensitive. Herein, we introduce an all-dielectric elliptical metamaterial (EMM) defect into a 1-D PhC to realize an anomalous polarization-sensitive Fabry-Perot resonance empowered by the polarization-sensitive property of the propagating phase inside the all-dielectric EMM layer. The wavelength difference of the Fabry-Perot resonance between transverse magnetic and transverse electric polarizations is larger than 100 nm at the incident angle of 45 degrees. Enabled by the polarization-sensitive property of the Fabry-Perot resonance, high-performance polarization selectivity can be achieved in a broad angle range. Our work offers a viable recipe, well within the reach of current fabrication technique, to explore polarization-dependent physical phenomena and devices.

Transformation one-dimensional photonic crystal omnidirectional reflector

In this paper, a concept of transformation one-dimensional photonic crystal is proposed to design omnidirectional reflector, which has a reduced thickness compared with that of the omnidirectional reflector using conventional one-dimensional photonic crystal structure. At first, the omnidirectional reflection band of an original one-dimensional photonic crystal is simulated using the transfer matrix method for comparison. Next, the transformation one-dimensional photonic crystal is designed based on transformation optics. Simulation results indicate that the transformation one-dimensional photonic crystal structures with arbitrary shrunken thickness can omnidirectionally reflect the incident TM waves that operates in the same omnidirectional reflection band of the original one-dimensional photonic crystal structure. Such a concept of transformation one-dimensional photonic crystal also can be expanded to any omnidirectional reflector designed by using other multilayer dielectric systems.

Wide-angle high-performance polarizers based on all-elliptical-metamaterial one-dimensional photonic crystals

As a class of all-dielectric metamaterials, elliptical metamaterials (EMMs) with elliptical iso-frequency curves provide a lossless platform to manipulate light with unity efficiency. Herein, we select two kinds of EMMs as the elements to constitute a special class of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) called all-EMM 1D PCs and realize polarization-sensitive photonic bandgaps (PBGs). Enabled by the polarization-sensitive property of the PBG, we achieve a wide-angle high-performance polarizer. The maximum polarization extinction ratio reaches 1.82 × 104 and the width of the operating angle range reaches 36.07°. Besides, the performance of the polarizer demonstrates robustness against the layer thickness. The all-EMM 1D PCs are 1D nanostructures completely consisting of dielectric thin films, which can be much easily fabricated compared with 2D and 3D nanostructures. Our work provides a lithography-free recipe to design wide-angle high-performance polarizers.

Anodizing charge density controls the porosity of anodic titanium oxide photonic crystals

Anodic titanium oxide (ATO) one-dimensional photonic crystals (PhCs) are materials with uniaxial periodic modulation of porosity. A periodic change of an effective refractive index caused by porosity modulation results in the formation of photonic band gaps (PBGs). The non-uniform dissolution of ATO cell walls during the fabrication process hampers the obtaining of a strict optical periodicity of ATO PhCs. Recently it was found that the dissolution of ATO cell walls is accelerated by anodic polarization. However, the main factor controlling the accelerated dissolution of ATO cell walls during anodizing remains unclear. In this study, the correlation between ATO PhC porosity and the charge density is discussed. The dependencies of the spectral photonic band gap (PBG) position and PBG reflectance on the charge density are studied experimentally. The findings open a pathway to the synthesis of ATO PhCs with flawless optical periodicity and high PBG reflectance.

Reshaping of Gaussian light pulses via defective nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystals

Reshaping of Gaussian light pulses via defective nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystals

Multichannel filtering properties of one-dimensional graphene photonic crystals with high refractive index media layer

Graphene photonic crystals have been attracting increasing attention due to their distinctive properties. In this work, the multichannel filtering performance of a one-dimensional graphene photonic crystal structure is theoretically investigated in the optical communication band. The graphene photonic crystal composed of a stack of alternating layers of dielectric material with high refractive index and graphene sheet. The influence of several structural parameters on the filtering performance of this structure was analyzed using the transfer matrix method. It is shown that the channel number and channel spacing of the multichannel filter can be adjusted by changing the period number and the dielectric constant and thickness of the high refractive index material. The multichannel filtering properties of this graphene structure have potential applications in wavelength division multiplexing systems.

The Topological Origin of Boundary Charges at Edges of One-Dimensional Crystals without Inversion Symmetry

We report the edge states and non-zero boundary charges in one-dimensional photonic crystals (1D PhCs) without inversion symmetry. In contrast to common 1D systems, we show that edge states corresponding to non-zero boundary charges do exist in these asymmetric 1D PhCs even if we cannot obtain non-integral topological invariants. Moreover, an edge state could be observed in the interface between the PhC without inversion symmetry and the well-defined trivial PhC. Finally, the origin of the non-quantized boundary charges is unveiled by the non-central Wannier center. Not only exact solutions of photonic systems, but the above topological phenomena can also be found in the tight-binding models. This work proposes a way to study the 1D symmetries-broken systems and provides models to show the topological origin of boundary charges, which is suitable for both classic systems and quantum systems.

Electrically tunable optical properties of one-dimensional photonic crystal containing nanocomposite structurally chiral material

Electrically tunable optical properties of one-dimensional photonic crystal containing nanocomposite structurally chiral material

Analysis of photonic band gap in a one-dimensional photonic crystal with multiple semiconductor bilayers

Analysis of photonic band gap in a one-dimensional photonic crystal with multiple semiconductor bilayers

Frequency Comb Fiber Generator Based on Photonic Bandgap Amplifier

We report on a model of a fiber frequency comb generator that develops an approach to harmonically mode-locked fiber laser design based on dissipative four-wave mixing. In our version of this approach, we assume an amplifying one-dimensional photonic crystal as a key cavity element combining the properties of an intra-cavity filter and a power amplifier. Using standard equations describing the signal transformation in the ring cavity and the output fiber cascade, we have demonstrated the possibility of the application of the proposed model as a generator of broadband frequency comb with controllable line spacing.

Ultra-large near-infrared omnidirectional photonic bandgaps in cascaded one-dimensional photonic crystals containing all-dielectric metamaterials.

In conventional one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystals (PCs) consisting of isotropic dielectrics, photonic bandgaps (PBGs) substantially shift toward shorter wavelengths as incident angle increases. This strong blueshift characteristic of PBGs significantly reduces the widths of near-infrared omnidirectional photonic bandgaps (OPBGs). Recently, researchers achieved a kind of special PBG called angle-insensitive PBGs in 1-D PCs containing all-dielectric elliptical metamaterials (EMMs). The emergence of angle-insensitive PBGs provides us a possibility to achieve ultra-large near-infrared OPBGs. Herein, we design two 1-D PCs containing all-dielectric EMMs with near-infrared angle-insensitive PBGs in different wavelength ranges. By cascading two 1-D PCs containing all-dielectric EMMs together, we achieve an ultra-large near-infrared OPBG with a width up to 1.004µm (relative bandwidth of 63.9%). In addition, the width of the near-infrared OPBG demonstrates robustness against the layer thickness. Our work not only provides a feasible route to achieving ultra-large near-infrared OPBGs, but also facilitates the design of broadband omnidirectional mirrors.

Broadband frequency translation by space-time interface with weak permittivity temporal change.

Breaking spatial and temporal homogeneities simultaneously incurs the combination of wavenumber and frequency translations. In this work, broadband frequency translations with both redshifts and blueshifts triggered by a single photonic space-time interface (PSTI) with weak temporal change of permittivity across which a homogeneous medium suddenly becomes a one-dimensional photonic crystal is proposed. Mode conversions induced by the PSTI are analyzed, according to which the frequency translation amplitudes are independent of the change of permittivity and the initial frequency but are given by the product of the phase speed of the homogeneous medium and the spatial modulation frequency of the photonic crystal. Hence, a static field can be partially converted into dynamic fields by imposing the PSTI. Our findings pave the way for the study of PSTIs and provide a new scheme to realize broadband frequency translations.

Forensic-level security using non-imitable anticounterfeiting films: Humidity-sensitive 1D photonic crystals with UV-tunable color response and their encryption using small aldehydes

Although considerable progress has been made in anticounterfeiting film technologies, developing difficult-to-imitate novel anticounterfeiting films is still challenging. Herein, we report novel photopatternable one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC)-based anticounterfeiting films, whose colors can be changed by human breath and which can be encrypted and decrypted using small aldehydes and hydrochloric acid, respectively. A photo-crosslinkable TiO2–copolymer hybrid (Ti70) and primary-amine-containing copolymer (P(AEMA97-co-BPA3)–NH2) were prepared and utilized to fabricate 11-layered 1D PC (TiNH2 PC). In addition, using UV post-treatment with customized photomasks, TiNH2 PCs with hidden photopatterns that showed tunable humidity-responsive bright color contrast could be fabricated. However, after exposure to aldehydes, the TiNH2 PC showed reduced or no color shifts in response to further changes in the relative humidity. This is because the hydrophilicity of the P(AEMA97-co-BPA3)–NH2 layers decreased when they converted to P(AEMA97-co-BPA3)-imine layers under aldehyde exposure. However, the aldehyde-exposed TiNH2 PC could be reversibly recycled to its pristine state by simply immersing it in a hydrochloric acid solution (1 M) for 30 min. These findings provide insights into fabricating various colorimetric sensors as non-imitable anticounterfeiting films with selective encryption/decryption for achieving forensic-level security.

Pair of optical solitons in parallel planar waveguides coupled by linear photonic crystal

We propose a simple optical model, which consists of two Kerr nonlinear parallel planar waveguides sandwiching a one-dimensional photonic crystal for demonstrating the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking in optics. We study the shape and stability of soliton pairs propagating in two planar waveguides and the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the power distribution of solitons in the two waveguides. The results of numerical simulation show that there is supercritical type of spontaneous symmetry breaking in this system. More optical power P and smaller refractive index of photonic crystals [Formula: see text] make soliton solutions more prone to spontaneous symmetry breaking bifurcation. Asymmetric soliton solutions and symmetric soliton solutions correspond to different dispersion relations. Under the given total power P, for the symmetric soliton solutions, the propagation constant k increases linearly with [Formula: see text], and for asymmetric soliton solutions, the propagation constant k decreases nonlinearly with [Formula: see text]. The minimum point of [Formula: see text] is just the demarkation between the symmetric soliton solutions and the asymmetric soliton solutions. If [Formula: see text] is fixed, the minimum point of the Hamiltonian of the system, [Formula: see text], is also the critical point of the two different kinds of soliton solutions. We also study stable and unstable distributions of two kinds of soliton solutions.

Terahertz angle-independent photonic bandgap in a one-dimensional photonic crystal containing InSb-based hyperbolic metamaterials: erratum.

This erratum corrects the typing errors in Eq.(6) and the caption of Fig.4 of the original paper, Appl. Opt.61, 7677 (2022).APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.470923 The correction does not affect the results of the original paper.

Influence of nonlinear semiconductor layer on optical properties in one-dimensional photonic crystals

In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate a one-dimensional photonic crystal containing N-doped germanium semiconductor as a nonlinear defect layer with an intensity-dependent refractive index, silica (SiO2) and zinc selenide (ZnSe) as crystal cells. Bistability of the TE polarization of the transmission spectrum due to the nonlinear property of the defect layer is investigated by the transfer matrix method (TMM). The refractive index of the germanium nonlinear semiconductor layer is simultaneously depending on the doping density and the intensity of the irradiated light. The changes in both factors are investigated. The impact on the transmission spectrum of the bistability threshold due to the change in the thickness of the defect layer, the thickness of other layers of crystal cells, and the angle of incident light are investigated. The nonlinear effect caused by light intensity as well as doped density effect on the germanium nonlinear semiconductor medium is used simultaneously. As a result, the nonlinear effect caused by the light intensity to create bistability is more than the doping density.

Optimization of the quality factor and sensitivity of one-dimensional photonic crystal methane sensor with cryptophane A cavity

In this work, we introduce a sensor for measuring different methane concentration levels. The model is based on a defective one-dimensional photonic crystal composed of alternating layers of air and Silicon with a cryptophane A cavity. We assume that the refractive index of silicon depends on temperature. The transmittance spectrum was calculated using the transfer matrix method. This work also assessed the effects of temperature and methane concentration on the wavelength shift of a localized mode within the photonic band gap. The results show the shift of this localized mode toward longer wavelengths as temperature increases, with the quality factor reaching its maximum value at around 8994.35. When maintaining a constant temperature, we observed a blue-shift when the methane concentration is in a range of 0.0–3.5%, and the quality factor decreases to 6358.26, with a maximum sensitivity of 144.485 nm by RIU. Due to its excellent performance to store energy within the cavity, this sensor can be used to detect different gas concentrations.

Bismuth vanadate layers alternated with nanoparticle-doped silicon dioxide layers for one-dimensional multilayer photonic crystals

Bismuth vanadate is one of most studied materials in the field of photocatalysis due to its high photocatalytic activity. The modulation of its optical properties can be engineered by fabricating photonic crystals in which bismuth vanadate is included. In the present study, bismuth vanadate in the monoclinic clinobisvanite structure has been included in a one-dimensional photonic crystal. Bismuth vanadate layers are alternated with layers on silicon dioxide doped with titanium dioxide nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles. The optical properties of the crystal have been studied by employing the transfer matrix method, taking into account all the refractive index dispersions of the selected materials. The transmission spectra have been studied as a function of the bismuth vanadate layers thickness and the filling factor of titanium dioxide and silver dioxide in the silicon dioxide layers.

Electro-Optic Activity of a Non-Ideal One-Dimensional Photonic Structure in the Frequency Vicinity of Excitonic Transition

The paper is devoted to electro-gyration phenomenon in a non-ideal one-dimensional photonic crystal. One of the sublattices of the considered structure includes randomly distributed foreign layers with embedded point imperfections (vacancies). Electro-gyration effect arises due to the onset of optical activity of defect layers under the action of a constant electric field. We study the dependence of the specific polarization rotation angle of light on concentrations of layer wise and point defects as well as on the light frequency and lattice parameters.