One-dimensional Consolidation Of Unsaturated Soils Research Articles

A Simplified Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation of Unsaturated Soils

A Simplified Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation of Unsaturated Soils

Analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils under dynamic load

Analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils under dynamic load

One-Dimensional Consolidation for Unsaturated Soils under Depth-Dependent Stress Induced by Multistage Load

One-Dimensional Consolidation for Unsaturated Soils under Depth-Dependent Stress Induced by Multistage Load

One-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils considering self-weight: Semi-analytical solutions

For the newly deposited soil, the consolidation will occur under the self-weight and external load jointly if the soil is treated by the stack pre-pressure method. The soil stress caused by self-weight has a significant influence on its consolidation process no matter the soil is either saturated or unsaturated. However, the soil’s self-weight is ignored in the one-dimensional (1D) consolidation theory for unsaturated soils (Fredlund and Hasan, 1979). In this paper, we derived the semi-analytical solutions for excess pressures and normalized settlement in 1D dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils considering self-weight. The analytical solutions were obtained by Crump’s method (Crump, 1976), through a computing program coupling the calculation of initial excess pore pressures with the inverse Laplace transform of the obtained solutions. Then, the proposed solutions are verified through a degradation case. Several 2D charts are presented to visualize the solutions, and various examples are employed to discuss the key factors that affect one-dimensional consolidation behavior of unsaturated soils when self-weight is considered. It can be found that the relative excess pore pressure will be restrained for the one-dimensional consolidation when considering self-weight.

Analysis of One-Dimensional Consolidation for Unsaturated Soils under Piecewise Cyclic Loading

This paper studies the one-dimensional (1D) consolidation behavior for unsaturated stratum subjected to piecewise cyclic loading. Combined with the widely accepted consolidation theory of unsaturated soils, a semianalytical method was employed to investigate the consolidation of unsaturated foundation considering piecewise cyclic loading in the Laplace domain. Furthermore, the reduced solutions were produced to perform the verification work accompanied by the results in the existing literature. Finally, a case study was conducted to explore the consolidation characteristics under piecewise cyclic loading (i.e., triangular and trapezoidal cyclic loadings). Parametric studies were carried out by variations of excess pore pressures and settlement against the ratio of air-water permeability coefficients, depth, and loading parameters. The research proposed in this paper can provide theoretical basis for the ground treatment of unsaturated soils, especially for rationally accelerating consolidation or avoiding sudden settlement.

Semianalytical Solution for One-Dimensional Consolidation in a Multilayered Unsaturated Soil System with Exponentially Time-Growing Permeable Boundary

AbstractThis paper proposes new semianalytical solutions to one-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with a multilayered system under the partially permeable boundary condition, in which ...

A Series of Semianalytical Solutions of One-Dimensional Consolidation in Unsaturated Soils

Abstract This study presents a new series of semianalytical solutions of Fredlund and Hasan's one-dimensional consolidation equations for unsaturated soils under a variety of boundary conditions. T...

One-Dimensional Consolidation Analysis of Unsaturated Soils under Cyclic Loadings

This paper presents analytical solutions to Fredlund and Hasan’s one-dimensional consolidation equations for unsaturated soils subjected to various cyclic loadings. Two new variables are introduced so that the governing equations for excess pore air and water pressures can be transformed to a set of conventional diffusion equations. Based on the general solutions for two introduced variables, the analytical solutions are derived for one-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils under trapezoidal, rectangular, triangular, and haversine cyclic loadings. It shows through the degeneration into the existing solutions for unsaturated and saturated soils that the proposed solutions are more general ones for one-dimensional consolidation of soils from unsaturated to saturated states. A comprehensive parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of different parameters on one-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils under various cyclic loadings. The proposed solutions can be effectively utilized in the analysis of consolidation of unsaturated soils subjected to various cyclic loadings.

Semi-analytical solutions to two-dimensional plane strain consolidation for unsaturated soil

This paper presents semi-analytical solutions to two-dimensional plane strain consolidation of unsaturated soils under different initial and boundary conditions. By applying the finite sine and Laplace transforms, the partial differential equations are converted to the ordinary differential equations. The semi-analytical solutions are obtained by using the finite sine inversion transform. Crump’s method is adopted to perform the inverse Laplace transform to obtain analytical solutions in time domain. The present solutions are more general and can be degenerated into conventional solutions to one-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils. Several examples are provided to investigate two-dimensional plane strain consolidation behavior of unsaturated soils.

Semi-Analytical Solution to One-Dimensional Consolidation for Unsaturated Soils with Exponentially Time-Growing Drainage Boundary Conditions

AbstractThis paper presents a semi-analytical solution to Fredlund and Hasan’s one-dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils subjected to exponentially time-growing drainage-boundary conditio...

Semi-analytical solutions to one-dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils with semi-permeable drainage boundary

The semi-analytical solutions to Fredlund and Hasan’s one-dimensional (1D) consolidation for unsaturated soils with a semi-permeable drainage boundary are presented. Two variables are introduced to transform the two coupled governing equations of pore-water and pore-air pressures into an equivalent set of partial differential equations (PDFs), which are easily solved by the Laplace transform method. Then, the pore-water pressure, pore-air pressure, and soil settlement are obtained in the Laplace domain. The Crump method is adopted to perform the inverse Laplace transform in order to obtain the semi-analytical solutions in the time domain. It is shown that the proposed solutions are more applicable to various types of boundary conditions and agree well with the existing solutions from the literature. Several numerical examples are provided to investigate the consolidation behavior of an unsaturated single-layer soil with single, double, mixed, and semi-permeable drainage boundaries. The changes in the pore-air and pore-water pressures and the soil settlement with the time factor at different values of the semi-permeable drainage boundary parameters are illustrated. In addition, parametric studies are con- ducted on the pore-air and pore-water pressures at different ratios (the air permeability coefficient to the water permeability coefficient) and depths.

General semi-analytical solutions to one-dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils

This paper presents general semi-analytical solutions to Fredlund and Hasan’s one-dimensional (1D) consolidation equations for unsaturated soils subject to different initial conditions, homogeneous boundaries and time-dependent loadings. Two variables are introduced to transform the two-coupled governing equations of pore-water and pore-air pressures into an equivalent set of partial differential equations (PDEs), which are solved with the Laplace transform method. The pore-water and pore-air pressures and settlement are obtained in the Laplace transform domain. The Crump’s method is used to perform inverse Laplace transform to obtain the solutions in the time domain. The present solutions are more general in practical applications and show good agreement with the previous solutions in the literature.

Semi-analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils with semi-permeable drainage boundary under time-dependent loading

This paper presents semi-analytical solutions to Fredlund and Hasan's one-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with semi-permeable drainage boundary under time-dependent loadings. Two variables are introduced to transform two coupled governing equations of pore-water and pore-air pressures into an equivalent set of partial differential equations, which are easily solved by the Laplace transform. The pore-water pressure, pore-air pressure and settlement are obtained in the Laplace domain. Crump's method is adopted to perform the inverse Laplace transform in order to obtain semi-analytical solutions in time domain. It is shown that the present solutions are more general and have a good agreement with the existing solutions from literatures. Furthermore, the current solutions can also be degenerated into conventional solutions to one-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with homogeneous boundaries. Finally, several numerical examples are provided to illustrate consolidation behavior of unsaturated soils under four types of time-dependent loadings, including instantaneous loading, ramp loading, exponential loading and sinusoidal loading. Parametric studies are illustrated by variations of pore-air pressure, pore-water pressure and settlement at different values of the ratio of air–water permeability coefficient, depth and loading parameters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Semi-analytical solutions to one-dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils with symmetric semi-permeable drainage boundary

This paper presents semi-analytical solutions to Fredlund and Hasan’s one-dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils under symmetric semi-permeable drainage boundary conditions. Two variables are introduced to transform two coupled governing equations of pore-air and pore-water pressures into an equivalent set of partial differential equations, which are easily solved by the Laplace transform. Then, the pore-air and pore-water pressures, and soil settlement are obtained in the Laplace domain. Crump’s method is adopted to perform the inverse Laplace transform in order to obtain semi-analytical solutions in time domain. It is shown that the present solution is more applicable to various types of drainage boundary conditions, and in a good agreement with existing solutions from the literature. Furthermore, several numerical examples are provided to investigate the consolidation behavior of an unsaturated single-layer soil with traditional drainage boundary (single or double), and single-sided and double-sided semi-permeable drainage boundaries. Finally, it illustrates the changes in pore-air and pore-water pressures and soil settlement with time at different values of symmetric semi-permeable drainage boundary conditions parameters. In addition, parametric studies are conducted by the variations of pore-air and pore-water pressures at different ratios of air-water permeability coefficient and the depth.

One-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils under cyclic loading

The one-dimensional consolidation model of poroelasticity of Lo et al. (2014) for an unsaturated soil under constant loading is generalized to include an arbitrary time-dependent loading. A closed-form solution for the pore water and air pressures along with the total settlement is derived by employing a Fourier series representation in the spatial domain and a Laplace transformation in the time domain. This solution is illustrated for the important example of a fully-permeable soil cylinder with an undrained initial condition acted upon by a periodic stress. Our results indicate that, in terms of a dimensionless time scale, the transient solution decays to zero most slowly in a water-saturated soil, whereas for an unsaturated soil, the time for the transient solution to die out is inversely proportional to the initial water saturation. The generalization presented here shows that the diffusion time scale for pore water in an unsaturated soil is orders of magnitude greater than that in a water-saturated soil, mainly because of the much smaller hydraulic conductivity of the former.

Analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils under sinusoidal cyclic loading

An analytical solution was presented to the unsaturated soil with a finite thickness under confinement in the lateral direction and sinusoidal cyclic loading in the vertical direction based on Fredlund’s one-dimensional consolidation equation for unsaturated soil. The transfer relationship between the state vectors at the top surface and any depth was gained by applying the Laplace transform and Cayley-Hamilton mathematical methods to the governing equations of water and air, Darcy’s law and Fick’s law. The excess pore-air and pore-water pressures and settlement in the Laplace-transformed domain were obtained by using the Laplace transform with the initial and boundary conditions. The analytical solutions of the excess pore-air and pore-water pressures at any depth and settlement were obtained in the time domain by performing the inverse Laplace transforms. A typical example illustrates the consolidation characteristics of unsaturated soil under sinusoidal loading from analytical results. Finally, comparisons between the analytical solutions and results of the numerical method indicate that the analytical solution is correct.

Semi-analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils

In this paper, a series of semi-analytical solutions to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils are obtained. The air governing equation by Fredlund for unsaturated soils consolidation is simplified. By applying the Laplace transform and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem to the simplified governing equations of water and air, Darcy’s law, and Fick’s law, the transfer function between the state vectors at top and at any depth is then constructed. Finally, by the boundary conditions, the excess pore-water pressure, the excess pore-air pressure, and the soil settlement are obtained under several kinds of boundary conditions with the large-area uniform instantaneous loading. By the Crump method, the inverse Laplace transform is performed, and the semi-analytical solutions to the excess pore-water pressure, the excess pore-air pressure, and the soils settlement are obtained in the time domain. In the case of one surface which is permeable to air and water, comparisons between the semi-analytical solutions and the analytical solutions indicate that the semi-analytical solutions are correct. In the case of one surface which is permeable to air but impermeable to water, comparisons between the semi-analytical solutions and the results of the finite difference method are made, indicating that the semi-analytical solution is also correct.

Analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils under loading varying exponentially with time

Abstract This note presents an analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils with a finite thickness under confinement in the lateral direction and vertical loading varying exponentially with time. The boundary conditions are that the top surface is permeable to water and air and the bottom is impermeable to water and air. The transfer relationship between the state vectors at the top surface and any depth is gained by applying the Laplace transform and Cayley-Hamilton mathematical methods to the governing equations of water and air, Darcy’s law and Fick’s law. The excess pore-air and pore-water pressures and settlement in the Laplace-transformed domain are obtained by using the Laplace transform with the initial and boundary conditions. By performing the inverse Laplace transforms, the analytical solutions of the excess pore-air and pore-water pressures at any depth and settlement are obtained in the time domain.

Analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils

Analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils

Settlement rate of foundations on unsaturated soils

This paper deals with the one-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils due to the application of external loads. A simple equation is derived that enables one to predict the rate of settlement of shallow foundations with time. This equation uses the constitutive relationships proposed by Fredlund and Morgenstern to define the volume change of unsaturated soils, and relates the settlement rate to the average degree of consolidation for both the water and air phases. A series of examples is shown to demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of the derived equation. Key words: one-dimensional consolidation, unsaturated soil, degree of consolidation, rate of settlement.