On-board Equipment Research Articles

Development of the methodological approaches for the attitude control system of the Earth remote sensing satellite in the conditions of the onboard equipment partial failures

The spacecraft controllability of the angular motion is possible only with operability of the attitude and orbit control system (AOCS) of the spacecraft, sensors, actuators and the spacecraft power system. However, there is a rather significant probability of failure of this equipment during the operation of the spacecraft. This is especially observed after half of the spacecraft's lifetime or because of emergency situations. There is a problem which is connected with providing the maximum performance of the AOCS in case of partial failures of their actuators (reaction wheels (RW), magnetorquer rods (MGTR), etc.).
 Thus, the purpose of this work is the development and synthesis of special algorithms for spacecraft angular motion control in the emergency situations which are connected with RWs partial failures and restrictions of onboard electricity consumption. The approach of synthesis of this control algorithms is based on using mobile control methods which allow to reserve RWs by MGTRs. There are different variants of control loops depending on MGTRs turning on combinations. There were proposed two types of control switching functions: time-periodic and switching by deviation. Also was proposed a methodology of controller synthesis using these switching functions.
 Using this methodology and computer simulation, it was shown the possibility of providing angular nadir orientation and stabilization of the spacecraft with maximum 1−1.5 deg error in case of time-periodic switching functions implementation. Switching by deviation allows to reduce onboard electricity consumption for 25−30 % comparing with using time-periodic switching. However, the accuracy of stabilization significantly lower in case of switching by deviation. Considering these estimates, the corresponding methodological recommendations were formulated for use switching functions depending on emergency

Organization of air medical service in the Republic of Crimea

The article presents an analysis of the activities of the Department of Emergency Advisory Medical Care and Medical Evacuation of the Territorial Center of Disaster Medicine of the Republic of Crimea for the period 2019–2021 in the issues of sanitary and aviation evacuation of patients, as well as victims in emergency situations. In general, over the past three years, 207–238 departures have been carried out annually with the transportation of 203–258 patients by one full-time aviation resuscitation team of the Territorial Center of Disaster Medicine with the involvement of other specialists, if necessary. For the first time, the feature of professional activity in the «flight crew — aviation medical team» system is revealed. The training of the aircraft crew (pilot, navigator) on the basics of medical evacuation is proposed. Also, in order to optimize the activities of the specialists in aviation medical teams during the flight, it is recommended to conduct instructor trainings and simulators on the rules of operation of on-board medical equipment on the ground.

Analysis of mechanical properties of spatial truss structures sections

The paper presents the results of computational study of sections of spatial truss structures. They can form large supporting structures on spacecraft to place onboard equipment. The calculations were carried out by the finite element method in FEMAP with Nastran. The chosen section, the object of study, is a set of straight rods rigidly connected at the nodes in such a way that the cross section of the truss structure is a triangle. Calculation models, procedures for calculation and results analysis are presented. The purpose of the calculation is to determine how the relative position of the rods in the structural scheme affects the mechanical properties of the structure. The main criterion for strength estimating was the magnitude of the stresses derived by load. Stiffness was determined by the value of the first natural frequency. The sequential addition of rods and varying their connection allow modifying the structural schemes of truss structures. Next, the mechanical properties of the structure which effected by made modifications were evaluated again. Thus, six structural schemes of sections of the truss structure, obtained from the results of the study, have been developed. At the same time, the mass of the section, its shape and dimensions, the material and shape of the rods section as well as the initial and boundary conditions, remained unchanged. Based on the results of the analysis, someone can notice that each structure has unique mechanical characteristics. Thus, the paper gives recommendations for choosing a specific structural scheme of the section, depending on the required operating conditions and acceptable manufacturing technology. So, the criteria for choosing one of the above various sections of a truss structure or the principle of its building can be the complexity of manufacturing, maximum stiffness and strength, or minimum displacement. Structural schemes of sections with the highest strength and capability have been selected for use as part of spatial truss rods of spacecraft.

Rational placement of on-board equipment of combat aircraft when they are upgraded

This paper presents the results of the analysis of the criteria for the placement of on-board equipment on board a military aircraft by optimizing the connection network between the components of this on-board equipment.

Semi-analytical models for deriving shock signals and response spectra on immersed and fluid-filled hulls subjected to shock waves

A semi-analytical model for a naval shock problem is proposed in this paper. It is applied to calculate the signals and response spectra which characterize the dynamic response of submarine hulls bearing equipment, when the latter is subjected to a pressure wave triggered by a far-field underwater explosion. It is also used to compare the configurations in which the hull may be filled or not with an inner fluid. The proposed model corresponds to a simplification of actual configurations, in the sense that the hull is simplified to a cross-section of a circular cylinder and that the equipment is simplified to a mass point. However, it allows to derive meaningful data – in particular the spectral response of the equipment and associated design shock response characteristics – which are representative of naval shock environment and useful for architects as design values in the early stages of naval projects. The details of the mathematical model are exposed, together with data validating them. The model proves useful to highlight the parameters of primary importance for the physics at stake and to investigate their influences on the acceleration and velocity levels of both the hull and the on-board equipment. Simple mathematical expressions are derived, and may prove useful for designers.

Sicherheitsaspekte invasiver thorakaler Maßnahmen in der prähospitalen Notfallmedizin – Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter deutschen Notärzt:innen

BackgroundThe safe indication and performance of thoracic emergency procedures are crucial and potentially lifesaving in prehospital emergency care. This study aims to investigate issues of patient safety and quality assurance of prehospital invasive thoracic interventions. The survey does not represent the actual medical care situation but explores reasons for security concerns among emergency physicians. MethodsUsing a pre-validated questionnaire, prehospital emergency physicians of three prehospital rescue associations (Zweckverband) in Southwest Saxony, Greifswald, and Vechta, Germany, were queried via the online survey service limesurvey. The survey was conducted between January and March 2022. Results104 emergency physicians participated (response rate 42.4%) 71 of which fully completed the survey (68%). 79% of the participants stated that they felt safe in performing pleural punction. Common reasons for postponing prehospital thoracic interventions included fear of complications or individual patient characteristics. 90% said that they were familiar with the on-board equipment options, and 60% reported that resources were sufficient to perform double-sided procedures. While in all three regions there is sufficient on-board equipment to perform procedures on two sides, one out of two participants said that lack of equipment deters them from performing prehospital invasive thoracic procedures. Emergency physicians who graduated from trauma courses and/or participate in air rescue are more likely to perform invasive thoracic procedures. More than half of the participants wanted more training in chest tube placement or pleural punction. ConclusionSafety in prehospital invasive thoracic procedures needs improvement in structural, procedural, as well as human factors aspects. Safe handling of these rare but vital techniques requires more training. A lack of knowledge of equipment is a significant safety gap. Prehospital ultrasound constitutes a structural element of prehospital diagnostics.

Впровадження DO-254 в процес розробки регуляторів авіадвигунів

The experience of JSC Element, a certified developer and manufacturer of components for aviation equipment, is described in terms of introduction into the product development process, namely, their hardware, the requirements and recommendations of the RTSA DO-254 avionics design assurance manual, similarly earlier implemented RTSA DO-178 for the firmware of said products. The need to introduce these documents developed by the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics is due to the desire of domestic developers and manufacturers of aircraft products to integrate into the system of international cooperation in the field of aircraft manufacturing. Brief results of the comparison of the requirements of DO-254 with the requirements of the national standard DSTU 3974–2000 for development in terms of the sequence of stages and the content of work are given. It is shown that, working in accordance with the requirements of the current domestic system of standards, Ukrainian development enterprises (including Element JSC) sufficiently ensure the completeness of the passage of what is called in the implemented Guide DO-254 "life cycle of hardware design" and that the main differences are in the form of documentation of development processes and results. Differences in the concept of planning according to DO-254 and in domestic practice are considered, and analogies are redrawn between plans in the interpretation of DO-254 and documents traditional for the system of domestic standards. In terms of the practical development of the forms and methods for documenting the life cycle processes of the development of onboard equipment, the company JSC "Element" is currently at the initial stage, introducing them for the first in the development of the RDC-450M-117V regulator for the aircraft engine TV3-117VMA-SBM1V. The prospects for the work of the enterprise in this direction are outlined, including the integration of the requirements and recommendations of DO-254 into the system of enterprise standards operating within the framework of a certified quality management system.

Characterization and classification of estuarine suspended particles based on their inorganic/organic matter composition

An 11 hours survey was performed on the 17th of September 2014 in the Rhine Region Of Freshwater Influence (Rhine-ROFI) about 10 km downstream of the mouth of the Rotterdam Waterway during calm weather conditions. Suspended Particle Matter (SPM) measurements were performed during a full tidal cycle, near the seabed, at neap tide, and samples were taken at 0.6 meter above bed for on-board analysis. The measurements were performed with (a) LISST 100X, a submersible particle size analyzer, (b) LISST-HOLO, a submersible digital holographic camera, (c) a home-made underwater camera and (d) an on-board LabSFLOC2 video microscopy equipment that used in-situ collected samples. The first aim of the present study was to compare the results obtained from the different monitoring techniques and to characterize the different types of suspended particles found in-situ. It was found that that the highly anisotropic particles present in the water column lead to multiple peaks in the Particle Size Distributions (PSD) found using the LISST 100X. Using the LISST-HOLO, underwater camera and LabSFLOC2 camera these particles could properly be imaged and meaningful PSD’s were obtained using these techniques in the size range > 20 μm. LabSFLOC2, LISST-HOLO and the underwater camera moreover provide information on the size and aspect ratio of particles. On the other hand, LISST 100X can be used to detect the fine fraction (<20 μm), a size range that is not accessible for the other techniques. From the analysis of the data on the survey day, three classes of particles were identified, based on composition rather than size (the sizes given here are purely indicative): (1) mineral (inorganic) sediment particles in the range size 5 - 20 μm, (2) organic/inorganic aggregates in the size range 20 - 200 μm and (3) organic particles in the size range > 200 μm. A large range of settling velocities (0.1 - 10 mm/s) and aspect ratios between 1 and 10 were recorded by video microscopy (LabSFLOC2). This spreading in settling velocities and aspect ratio was due to the different properties (shape, effective density and size) of the particles in the water column. The second aim of the study was to reproduce the flocs found in-situ in the lab and investigate the kinetics of flocculation between inorganic and living organic matter. Laboratory experiments were conducted with grab samples obtained from Port of Rotterdam harbour and living microalgae (Skeletonema costatum). The results of these experiments showed a shift in effective density upon addition of living algae to the sediment, which confirmed the flocculation ability between sediment and microalgae. The flocculation occured on a timescale of minutes and lead to flocs having a large spread in density for a given size, due to the heteregeous inorganic/organic composition of the flocs. This spread in density was at the origin of the large range of settling velocities for a given floc size observed in-situ, which leads to conclude that organic matter should be an important input parameter in sediment transport models.

Stabilization control of 3-DOF parallel vessel-borne platform with dynamic uncertainties and unknown disturbances

The wave-induced vessel motions inevitably affect and even menace the operation of onboard equipment, such as excavators, cranes and drilling configurations. Vessel-borne stabilization platforms as a vessel motion compensation device can provide a good solution scheme for the safe offshore operation in tough environmental conditions. To compensate the wave-induced vessel motions in roll, pitch and heave degrees of freedom, this paper proposes a novel stabilization control scheme for a three degrees of freedom parallel vessel-borne platform with dynamic uncertainties and unknown time-varying disturbances. Here the conventional super-twisting algorithm is innovatively modified to mitigate its inherent chattering whereby a new adaptive super-twisting extended state observer (STESO) is constructed to realize the finite-time estimates of the total disturbances lumped by dynamic uncertainties and unknown time-varying disturbances of the vessel-borne platform without relying on any prior knowledge of its upper bounds. Further, a novel adaptive super-twisting sliding mode (STSM) control law with the adaptive STESO is designed to stabilize vessel-borne platforms at a desired position and orientation in the inertial space. The simulation results on a benchmark platform indicate that the wave-induced vessel motions can be compensated by the platform for more than 98% in both 0.5m and 2.5m significant wave heights, such that the workability and safety during offshore activities in tough environmental conditions is increased.

Разработка устройства защиты от сверхкоротких импульсов для цепей электропитания бортовой радиоэлектронной аппаратуры

Correct and uninterrupted operation of on-board radio-electronic equipment (REE) operating in extreme space conditions is an important requirement in spacecraft (SC) development and operation, since its violation can cause irreparable damage. Ensuring interference immunity of power supply bus (PSB) of on-board REE of SC. When designing the PSB, the task of ensuring the integrity of the power supply was solved by developing a protection device against conductive interference, including protection against ultra-short pulses (USP). The duration of such interference is in the nanosecond and subnanosecond range. Due to their wide range, such interference overcomes traditional means of protection. To protect against USP, devices called modal filters (MF) have been proposed. MFs are designed to be integrated into PSBs and provide effective protection against USP. Meanwhile, in order to obtain a complex protection effect of a spacecraft against radiated and conductive large-amplitude USP, a joint use of MF and an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter on elements with concentrated parameters is proposed. For the first time, recommendations on step-by-step development of an PSB protection device against USP, which is a hybrid consisting of MF and EMI-filter, are presented. Experimental studies have shown that such a hybrid attenuates common and differential interference in the frequency range up to 5 GHz by 5.81 and 11.9 times, respectively. In addition, the device is small and lightweight, which is important for space applications.

A METHODICAL APPROACH TO THE SELECTION OF COMPOSITION AND PLACEMENT OF ON-BOARD EQUIPMENT IN THE MODERNIZATION OF MILITARY AIRCRAFT

The main provisions of solving the problem of multi-criteria selection of the composition and placement of the option of on-board equipment during the modernization of military aircraft are considered.

Traffic Event Detection from Consumer Vehicle Sensor Data: An Autonomous Vehicle Study

Traffic event detection from vehicles’ on-board sensors can detect the road information and improve traffic management and safety. Current sensor-based traffic event detection is mainly based on probe vehicles, test vehicles, or other designated vehicles, which is costly and cannot be deployed on a large scale. With the fast development of on-board equipment, data collection from consumer vehicle sensors is becoming popular and can cover a large geographic scale with almost no equipment or labor cost. However, there are very few studies of the data features and potential for application. This paper presents a pipeline for employing consumer vehicle sensors to detect roadworks. The unique data features and deficiencies of the consumer vehicle sensor are discussed and summarized. A clustering method is employed to distinguish the roadwork sites. A route builder method is proposed to reconstruct the routes of the roadworks and to extract the corresponding start and end locations. Compared with ground truth, roadworks detection from consumer vehicle sensors can cover up to 86% of the roadworks on freeways and over 40% of the roadworks on non-freeway roads. The average offset errors are 4.7% on freeways, and 24.9% on non-freeway roads. Compared with point-based roadworks detection from “ViaMichelin Traffic information,” the results from consumer vehicle sensors achieved a matching ratio of nearly 90% and were advantageous in extracting the roadworks route information. This study proves the possibility of employing consumer vehicle sensors for route-based traffic event detection and provides insights for countering uneven distribution and trajectory truncation issues related to privacy protection.

Research on Named Entity Recognition Method of Metro On-Board Equipment Based on Multiheaded Self-Attention Mechanism and CNN-BiLSTM-CRF.

Massive and complex unstructured fault text data will be generated during the operation of subway trains. A named entity recognition model of subway on-board equipment based on Multiheaded Self-attention mechanism and CNN-BiLSTM-CRF is proposed to address the issue of low recognition accuracy and incomplete recognition features of unstructured fault data named entity recognition task of subway on-board equipment: BiLSTM-CNN parallel network extracts context feature information and local attention information, respectively; In the MHA layer, the features learned from different dimensions are fused through the Multiheaded Self-attention mechanism, and the dependencies of various ranges in the sequence are captured to yield the internal structure information of the features. The conditional random field CRF is used to learn the internal relationship between tags to ensure their sequence. This model is tested with other named entity recognition models on the marked subway on-board fault data. The experimental results demonstrate that this model is able to recognize 10 kinds of labels in the dataset. Moreover, the recognition effect of each label has a good performance in the three evaluation indexes of P, R, and F1 score. Moreover, the weighted average evaluation indexes Avg − P, Avg − R, and Avg − F1 of 10 labels in this model reach the highest 95.39%, 95.48%, and 95.37%, which has high evaluation indexes and can be applied to the named entity recognition of Metro on-board equipment.

CONTROL OF WORKING BODY OF AIRBORNE AIRCRAFT POSITIONING MECHANISMS BY MEANS OF STEPPER MOTOR IN STEP CRUSHING MODE

Step splitting control mode of the electric drives stepper motors working bodies of the positioning mechanisms of onboard aviation equipment is carried out by means of programmable controllers. From their output signals, pulse-wide signals are formed by means of drivers that control power transistors, which are included in the windings of a stepper motor.
 A simpler version of building control systems for stepper motors (SM) involves the use of programmable timers, which requires its reprogramming when changing the step splitting factor.
 In the process of step splitting the shape of the current in the winding of the SM approaches sinusoidal with an increase in the number of sine discretes stored in the controller's memory. However, in this case, the sine samples must follow at a higher frequency, which difficulties in programming them.
 There is a problem of finding new ways of programming in the controller's memory information about the changing shape of the supply voltage SM in the process of step splitting in order to ensure the maximum speed of the code and the minimum consumption of the processor time of the microcontroller.
 To solve this problem, it is proposed to specify information about the changing shape of the SM supply voltage not in the form of sine samples (table method), but the sum of the coefficients of the Walsh-Fourier series, the amplitudes of which depend of value of the step splitting factor.
 The Walsh-Fourier series is a natural basis for approximating the pulsed supply voltage of a stepper motor. Structural diagrams of digital and analog systems for stepper motors in the step splitting are proposed.
 In the digital control system, the Walsh matrix is entered into the permanent memory of the controller, the size of which is determined by the value of the minimum step splitting factor, and the column vectors of the coefficients of the amplitudes of the Walsh functions are entered into the random-access memory, each of which corresponds to its step splitting factor.
 The input controller sets the program for implementing the inverse Walsh transform to the control controller, as a result of which control signals for the driver are generated at the output of the DAC controller. As its output, control signals are generated for power transistors including in the windings of the stepper motor.
 In the analog control system, the main links are the Walsh functions generator and the block of summing coefficients. In the block of summing coefficients of each Walsh function is assigned an amplitude corresponding to a given step splitting factor, and then they are summed. As a result, a pulsed voltage is formed, which is fed to the input of the driver, as in a digital system. It is shown that an analog control system can be used to form low-frequency quasi- sine signals of high stability. They can be used in precision electric drives with high stability.

Анализ систем обеспечения тепловых режимов отечественных космических аппаратов

Along with the designing configuration of spacecraft for various purposes, in parallel, the choice of the configuration and location of the systems ensuring thermal regime takes place. In such systems, in addition to the construction itself, depending on the target orbit and heat-generating equipment a huge number of different elements can be included, ensuring equipment temperature control and, if it is a manned spacecraft ensuring also the necessary requirements for maintaining a constant temperature and humidity in the pressurized compartment. Therefore, this article discusses autonomous elements of active and passive domestic thermal management systems currently used in the design of non-pressurized spacecraft. This will help in making the most correct technical solution when developing a spacecraft in terms of cost, reliability, durability and normal operation of the target onboard equipment.

BERT-BiGRU Intelligent Classification of Metro On-Board Equipment Faults Based on Key Layer Fusion

Metro train operation may result in massive and complex unstructured fault text data. To solve the problem of low classification accuracy and incomplete classification effect of unstructured fault data automatic classification task, a BERT-BiGRU fault text classification model based on key layer fusion is proposed. Firstly, the unstructured text data is processed into word vectors with location information in the word embedding layer and then input into the BERT layer. Based on the traditional 12-layer BERT model, the semantic information is fully obtained by encoding the two-way transformer encoder in layers 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 for fusion and dimensionality reduction, which is then input into the BiGRU layer to extract the context information to obtain the high-level feature representation of the text. After that, the final classification results are output in the output layer through the full connection layer FC and softmax functions. This model is tested with other mainstream models on the fault text data of metro on-board equipment. The experiment results show that on the same data set, the F 1 -score of this model is 7%~8% higher than that of the current mainstream classification model, that is, about 1~2% higher than that of other PLMs, and the F 1 -score of this model is higher than that of BERT model with different transformer layers, reaching the highest value of 0.9272, and the convergence speed in the training process is fast.

An improved point feature‐based sparse stereo vision

Since the limitation on the onboard equipment, the sparse stereo vision is becoming a suitable choice for the deployment of micro air vehicles (MAV) and small robots. However, for the point feature-based sparse stereo, most of the current stereo algorithms ignore the similarity between feature points, so it is hard to achieve high accuracy. In addition, the problem of clustered feature distribution will still affect the performance of point feature-based algorithms in the application. To make up for these deficiencies, the authors propose an improved features from accelerated segment test (FAST) feature detector to suppress the point detection in complex texture regions. Most importantly, the authors present a novel census transform (CT)-based algorithm that contains two encoders ‘texture orientation’ and ‘texture gradient’ to get a more efficient census bit string for the feature point. Instead of randomly selecting pixels to calculate the bit string, we combine the texture characteristics of the census windows where feature points are located. Compared with the original CT, the processing speed of our method is improved, and the average error of our method is reduced by 18.05%. The evaluation results show the presented improved point feature-based sparse stereo algorithm has a great value in engineering applications.

Algorithms for Managing the Redundancy of Onboard Equipment Complexes of Mobile Objects. Part 2. Paired Arbitration of Computers

The article solves the problem of operative selection of the redundant onboard equipment complex components configuration of the suitable in the current operating conditionаs in the interests of ensuring high fault tolerance of the complex, as well as achieving other operational and technical characteristics. The basis of the redundancy management system of the complex consists of configuration supervisors — as program subjects according to the number of its competitive configurations of heterogeneous and nonuniform equipment worked out in advance. The choice of the preferred configuration is proposed to be carried out by performing multi-level arbitration, which includes two phases of paired arbitration of computers and paired arbitration of configuration. It is proposed to include the means of both types of arbitration in each configuration supervisor, which ensures its self-sufficiency when participating in a competitive selection. The second part of the article is devoted to the computer’s arbitration for the implementation of redundancy management functions. The approach is applicable to a computing environment with many comparable computing devices and contains 2 phases. In the first phase, a preliminary selection of a competing pair of computers — as applicants for the implementation of redundancy management functions in them is carried out. In the break between the phases, the pair computers implement the procedures for pair arbitration of configurations given in the first part of the article. In the second phase, the final choice of the α-computer is made, in which the supervisor who won the arbitration will be implemented. In order to achieve the maximum possible centralization of selection procedures and, as a consequence, the exclusion of "bottlenecks" in terms of reliability of places, additionally proposed: the organization of secure data exchange between computers based on distributed registry technology; the procedure of paired arbitration of computers, consisting in mutual cross-validation of dominant supervisors of a pre-allocated pair by comparing preference matrices, including information parcels of arbitration objects. A methodological example that demonstrates the features of the system functioning in the conditions of computers degradation is given. The proposed approach can be used to solve the problems of reconfiguration control of heterogeneous computing facilities of technical objects on-board equipment complexes.

ЦИФРОВАЯ ОБРАБОТКА СИГНАЛОВ В ПАССИВНОЙ МНОГОПОЗИЦИОННОЙ РЛС, СОЗДАННОЙ НА БАЗЕ ГРУППИРОВКИ БЛА

The expediency of creating a passive multi-position radar based on a grouping of unmannedaerial vehicles is substantiated. The variant of building of such radar is proposed, the main technicalproblems of the sonar developing are evaluated and possible ways to overcome them areconsidered. It is shown that for detecting aerial targets and determining their coordinates fromthe radio emission of on-board equipment, the difference-rangefinder method is the most promisingas it does not depend on signal modulation and is potentially resistant to interference. Forsmall-sized UAV for transmitting information over open radio channels, the typical frequencyranges are 2.4 and 5.0 GHz. A block diagram of a passive multi-position radar has been developed,including digital shapers of the quadrature components of the received signal, blocks fordetecting and determining the coordinates of the target. The main parameters are calculated andanalytical expressions of digital signal processing algorithms for detecting and determining thecoordinates of the target are given. A stroboscopic effect is used in the digital quadrature componentshaper, which allows for bandpass signals to select the sampling frequency not by the upperboundary frequency of the spectrum, but by its width, which significantly reduces the requirementsfor the performance of the ADC and the DSP devices following it. The complex envelopes of thedetected signals are generated by the method of digital generation in the time domain using digitallow-frequency filters. The detection of signals is performed by an energy detector, the advantagesof which are simplicity of implementation and operability in the absence of a priori informationabout the received signal. To determine the coordinates of the radio source, signal delays arecalculated between pairs of signals received by three UAV from a multi-position radar, which aredetermined by the maximum modulo values of the mutual correlation functions of the signals inthese pairs. It is shown that the proposed algorithms are well adapted to the processing of possiblesources of radio emission on board small-sized UAV. It is established that the required performanceof the radar computer for real-time operation does not exceed 84.62 GFLOPS. The designof an on-board antenna module of a passive multi-position radar in the form of a microstrip reconfigurableantenna, tunable in frequency and polarization, is proposed.

Development of a Real-World Eco-Driving Cycle for Motorcycles

Climate change is a major issue all around the world. The transportation industry currently accounts for most CO2 emissions. The goal of this research is to develop a real-world eco-driving cycle for internal combustion engine motorcycles that can reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. This study developed onboard measuring equipment to measure the speed profile and fuel consumption of a motorcycle driving in real time. A total of 78 motorcycle riders rode a test motorcycle with the onboard equipment along a road network to collect real-world data. All of the collected real-world data were analyzed by cluster analysis based on fuel consumption (km/L) to divide riders into two groups, high-fuel-consumption riders and low-fuel-consumption riders. The collected real-world data of the low-fuel-consumption riders were used to develop a real-world eco-driving cycle, whereas the collected real-world data from the high-fuel-consumption riders were used to develop a real-world non-eco-driving cycle. The CO2 emissions were calculated by the speed profiles of the developed driving cycles. The findings reveal that the real-world eco-driving cycle provided a fuel consumption rate 39.3% lower than the real-world non-eco-driving cycle. In addition, the real-world eco-driving cycle provided a CO2 emission rate 17.4% lower than the real-world non-eco-driving cycle. The application of the developed real-world eco-driving cycle for motorcycles is proposed.