Ondansetron Hydrochloride Research Articles

Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Ondansetron Hydrochloride Using Plantago ovata (Isapghula) Mucilage as Natural Super Disintegrating Agent

Mouth dissolving tablet is an innovative solid unit dosage form that overcome the problem of swallowing and provide rapid disintegration and dissolution to release the drug as soon as they come in contact with saliva, hence provide quick onset action. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate mouth dissolving tablets of Ondansetron hydrochloride using natural super disintegrating agent. Ondansetron hydrochloride is a serotonin receptor (5-HT3) antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting arises during chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Mouth dissolving tablets were prepared by direct compression method using natural super disintegrating agent (Plantago ovata mucilage). Prepared tablet were evaluated for Hardness, weight variation, friability, thickness, wetting time, dispersion time, water absorption ratio, disintegration and dissolution study. According to results of optimized batches it has been concluded that Formulation batch F6 was an ideal batch which contain 12% w/v concentration of Plantago ovata mucilage showed least disintegration time that is 7 seconds and maximum drug release of (98.57%) within 15 minutes and was best among all the formulations.

Development and Validation of Simple UV-Spectrophotometric Method of Quantization of Ondansetron Hydrochloride in Solid Dosage Formulations Using Hydrotropic Solubilization Technique

Commonly used organic solvents for spectrophotometric analysis of water insoluble drugs are methanol, ethanol, chloroform, benzene, toluene etc. The main drawbacks of organic solvents include high cost, toxicity, and pollution. Organic solvents have numerous adverse effects caused by single exposure like dermatitis, headache, drowsiness, nausea, eye irritation and long term exposure causes serious effects such as neurological disorder, chronic renal failure, and liver damage. They should be replaced by other ecofriendly alternative sources. The present study is an attempt to show that solid can also be used to act as solvent precluding the use of organic solvents. A simple, safe and sensitive method of spectrophotometric determination of Ondansetron hydrochloride obeyed beers law in the concentration range of 10-50μg/ml at 310 nm. The results of analyses have been validated statistically for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ. The results of validation parameters also indicated that proposed method was found to be accurate, precise, reproducible, sensitive, and suitable for routine quality control analysis for estimation of Ondansetron Hydrochloride in solid dosage formulation.

Ondansetron Hydrochloride in Treating Patients with Cancer and Chronic Nausea Vomiting

The objective of this study was to develop effective bioadhesive buccal bilayered tablets comprising of drug containing bioadhesive layer and drug free backing layer, expected to release the drug in unidirection for extended period of time. Tablets of ondansetron HCl were prepared by direct compression method using bioadhesive polymers like Carbopol 934P, Methocel K4M, Methocel K15M and Hydroxy propyl cellulose in different combinations and concentrations with backing layer of ethyl cellulose. Buccal tablets were evaluated by different parameters such as thickness, hardness, weight uniformity, content uniformity, swelling index, surface pH, ex vivo bioadhesive strength, ex vivo residence time, in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation, stability studies in human saliva, in vivo mucoadhesive performance studies and FTIR studies. The modified in vitro assembly was used to measure the bioadhesive strength of tablets with fresh porcine buccal mucosa as model tissue. Bioadhesion strength was increased with increase in the concentration of carbopol. The tablets were evaluated for in vitro release in pH 6.6 phosphate buffer for 8 hr in standard dissolution apparatus. In order to improve the permeation of the drug, tauroglycholate (permeation enhancer) added in the optimized formulation at 10mM concentration. In order to determine the mode of release, the data was subjected to Korsmeyer and Peppas diffusion model. The optimized formula followed non-fickian release mechanism with zero order kinetics. Carbopol 934P and HPC in the ratio of 3:1 could be used to design effective and stable buccoadhesive tablets of ondansetron HCl. The present study concludes that buccal delivery of ondansetron HCl tablets can be good way to bypass the first pass metabolism.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Taste-Masked Ondansetron Hydrochloride by Solid Dispersion

Ondansetron hydrochloride (ONH) is a very bitter, potent antiemetic drug used for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chemotherapy or radiotherapy or postoperative induced emesis. The objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate of taste masked fast dissolving tablet (FDTs) of ONH to increase patient compliance.
 ONH taste masked granules were prepared by solid dispersion technique using Eudragit E100 polymer as an inert carrier. Solvent evaporation and fusion melting methods were used for such preparation.
 Completely taste masking with zero release of drug in phosphate buffer pH 6.8was obtained from granules prepared by solvent evaporation method using drug: polymer ratio of 1:2, from which four formulas pass pre-compression evaluation and compressed to FDTs and evaluated for their drug content, in-vitro disintegration time, in-vivo disintegration time, wetting time and in vitro drug release profile.
 F7 which is prepared from solid dispersion product equivalent to the required dose of ONH , Crosspovidone as superdisintegrant, Aspartame as sweetener ,Ross berry as flavor ,Polyvinylpyrolidone K30.3.as binder ,Avicil PH102 and , mannitol as diluents give best in- vitro, in-vivo disintegration time and best drug release profile.
 Key words: Ondansetron hydrochloride, taste masking, solid dispersion, Eudragit E100.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Taste-Masked Ondansetron Hydrochloride by Solid Dispersion

Ondansetron hydrochloride (ONH) is a very bitter, potent antiemetic drug used for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chemotherapy or radiotherapy or postoperative induced emesis. The objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate of taste masked fast dissolving tablet (FDTs) of ONH to increase patient compliance. ONH taste masked granules were prepared by solid dispersion technique using Eudragit E100 polymer as an inert carrier. Solvent evaporation and fusion melting methods were used for such preparation. Completely taste masking with zero release of drug in phosphate buffer pH 6.8was obtained from granules prepared by solvent evaporation method using drug: polymer ratio of 1:2, from which four formulas pass pre-compression evaluation and compressed to FDTs and evaluated for their drug content, in-vitro disintegration time, in-vivo disintegration time, wetting time and in vitro drug release profile. F7 which is prepared from solid dispersion product equivalent to the required dose of ONH , Crosspovidone as superdisintegrant, Aspartame as sweetener ,Ross berry as flavor ,Polyvinylpyrolidone K30.3.as binder ,Avicil PH102 and , mannitol as diluents give best in- vitro, in-vivo disintegration time and best drug release profile. Key words: Ondansetron hydrochloride, taste masking, solid dispersion, Eudragit E100.

Http://medcraveonline.com/JAPLR/volume_issues?issueId=1443&volumeId=439 2017 6 26 RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Ondansetron Hydrochloride and Complexed Famotidine in Bulk and Dosage Form

http://medcraveonline.com/JAPLR/volume_issues?issueId=1443&volumeId=439 2017 6 26 RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Ondansetron Hydrochloride and Complexed Famotidine in Bulk and Dosage Form

Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Films of Ondansetron Hydrochloride

Transdermal delivery of ondansetron hydrochloride is one of the promising ways to maximize the therapy in contrast to oral delivery Current investigation efforts are focused in formulating the ondansetron hydrochloride matrix type transdermal film by incorporating hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers In this study ondansetron hydrochloride transdermal films were prepared using solvent evaporation technique and characterized for film physical parameters in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation studies through rat skin and also subjected to the differential scanning calorimetry and stability studies The percentage drug release form both in vitro drug release plusmn and ex vivo permeation studies plusmn were found to be highest for formulation carrying PVA PVP in ratio F due to the hydrophilic nature of the polymers and pore formation due to leaching of PVP The release profile of the best formulations F r for Higuchi indicated that the permeation of the drug from the patches was governed by diffusion mechanism The calculated flux and permeability coefficients of F formulation was found as micro g cm h and The calculated similarity index value between dissolution profiles of F formulation before and after storage was found to be indicates similarity between the dissolution profile before and after storage Above results indicate that the formulation of transdermal films of ondansetron hydrochloride using PVA and PVP combination is a suitable way for therapeutic benefit

The effect of ondansetron on analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen after hysterectomy: A randomized double blinded placebo controlled trial

ObjectivesTo determine that perioperative ondansetron reduces the analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen. DesignRandomized, double-blinded study. Patients120 patients ASA I-II who underwent abdominal hysterectomy. InterventionsAll the patients were given 1g acetaminophen at skin closure. Patients were divided into two groups; ondansetron HCl (8mg, 2ml IV) (Group I, N=60) and saline (2ml IV) (Group II, N=60) at the skin closure. MeasurementPostoperative pain scores (VAS) while resting in bed and sitting, total opioid consumption were noted. Main resultsPatients randomized to ondansetron had significantly worse pain scores upon arrival to the recovery unit [by 1.7 (99.7% CI: 0.75, 2.59) cm] and at 1h [by 1.3 (0.5, 2.1) cm] while resting in bed. Pain scores while sitting were also significantly greater in ondansetron group at arrival in PACU by 0.6 (99.7% CI: 0.1, 1.0) cm. Thereafter, pain scores did not differ significantly. Median total opioid (tramadol) consumption was 441 [Q1, Q3: 280, 578] mg in the ondansetron group and 412 [309, 574] mg in the placebo group, P=0.95. ConclusionsOndansetron significantly decreased the analgesic effect of acetaminophen during the initial postoperative period. Our results thus confirm that acetaminophen analgesia is partially mediated by serotonin receptors. However, the reduction was of marginal clinical importance and short-lived.

A simple HPLC method for the determination of butorphanol tartrate and ondansetron hydrochloride in patient-controlled analgesia solution

A simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was established for simultaneous determination of butorphanol tartrate and ondansetron hydrochloride in analgesic mixture samples used for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). The separation of butorphanol tartrate and ondansetron hydrochloride in PCA solution was carried out on phenomenex C18 column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) using 50 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.0) buffer and acetonitrile (72:28, v/v). Flow rate was 1.0 mL min−1 with a column temperature of 30 °C, and detection wavelength was carried out at 280 nm and 306 nm. Validation of the method was made in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, and intra- and inter-day precision, as well as quantification and detection limits. The developed method was successfully used to evaluate the chemical stability of butorphanol tartrate and ondansetron hydrochloride in analgesic mixtures at the usual concentration used for PCA.

Bioadhesive Drug Delivery System for Enhancing the Permeability of a BCS Class III Drug via Hot-Melt Extrusion Technology.

As the buccal route of administration has the ability to avoid the GI tract and first-pass effect by directing the absorption toward the cheek area, the bioavailability of BCS class III drugs can be increased through this route. Only a handful of studies have been conducted using oleic acid as a permeation enhancer in any transbuccal drug delivery system. Therefore, the objectives of this novel study were to develop a buccal tablet using two concentrations of oleic acid for a model BCS class III drug via hot-melt extrusion technology and to investigate the effects of oleic acid on the physicochemical properties of the tablet. The model drug selected was ondansetron hydrochloride. Formulations consisting of polymers (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene oxide) and two concentrations of oleic acid were prepared by hot-melt extrusion techniques. A melting point depression of the drug was obtained in the extruded granules as seen by the DSC thermograms. The ex vivo permeation studies showed a greater permeation of the drug in the formulation containing 10% oleic acid (F2) as compared to the formulation containing 20% oleic acid (F1), although not statistically significant. The in vitro bioadhesion studies, swelling studies, and surface pH measurements of the tablets were also conducted. In conclusion, permeation studies exhibited the potential of oleic acid as a buccal permeation enhancer as a significant permeation of the drug was obtained in the formulations. Hot-melt extrusion technology was successfully employed to formulate buccal tablets of ondansetron hydrochloride.

Contrasting effects of 5-HT3 receptor stimulation of the nucleus accumbens or ventral tegmentum on food intake in the rat

Although serotonin (5-HT) signaling is known to regulate food intake and energy homeostasis, the roles of the 5-HT3 receptor in feeding processes have been elusive. 5-HT3 receptors are found throughout mesolimbic circuitry that promote feeding not only in response to hunger, but also to the palatable and rewarding properties of food. These experiments examined if stimulation or blockade of the 5-HT3 receptor of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) or ventral tegmentum affected food intake in the rat in response to hunger or the presence of a palatable diet. Rats (N=6–9/group) received bilateral injections of the 5-HT3 agonist m-chlorophenylbiguanide hydrochloride (mCPBG; at 0.0, 10.0, or 20.0μg/0.5μl/side) or the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron hydrochloride (at 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0μg/0.5μl/side) into either the NAcc or the ventral tegmentum. NAcc 5-HT3 receptor stimulation significantly increased 2-h food intake in food-deprived animals offered rat chow and in a separate group of unrestricted rats offered a sweetened fat diet. In contrast to the feeding increase seen with NAcc treatments, stimulation of 5-HT3 receptors of the ventral tegmentum significantly reduced food and water intake in food-restricted animals; reductions of intake in non-restricted rats offered the palatable diet did not approach significance. Blockade of the 5-HT3 receptor had no effect on feeding in either brain region. These data support a functional role for serotonergic signaling in the mesolimbic pathway on motivated behavior, and demonstrate that 5-HT3 receptors differentially modulate food consumption in a region-dependent manner.

Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Film of Ondansetron Hydrochloride Using Hpmc E 5 in Combination with Taro Gum and Other Commercially Available Gums

Objective: Ondansetron hydrochloride belongs to the class of 5HT3 antagonists. It is approved by United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) to control chemotherapyinduced nausea and vomiting. The oral bioavailability of ondansetron is approximately 60%, indicating first pass metabolism. The present research work was carried out with an objective to increase the bioavailability of the drug ondansetron hydrochloride by developing its mouth dissolving film using taro gum in combination with HPMC E5. Method: Solvent precipitation method was used for extraction of polysaccharide. Polysaccharide (Taro gum) was extracted from tubers of Colocassia esculenta which was used as a polymer in film formulation. Films were formulated using solvent casting method. Xanthan gum, guar gum, sodium alginate, gum ghati and taro gum were used as polymer in film formulation. Concentration for taro gum was optimized. At this optimized concentration, films were formulated using other commercially available natural gums. These films were evaluated for various parameters like tensile strength, disintegration time, In vitro release and stability. Result: All the formulated films showed disintegration time less than 60 s. The film formulated using taro gum showed better release profile, disintegration time and tensile strength than the films prepared using other commercially available gums. Taro film showed 90.64% release at the end of 5 min. Disintegration time of films prepared using taro gum was comparable to that of marketed film. Also, the film prepared using taro gum was more stable as compared to other films. Conclusion: Taro gum being extracted from edible tubers is non-toxic in nature. It can be extracted easily and successfully used in the development of mouth dissolving film of Ondansetron hydrochloride.

Simultaneous Determination of Ranitidine Hydrochloride and Ondansetron Hydrochloride in Bulk Drug and Tablet Dosage Form by UV Spectrophotometry

Simultaneous Determination of Ranitidine Hydrochloride and Ondansetron Hydrochloride in Bulk Drug and Tablet Dosage Form by UV Spectrophotometry

A comprehensive study of ondansetron hydrochloride drug as a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl medium

The inhibiting action against the corrosion of mild steel by ondansetron hydrochloride (ODSH) drug was studied, using various studies such as weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), FT-IR spectroscopy and reactivity of molecule is studied using quantum chemical calculation. The result shows that ondansetron hydrochloride (ODSH) gives better inhibition on mild steel. The value of activation energy (Ea) and various thermodynamic parameters such as adsorption equilibrium constant (Kads), free energy of adsorption (ΔG0ads), adsorption enthalpy (ΔHads) and adsorption entropy (ΔSads) was calculated and discussed. The adsorption of ODSH on mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Potentiodynamic polarization measurement reveals that ODSH acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra exhibit one capacitive loop indicating that, the corrosion reaction is controlled by charge transfer process. SEM, EDX, AFM, FT-IR conforms to the protective film formation. Quantum chemical calculation was calculated and discussed, and it supports the results.

Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin (HBC) Multicomponent Complexation and pH independent controlled release delivery system to Improved Dissolution and oral Bioavailability of Ondansetron HCI

Abstract: The objective of this study was to develop pH independent controlled release matrix tablets of Ondansetron HCl by using Multi component Complexation technique, Methocel K100M as release retarding materials and HP β-cyclodextrin was selected as release modulators. Ondansetron is weakly basic drug and their salts shows pH-dependent solubility that may show drug release problems at higher pH of small intestine. Incorporation of weakly basic drugs, exhibiting pH dependent solubility, into oral controlled release delivery systems shows pH dependent release profiles. In the present investigation, an attempt was made to pH-solubility dependence of drug and dissolution enhancement was attained by inclusion complex of Ondansetron with HP- β-cyclodextrin at 1:1 (drug: β-CD) molar ratio and then prepared complex hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose controlled released matrix tablets. The in vitro drug release studies were carried out in pH1.2 buffer for 2 hrs and then in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer up to 24 hrs. The formulated matrix tablet F4 (without complexation) was very slow and drug is not released completely from matrix tablets in 6.8 pH phosphate buffer. The matrix tablets prepared using HP β- cyclodextrin with PVP (F8) showed a superior dissolution rate and good dissolution profile that was comparable to without complexation of Ondansetron HCl. Dissolution results showed pH independent controlled and almost complete release behavior of Ondansetron HCl up to 24 hrs time period. The drug release mechanism of the HPMC matrix tablets was found to be quasi Fickian mechanism. These results suggested that the oral bioavailability of Ondansetron HCl was significantly improved by Multi component Complexation strategies. Key word: Ondansetron HCl, pH independent controlled drug delivery, Hydroxypropyl-β- cyclodextrin, Multi component complexes.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TASTE MASKED ORAL DISINTEGRATING TABLET OF ONDANSETRON HYDROCHLORIDE

Ondansetron HCl is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused in such condition it is difficult to administer drug with a glass of water; hence it is beneficial to administer such drugs as orodispersible. Thus in the present study an attempt has been made to mask the taste of Ondansetron HCl and to formulate orodispersible with good mouth feel so as to prepare a “patients friendly dosage form.”. The tablets prepared by sublimation method. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various pharmaceutical characteristics such as hardness, % friability, weight variation, drug content all the results were within the IP. Limit. The tablets prepared possess a weight variation in the range 99 to 101 mg which is below ± 7.5%, hardness of 2.7 to 3.0 kg/cm2, percentage friability of 0.42 to 0.73%. The wetting time of Ondansetron HCl fast dissolving tablets was found to be in the range of 44 to 81 sec. The prepared formulations shows water absorption ratio in the range of 72 to 85%. The percentage drugs content of the tablets were found to be between 98.24 to 101.20% of Ondansetron HCl. In-vitro disintegration time the formulations OHS4 and OHS8 were found to be promising and showed a 28 sec and 32 sec respectively. Based on the in-vitro disintegration time and dissolution studies formulations OHS4 and OHS8 were found to be promising and showed a disintegration time of 28 sec and 32 sec respectively. Formulation OHS4 containing camphor showed highest drug release 99% within 8 min. Formulation OHS8 showed highest drug release 90% within 8 min. From FTIR and DSC study results reveals that there is no interaction between drug and any other formulation excipients. In case of stability study there is decrease in disintegration time, wetting time was observed. The results concluded that fast dissolving tablets of Ondansetron HCl showing enhanced dissolution will lead to improved bioavailability and effective therapy. This drug resin complex was compressed in tablets by adding diluents to see its mouth feel properties and bitter taste is masked.

Compatibility of dexamethasone sodium phosphate with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in infusion solutions: a comprehensive study

ObjectivesPatients can benefit from the coadministration of several medications because of the shorter infusion time and more rapid administration. The use of extemporaneously prepared admixtures of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP)...

Design and evaluation of buccal films as paediatric dosage form for transmucosal delivery of ondansetron

In the process of implementation and innovation of paediatric dosage forms, buccal films for transmucosal administration of drug represent one of the most interesting approach. In fact, films are able to provide an extended duration of activity allowing minimal dosage and frequency and offer an exact and flexible dose, associated with ease of handling. The objective of the present study was to develop polymeric films for the sustained release of ondansetron hydrochloride, a selective inhibitor of 5-HT3 receptors indicated in paediatrics for the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy and postoperatively. Films were prepared by casting and drying of aqueous solutions containing different weight ratios of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) with chitosan (CH) or sodium hyaluronate (HA) or gelatin (GEL) and characterized for their physico-chemical and functional properties. The presence of HA, GEL and CH did not improve the mucoadhesive properties of HPMC film. The inclusion of GEL and CH in HPMC film increased in vitro drug release with respect to the inclusion of HA, although films containing HA showed the highest water uptake. Moreover in agreement with the release behaviour, the inclusion of CH and GEL provided higher drug permeation through porcine buccal mucosa with respect to HPMC film and ensured linear permeation profiles of drug.

Stability of tramadol with three 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in polyolefin bags for patient-controlled delivery systems.

BackgroundMixing 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) solutions of tramadol has been shown to decrease the incidence of nausea and vomiting associated with the use of tramadol PCA for postoperative pain. However, such mixtures are not commercially available, and the stability of the drug combinations has not been duly studied. The study aimed to evaluate the stability of tramadol with three 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in 0.9% sodium chloride injection for PCA administration.Materials and methodsTest samples were prepared by adding 1,000 mg tramadol hydrochloride, 8 mg ondansetron hydrochloride, and 6 mg granisetron hydrochloride or 5 mg tropisetron hydrochloride to 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection in polyolefin bags. The samples were prepared in triplicates, stored at either 25°C or 4°C for 14 days, and assessed using the following compatibility parameters: precipitation, cloudiness, discoloration, and pH. Chemical stability was also determined using a validated high-pressure liquid chromatography method.ResultsAll of the mixtures were clear and colorless throughout the initial observation period. No change in the concentration of tramadol hydrochloride occurred with any of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists during the 14 days. Similarly, little or no loss of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists occurred over the 14-day period.ConclusionOur results suggest that mixtures of tramadol hydrochloride, ondansetron hydrochloride, granisetron hydrochloride, or tropisetron hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were physically and chemically stable for 14 days when stored in polyolefin bags at both 4°C and 25°C.

Nasal inserts containing ondansetron hydrochloride based on Chitosan–gellan gum polyelectrolyte complex: In vitro–in vivo studies

The aim of this study was the production of ondansetron hydrochloride loaded lyophilized insert for nasal delivery. The nasal insert was prepared by the lyophilisation technique using Chitosan–gellan gum polyelectrolyte complex as the polymer matrix. The ondansetron loaded inserts were evaluated with respect to water uptake, bioadhesion, drug release kinetic study, ex vivo permeation study, and in vivo study. Lyophilised nasal inserts were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction study. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the porous sponge like structure of inserts whereas release kinetic model revealed that drug release followed non-fickian case II diffusion. The nasal delivery showed improved bioavailability as compared to oral delivery. In conclusion, the ondansetron containing nasal inserts based on Chitosan–gellan gum complex with potential muco-adhesive potential is suitable for nasal delivery.