One-dimensional Photonic Band Gap Structures Research Articles

Investigation of one-dimensional photonic bandgap structures containing lossy double-negative metamaterials through the Bloch impedance

The Bloch impedance is studied and used to understand the properties of the absorption loss in one-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) composed of air and metal-based double-negative metamaterials. We find that as the frequency increases across the zero-¯ n gap of the considered structures, the modulus of the Bloch impedance always decreases from a maximum to a minimum value. On the other hand, the frequency dependence of the phase angle of the Bloch impedance is greatly influenced by the ratio of the electric to the magnetic damping coefficient γe∕γm of the metamaterials. When the phase angle of the Bloch impedance reaches maximum inside the zero-¯ n gap, the impedance mismatch between the incident medium and the considered PC becomes greatest, the reflection will be strongest and a minimum absorption will be observed. As γe∕γm increases, the frequency corresponding to the minimum absorption shifts from the lower to the upper gap edge. We also show that the main characteristics of both the Bloch impedance and the absorption loss are insensitive to the geometrical parameters. Our study offers a valuable reference in the designs of zero-¯ n gap with optimized properties. © 2013 Optical Society of America

Parametric Study of 1-D PBG Structures Composed of Subwavelength Dipole Elements

In this letter, an original approach for filter design using one-dimensional photonic band-gap (1-D PBG) structures composed of subwavelength dipole elements is presented. Through an efficient $S$ - to $T$ -parameters conversion technique, a detailed analysis is performed to investigate the variation of the dispersion characteristics of 1-D PBG structures as a function of the cell element configuration. Also, for the first time, the angular sensitivity of the structure has been studied in order to obtain the projected band diagrams for both TE and TM polarizations.

Optical bistability in one-dimensional photonic band gap structure with nonlinear graded-index defect layer

The transmission property of a one-dimensional photonic band gap structure with a nonlinear graded-index defect layer is investigated. Using the transfer matrix method, we find that such a composite structure exhibits a bistability that is strongly dependent on the gradation profile and the width of the nonlinear defect layer. The switching threshold values can be greatly reduced just by properly choosing the gradation profile and the width of the nonlinear defect layer.

Comparing resonant photon tunneling via cavity modes and Tamm plasmon polariton modes in metal-coated Bragg mirrors

Resonant photon tunneling was investigated experimentally in multilayer structures containing a high-contrast (TiO(2)/SiO(2)) Bragg mirror capped with a semitransparent gold film. Transmission via a fundamental cavity resonance was compared with transmission via the Tamm plasmon polariton resonance that appears at the interface between a metal film and a one-dimensional photonic bandgap structure. The Tamm-plasmon-mediated transmission exhibits a smaller dependence on the angle and polarization of the incident light for similar values of peak transmission, resonance wavelength, and finesse. Implications for transparent electrical contacts based on resonant tunneling structures are discussed.

Polarization multiplexed fluorescence enhancer using a pixelated one-dimensional photonic band gap structure

Fluorescence enhancement using photonic crystals can produce a significant improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio for single molecule and low molecule-concentration fluorescence imaging in biological and biochemical studies. In this Letter, a pixelated one-dimensional photonic band gap structure was designed to enhance both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations through a spatially multiplexed photonic crystal resonance. The average enhancement of 15.6 and 17.9 fold were experimentally verified for the transverse and longitudinal fields on the same substrate. This device may be used as an optical platform for molecular orientation determination.

Nearly three orders of magnitude enhancement of Goos-Hanchen shift by exciting Bloch surface wave

Goos-Hanchen effect is experimentally studied when the Bloch surface wave is excited in the forbidden band of a one-dimensional photonic band-gap structure. By tuning the refractive index of the cladding covering the truncated photonic crystal structure, either a guided or a surface mode can be excited. In the latter case, strong enhancement of the Goos-Hanchen shift induced by the Bloch-surface-wave results in sub-millimeter shifts of the reflected beam position. Such giant Goos-Hanchen shift, ~750 times of the wavelength, could enable many intriguing applications that had been less than feasible to implement before.

One dimensional photonic band gap material as an omnidirectional reflector

In this article, the reflection properties in one-dimensional dielectric-dielectric photonic band gap (PBG) structure have been studied. We have used SiO2 as material of low refractive index and Te as a high refractive index material. Reflectivity of proposed PBG structure is plotted as a function of wavelength and angle of incidence and omni-directional PBGs are computed theoretically. To obtain reflectance, we used transfer matrix method for solving Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetic wave in PBG structures. For a large range of frequency, the PBG structure is found to exhibit omni-directional reflection which can be exploited in devices such as optical resonators, mirrors, etc.

Wavelength selective filter based on polarization control in a photonic bandgap structure with a defect

We present a technique for achieving wavelength specific half-wave retardation upon reflection from an asymmetric one-dimensional photonic band-gap structure with a defect. The approach is based on a high finesse Gires-Tournois type interferometer and makes use of the large mode splitting of TE and TM defect modes that occurs in structures with a wide photonic band-gap. We use this structure to demonstrate a polarization-based selective tuneable filter with a narrow pass-band and wide rejection-band.

Experimental confirmation of strong fluorescence enhancement using one-dimensional GaP/SiO_2 photonic band gap structure

In this paper we report the experimental confirmation of the fluorescence enhancement effect using a one-dimensional photonic band gap (1D PBG) structure. This 1D PBG structure consists of periodic multilayer thin films with gallium phosphide (GaP) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as the alternating high and low index materials. Strong evanescent field enhancement can be generated at the last interface due to the combination of total internal reflection and photonic crystal resonance for the excitation wavelength. In addition, the 1D PBG structure is designed as an omnidirectional reflector for the red-shifted fluorescent signal emitted from the surface bounded molecules. This omnidirectional reflection function helps to improve the collection efficiency of the objective lens and further increase the detected fluorescent signal. Compared with the commonly used bare glass substrate, an average enhancement factor of 69 times has been experimentally verified with quantum dots as the fluorescent markers. This fluorescence enhancer may find broad applications in single molecular optical sensing and imaging.

APPEARANCE OF A ZERO-n AND A ZERO-ϕeff GAP IN DIFFERENT FREQUENCY RANGES IN A SINGLE 1D PHOTONIC BAND GAP STRUCTURE

We present a scheme to realize both the zero-n and the zero-ϕ eff gap in a one-dimensional photonic band gap structure containing metamaterials. The frequency dispersion of the effective electric permittivity and magnetic permeability of the metamaterials in the adjacent layers in one period are represented by the Drude model and the resonant model. The chosen structure is composed of alternate double-negative and double-positive layers which exhibit a zero-n gap in a certain frequency range whereas in a higher frequency range it behaves as alternate permittivity negative and permeability negative layers to exhibit a zero-ϕ eff gap. Some properties and benefits of having the zero-n and the zero-ϕ eff gap in the same physical system are discussed.

Torque on birefringence in one-dimensional finite photonic band-gap structure with defects

We theoretically study the optical torque on the layers in one-dimensional finite photonic crystal with birefringent defect layers. The fields in each layer are deduced by Berreman's 4 × 4-matrix method. We found out that the strong electromagnetic fields enhance both torque and force on the layers at defect mode. These investigations suggest an efficient method to construct the micro-motor driven by electromagnetic wave.

Transformation of nonlinear behaviors: From bright- to dark-gap soliton in a one-dimensional photonic crystal containing a nonlinear indefinite metamaterial defect

Nonlinear propagation characteristics are investigated theoretically in a one-dimensional photonic band-gap structure doped with a nonlinear indefinite metamaterial defect for five distinct frequency intervals. It is found from the electric field distribution that there exists the bright gap solitonlike when the nonlinear indefinite metamaterial defect is a cut-off medium, while the dark gap solitonlike can appear in the nonlinear never cut-off defect layer. It is also found that there exists corresponding bistable lateral shift the properties of which are strongly dependent on the permittivity and permeability of nonlinear indefinite metamaterials. Moreover, in contrast to the switch-down threshold value, the switch-up threshold value is more sensitive to the incident frequency.

Abnormal behaviour of one-dimensional photonic crystal with defect

The effect of introduction a defect in a conventional one-dimensional photonic band gap (PBG) structure in respect of the dispersion relation, reflectivity, group velocity and effective group index of such a structure has been studied. In particular, the dependence of various properties of such a structure on the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic waves has been given more importance in the present study. The study shows that inside the conventional PBG structure as well as defect PBG structure, the group velocity and effective group index become negative for certain ranges of normalized frequency. In a defect PBG structure, it is possible to achieve desired values (negative or positive) of group velocity and effective group index by choosing appropriate angle of incidence, whereas in conventional PBG structures, the maximum (negative and positive) values of group velocities and effective group index are found to be almost independent of the angle of incidence. This is a unique property of defect PBG structure which is different from the properties of conventional PBG structures. Because of this unique property, defect PBG structure may be widely used for construction super lenses, lasing without inversion and other optical systems in photonics.

Generation of enhanced evanescent Bessel beam using band-edge resonance

A method for generating enhanced evanescent Bessel beam is reported. When a radially polarized beam is strongly focused onto the last interface of one-dimensional photonic band gap structure, enhanced evanescent J0 type Bessel beam can be generated via the band-edge resonance. Similarly, enhanced evanescent J1 type Bessel beam can be created by reversing the multilayer structure under azimuthally polarized illumination. These enhanced evanescent Bessel fields may have important applications in optical manipulations of nanoparticles.

Modulation of bistable lateral shifts in a one-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal consisting of indefinite metamaterials

Nonlinear propagation characteristics are investigated theoretically in a one-dimensional photonic band-gap structure containing indefinite metamaterials. It is found that optical bistability can be achieved at very low threshold values of normalized input intensity in this composite structure when the indefinite metamaterial is a cut-off, anticut-off, and never cut-off medium. It is also found that there exists corresponding bistable lateral shift which is strongly dependent on the parameters of indefinite metamaterials.

Enhanced Incidence Angle Based Spectrum Tuning by Using One-Dimensional Ternary Photonic Band Gap Structures

This paper demonstrates a novel way to enhance the incident angle based output spectrum tuning in one-dimensional (1D) photonic band gap (PBG) material by using a ternary periodic structure (i.e., three material layers constituting a period of lattice). The incidence angle sensitive wavelength band shift of binary periodic structure was significantly enhanced when the structure was modified to ternary periodic structure by sandwiching a thin new material layer between every two layers, constituting a period of lattice. When the thickness of sandwiched layer was increased, further enhancement in tunable wavelength band shift was observed. These 1D ternary PBG structures can be substituted in place of 1D binary PBG structures for enhancing the tuning performance of optical filters.

Elaboration of one-dimensional photonic structure on silicon by electrochemical etching

We present a study on the formation of One-Dimensional Photonic Band Gap structure with electrochemical etching of p+-type Si (100) with resistivity 0.01 Ω.cm in HF/ CH3COOH/H2O solution. The process can be precisely controlled by varying the experimental parameter (current density, etching time, number of porous layer). The elaborated structures consisting of porous layers with periodically modulated current densities provide an opportunity to create multilayer structures: Distribution Bragg Reflector’s (DBR), Optical Micro-Cavities (OMC).To obtain a periodic porous silicon multilayer structure we switched the current density between low (7–14 mA/cm2) and high (50–100 mA/cm2) values. Reflection spectra measured from DBR and OMC are acquired by spectroscopy Cary 500. Morphological analysis of porous silicon surface was carried out by scanning electron microscope. The reflectivity for DBR shows an increase reflectivity from 55% to 95%, when the periodic layers number increases from 20 to 40. It is clearly shown that the changing of the experimental parameter induces a shift of the reflectivity of OMC from 2030 nm to 1265 nm. Moreover, it is noted that the reflectivity increases from 65% for the 1st OMC to 70% for the second one.

Modal propagation characteristics of EM waves in ternary one-dimensional plasma photonic crystals

We have theoretically studied the modal dispersion characteristics, group velocity, and effective group as well as phase index of refraction of ternary one-dimensional (1D) plasma photonic band gap (PBG) structure having periodic multilayers of three different materials in one unit cell. The dispersion characteristics related for such structure is derived by solving Maxwell wave equation based on principle of Kronig–Penny model. From the computed results we observe that the dispersion characteristics of such structure also show the frequency gap and cutoffs as found in (binary) one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal. The frequency gap is shown to become larger with the increase of plasma frequency as well as plasma width. It is seen that such structure provide additional degree of freedom to control dispersion characteristic, group velocity and effective index of refraction compared to conventional one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal.

Polarization properties of symmetrical and asymmetrical nonreciprocal chiral photonic bandgap structure with defect

The polarization properties of perfectly periodical and defective one-dimensional photonic bandgap structures with nonreciprocal chiral (bi-isotropic) layers are studied. The method of solution is based on the 2×2 block-representation transfer-matrix formulation. Numerical simulations are carried out for different types of structures (symmetrical or asymmetrical) in order to reveal the dependence of the reflection and transmission coefficients on frequency, chirality, nonreciprocity parameters, and angle of wave incidence.

Quasi-normal-modes description of transmission properties for photonic bandgap structures

We use the quasi-normal-modes (QNM) approach for discussing the transmission properties of double-side opened optical cavities: in particular, this approach is specified for one-dimensional (1D) photonic bandgap (PBG) structures. Moreover, we conjecture that the density of the modes is a dynamical variable that has the flexibility of varying with respect to the boundary conditions as well as the initial conditions; in fact, the electromagnetic (e.m.) field generated by two monochromatic counterpropagating pump waves leads to interference effects inside a quarter-wave symmetric 1D-PBG structure. Finally, here, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a large number of theoretical assumptions on QNM metrics for an open cavity, never discussed in literature, are proved, and a simple and direct method to calculate the QNM norm for a 1D-PBG structure is reported. (c) 2009 Optical Society of America