Online Search Tool Research Articles

Deploying an AI-based online search tool to increase patients’ access to and understanding of solid tumor GI clinical trials.

456 Background: The number and complexity of clinical trials has been growing, making finding and accessing trials increasingly challenging. Additionally, the goal of representative trial populations remains elusive with sometimes devastating medical consequences. A key barrier to increasing recruitment efficiency is patients’ low awareness of clinical trials as an option. They rarely hear about trials from their oncologists, unless they are based at a research center, which introduces trial population biases by including only patients with good healthcare access. And even if patients decide to search for information on trials themselves, the information is difficult to understand. There are existing trial search tools, but they have multiple shortcomings: complex navigation, limited search functionality, clinical trial data is too complex for non-specialists to understand, and lack of clarity on next steps. Methods: Access to trials via a novel trial search tool (www.ancora.ai) which uses AI to restructure trial information was the main focus of this study. For increased GI cancer specificity, 6 key GI cancers were included into the AI model and information was restructured based on key eligibility differentiators identified (see data structure table). Research participants (xx GI oncology patients) were recruited with the support of patient associations (e.g. The Colon Club) leveraging social media. They were asked to complete a 20 minute survey evaluating both an established tool (clinicaltrials.gov) and the novel tool to find trials relevant for them. They had to assess different aspects of the tools’ usability on a 5-level Likert scale. Survey results were analyzed in MS Excel, using built-in statistical functions (mean, standard deviation, student’s t-test). Results: Please note the survey is ongoing and results will be updated. Current survey respondents had a base level of awareness of clinical trials (3.1±1.2), with patient associations and the internet as leading information sources. The novel tool seemed to make it easier to find trials (3.7±0.9 vs. 2.7±1.3), showed an improvement in ease of understanding information presented (3.8±1.1 vs. 2.6±1.3) and directionally provided more clarity on what next steps towards trial enrollment would be (4.2±0.8 vs. 3.7±1.4). Overall, this led to higher patient satisfaction (3.4±1.1 vs. 2.3±0.5). Conclusions: Novel patient-focused, AI-driven clinical trial support tools can unlock trial access for all patients. Democratizing trial information will not only increase trial accrual, but also patient satisfaction while reducing disparities. [Table: see text]

P058 - Initial steps of an online search tool development for diagnostic and prognostic factors in prostate cancer

P058 - Initial steps of an online search tool development for diagnostic and prognostic factors in prostate cancer

O risco climático na agricultura do Brasil no contexto de ferramentas de busca (big data)

Este artigo analisa a visibilidade do tema de risco climático, ligado à agricultura, no Brasil através de ferramenta de busca do big data, uma área do conhecimento que estuda grandes conjuntos de dados, com amplo uso nas redes virtuais. Foi realizado levantamento quantitativo de publicações gerais e científicas, com um recorte temporal de 10 anos (entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2018), a partir da ferramenta de busca online do Google (Google Trends, Google Busca Brasil e Google Acadêmico Brasil) e palavras-chave, isoladas e combinadas (“clima”, “agrícola”, “rural”, “urbano” e “cidade”). Os resultados indicaram que, apesar de os impactos e os prognósticos do risco climático na agricultura terem fortes consequências sobre a economia brasileira, não foi encontrado volume considerável de publicações com esse enfoque, ainda mais se comparado ao volume gerado com enfoque no urbano, que demonstrou ter maior pertinência social e científica do campo ligado aos riscos climáticos. O uso de big data como uma ferramenta de diagnóstico sobre a produção e a busca de informações de relevância social nas redes virtuais mostrou-se ser uma oportunidade para identificar lacunas de pertinência social e orientar melhor estratégias de sensibilização e conscientização para o enfrentamento dos desafios das mudanças climáticas. Contudo, são necessários estudos complementares, comparando com outros buscadores de informação.

Bioinformatics analysis reveals novel hub gene pathways associated with IgA nephropathy

BackgroundImmunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulopathy worldwide. However, the molecular events underlying IgAN remain to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to identify novel biomarkers of IgAN through bioinformatics analysis and elucidate the possible molecular mechanism.MethodsBased on the microarray datasets GSE93798 and GSE37460 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IgAN samples and normal controls were identified. Using the DEGs, we further performed a series of functional enrichment analyses. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks of the DEGs were constructed using the STRING online search tool and were visualized using Cytoscape. Next, hub genes were identified and the most important module among the DEGs, Biological Networks Gene Ontology tool (BiNGO), was used to elucidate the molecular mechanism of IgAN.ResultsIn total, 148 DEGs were identified, comprising 53 upregulated genes and 95 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the DEGs for IgAN were mainly enriched in extracellular exosome, region and space, fibroblast growth factor stimulus, inflammatory response, and innate immunity. Module analysis showed that genes in the top 1 significant module of the PPI network were mainly associated with innate immune response, integrin-mediated signaling pathway and inflammatory response. The top 10 hub genes were constructed in the PPI network, which could well distinguish the IgAN and control group in monocyte and tissue samples. We finally identified the integrin subunit beta 2 (ITGB2) and Fc fragment of IgE receptor Ig (FCER1G) genes that may play important roles in the development of IgAN.ConclusionsWe identified key genes along with the pathways that were most closely related to IgAN initiation and progression. Our results provide a more detailed molecular mechanism for the development of IgAN and novel candidate gene targets of IgAN.

Characterizing online searches in pediatric dermatology.

The use of online medical information is a common trend but little is known about these searches and implications in pediatric dermatology. Through a convenience sample of 95 parents/guardians and patients in pediatric dermatology at the University of Minnesota, 38.9% of participants reported that they had used an online search tool prior to their appointment. Google was the most common tool used (91.4%), and eczematous conditions were the most common patient-suspected diagnosis (32.4%). Of interest, 13.9% of individuals became more concerned and 16.7% made an appointment earlier because of their online findings.

Use of Baidu Index to Track Chinese Online Behavior and Interest in Kidney Stones.

Background and AimBaidu, currently the top online search tool in China, has developed an internet search trends gathering and analysis tool called the Baidu Index. The aim of this study was to explore the value of the Baidu Index for monitoring online kidney stones-related information-seeking behavior and understanding of population features and priorities in China.Materials and MethodsThe Baidu Index was queried using the term “kidney stones” for the period 2014–2018. The search volume was recorded as well as a demand graph, with a geographic and demographic distribution. For surgical treatment modalities, the medical term “extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)” was analyzed and then compared to the term “kidney stone surgery” to assess changes.ResultsThe search trend for the term “kidney stones” remained sustained growth over time. Searches were mostly presented by the age 20–49, in males in the south of China. The demand graph indicated that the diagnosis, followed by the treatment, and dietary control of kidney stones had received the most attention. The search volume related to ESWL showed a similar increasing trend, but was searched with a greater volume than the term “kidney stone surgery” for most of the last 5 years.ConclusionThe Baidu Index is a useful tool to track online health information-seeking behavior of internet users in China. The geographic and demographic characteristics in kidney stones seem to be reflected in online search trend data to some extent.

Integrative analysis of key candidate genes and signaling pathways in autoimmune thyroid dysfunction related to anti-CTLA-4 therapy by bioinformatics

SummaryCytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), the first immune checkpoint to be targeted clinically, has provided an effective treatment option for various malignancies. However, the clinical advantages associated with CTLA-4 inhibitors can be offset by the potentially severe immune-related adverse events (IRAEs), including autoimmune thyroid dysfunction. To investigate the candidate genes and signaling pathways involving in autoimmune thyroid dysfunction related to anti-CTLA-4 therapy, integrated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted from the intersection of genes from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and text mining. The functional enrichment was performed by gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, module enrichment, and hub gene identification were constructed and visualized by the online Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and Cytoscape software. A total of 22 and 17 integrated human DEGs in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism group related to anti-CTLA-4 therapy were identified, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed 24 GO terms and 1 KEGG pathways in the hypothyroid group and 21 GO terms and 2 KEGG pathways in the hyperthyroid group. After PPI network construction, the top five hub genes associated with hypothyroidism were extracted, including ALB, MAPK1, SPP1, PPARG, and MIF, whereas those associated with hyperthyroidism were ALB, FCGR2B, CD44, LCN2, and CD74. The identification of the candidate key genes and enriched signaling pathways provides potential biomarkers for autoimmune thyroid dysfunction related to anti-CTLA-4 therapy and might contribute to the future diagnosis and management of IRAEs for cancer patients.

Mídia e saúde

Introdução: A mídia é um importante elemento na construção de significados sobre os acontecimentos de saúde, influenciando nas crenças e na formação da opinião popular, tendo especial papel nos processos epidêmicos. No atual cenário epidemiológico do Brasil, que está vivenciando o recrudescimento do sarampo, reintroduzido no país em 2018, os profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) devem estar instrumentalizados sobre os sentidos que estão sendo construídos pelos veículos de comunicação. Objetivo: Avaliar o conteúdo midiático que está sendo produzido acerca do atual cenário epidemiológico do sarampo no Brasil, observando que sentidos estão sendo construídos e analisando-os criticamente, traçando um paralelo com o papel que a APS ocupa neste cenário, principalmente no que diz respeito à educação em saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, na qual realizou-se duas buscas através da ferramenta de busca online Google Notícias. Buscou-se pelo termo ‘sarampo’ e pelos termos ‘sarampo’ e ‘autismo’. Foram catalogados os 50 primeiros resultados, sendo o critério de inclusão que fossem notícias. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo, inicialmente, para categorização e inferência, porém foi necessário utilizar instrumentos da análise de discurso para aprofundar algumas subjetividades encontradas. Resultados: A busca retornou resultados das cinco regiões do país, todos com postura pró-vacina. A APS foi citada em praticamente todos os resultados encontrados, que frisavam a disponibilidade da vacina gratuitamente neste nível de atenção. As três áreas temáticas encontradas a partir da análise do material foram: “gravidade, sequelas e morte: a produção do sentido do medo”; “vacinação, medidas e ações; e “justificativas para a queda da cobertura vacinal, responsabilização do indivíduo e atribuição do cenário ao movimento antivacina”. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o atual cenário epidemiológico do sarampo tem sido encarado como unicausal, o que precisa ser revisto para que as campanhas governamentais e as ações das Equipes de Saúde da Família tornem-se mais efetivas. A estratégia do convencimento pelo medo ou pela obediência mostra-se ineficaz. Pouco ou nada se discute sobre as recentes políticas de desmonte do Sistema Único de Saúde, que têm impacto direto na cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Também pouco foi discutido sobre questões de acesso. A compreensão deste cenário sob uma ótica multifacetada e contextualizada ao momento sociocultural e histórico é o ponto central para o sucesso do desfecho.

Determinants of Sweetness Preference: A Scoping Review of Human Studies.

Factors associated with sweetness preference are multi-faceted and incredibly complex. A scoping review was undertaken to identify determinants of sweetness preference in humans. Using an online search tool, ProQuest ™, a total of 99 publications were identified and subsequently grouped into the following categories of determinants: Age, dietary factors, reproductive hormonal factors, body weight status, heritable, weight loss, sound, personality, ethnicity and lifestyle, previous exposure, disease, and ‘other’ determinants. Methodologies amongst studies were heterogenous in nature (e.g., there was variability across studies in the sweetness concentrations tested, the number of different sweetness concentrations used to assess sweetness preference, and the methods utilized to measure sweetness preference), rendering interpretation of overall findings challenging; however, for certain determinants, the evidence appeared to support predictive capacity of greater sweetness preference, such as age during certain life-stages (i.e., young and old), being in a hungry versus satiated state, and heritable factors (e.g., similar sweetness preferences amongst family members). Recommendations for the design of future studies on sweetness preference determinants are provided herein, including an “investigator checklist” of criteria to consider.

Exploring interface design to support caregivers' needs and feelings of trust in online content.

IntroductionFamily caregivers of people living with dementia require a range of accurate, current, and reliable information throughout the care trajectory. Much of this information is available online, however it can be difficult for caregivers to identify and decide what content is relevant to them. Little is known about how online design cues impact family caregivers’ decision to assess how trustworthy information is and whether to engage with it.MethodsOur exploratory research focused on the interface design of CARE-RATE, an online search tool intended to support more effective information searches for family caregivers seeking dementia care-related resources. Data from focus groups were coupled with design literature to inform the development of three mockups that were evaluated by seven dementia caregiver experts.ResultsParticipants preferred a search bar design because of its simplicity, familiarity, and functionality. Design elements that impact trust included logos from reputable organizations, transparency of content author, and ratings from other caregivers.ConclusionFeelings of trust regarding information, including the ability to ascertain trustworthiness, is a major aspect of caregivers’ willingness to engage with online content. Transparency and familiarity appear to be key elements that impact caregivers’ trust in online information, which agrees with current web design research.

RIscoper: a tool for RNA-RNA interaction extraction from the literature.

Numerous experimental and computational studies in the biomedical literature have provided considerable amounts of data on diverse RNA-RNA interactions (RRIs). However, few text mining systems for RRIs information extraction are available. RNA Interactome Scoper (RIscoper) represents the first tool for full-scale RNA interactome scanning and was developed for extracting RRIs from the literature based on the N-gram model. Notably, a reliable RRI corpus was integrated in RIscoper, and more than 13300 manually curated sentences with RRI information were recruited. RIscoper allows users to upload full texts or abstracts, and provides an online search tool that is connected with PubMed (PMID and keyword input), and these capabilities are useful for biologists. RIscoper has a strong performance (90.4% precision and 93.9% recall), integrates natural language processing techniques and has a reliable RRI corpus. The standalone software and web server of RIscoper are freely available at www.rna-society.org/riscoper/. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Online search tool for graphical patterns in electronic band structures

Many functional materials can be characterized by a specific pattern in their electronic band structure, for example, Dirac materials, characterized by a linear crossing of bands; topological insulators, characterized by a “Mexican hat” pattern or an effectively free electron gas, characterized by a parabolic dispersion. To find material realizations of these features, manual inspection of electronic band structures represents a relatively easy task for a small number of materials. However, the growing amount of data contained within modern electronic band structure databases makes this approach impracticable. To address this problem, we present an automatic graphical pattern search tool implemented for the electronic band structures contained within the Organic Materials Database. The tool is capable of finding user-specified graphical patterns in the collection of thousands of band structures from high-throughput calculations in the online regime. Using this tool, it only takes a few seconds to find an arbitrary graphical pattern within the ten electronic bands near the Fermi level for 26,739 organic crystals. The source code of the developed tool is freely available and can be adapted to any other electronic band structure database.

A TOP2A-derived cancer panel drives cancer progression in papillary renal cell carcinoma.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of the DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) gene and its associated genes in the progression of papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). Online cancer databases, including cBioportal, Oncomine, OncoLnc and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins were used to analyze the TOP2A gene expression profile, function and regulation network in PRCC. The genes that were significantly co-expressed or mutually exclusively expressed with TOP2A were identified. The genes co-expressed with TOP2A were defined as a 'TOP2A-cancer panel', which cooperatively promotes PRCC progression. This gene panel performed well in predicting the prognosis of PRCC. In addition, the TOP2A-cancer panel significantly affected the outcome of PRCC compared with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). The protein-protein interaction network of all genes associated with TOP2A was also generated. This interaction network may provide foundation for the additional investigation of TOP2A. Integrative understating of the TOP2A-cancer panel may result in a novel avenue for treatment intervention in PRCC.

The Kanji Learning Website for EPA Care Worker Candidates, "Kaigo-no-Kanji Supporter” (Learning Support for Kanji Vocabulary in the Caregiving Field)

Care worker candidates under the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) must pass the Japanese State Examination for Certified Care Workers within four years to continue working in Japan. The Japanese language, especially kanji (Chinese characters), used in the examinations is a significant barrier for the candidates and there is a need for Japanese language learning support designed specifically to focus on kanji used in the examinations. The Authors developed “Kaigo-no-Kanji Supporter” (Learning Support Website for Kanji Vocabulary in the Caregiving Field) and “Kaigo-no-Kotoba Search" – Online Search Tool for Specialized Vocabulary in the Caregiving Field. “Kaigo-no-Kanji Supporter” is a website to learn kanji, two-kanji morphemes and technical terms used in the caregiving field interrelatedly. This website is a useful study tool for learning the technical terms that are likely to appear in the State Examination for Care Workers. This site consists of information in three main parts:1) Tan-kanji (single kanji) that frequently come up in the exam, 2) Two-kanji morphemes that include single kanji terms, and 3) Technical terms that include two-kanji words. English and Indonesian translations for each single kanji and two-kanji words, as well as technical terms, are provided. The other learning website, “Kaigo-no-Kotoba Search” has been designed so that candidates can look up words using kanji, hiragana, katakana, English and Indonesian. This means that if a candidate comes across a word they do not understand, there are multiple ways for them to look up the word and higher possibility they will find the meaning. We have evaluated the actual usage of this website from two perspectives – through access data analysis and through interviews with website users. According to these resources, we found that the website is used in various ways both online and offline.

Pattern-based Search of Epigenomic Data Using GeNemo

Compared with the robust text-based search tools for genomic or RNA sequencing data, current methodologies for pattern-based searches of epigenomic and other functional genomic data are very limited. GeNemo is the first online search tool that accomplishes this goal. Users input their functional genomic data in the Browser Extensible Data (BED), Peaks, and bigWig formats, and may search for data in any of the three formats. Users may specify which types of datasets to search against, choosing from a variety of online datasets, with the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) representing different epigenomic marks, transcriptional factor binding sites, and chromatin hypersensitivities or accessibilities in specific cell types, and developmental stages or species (mouse or human). GeNemo returns a list of genomic regions with matching patterns to the input data, which may be viewed in the browser as well as downloaded in the BED file format. The upgraded GeNemo has improved graphical display, has more robust interface, and is no longer prone to errors due to changes in the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) genome browser. Troubleshooting steps for common problems are discussed. As the amount of functional genomic data is expanding exponentially, there is a critical need to develop and refine new bioinformatic tools such as GeNemo for data analyses and interpretation.

Pattern-based Search of Epigenomic Data Using GeNemo.

Compared with the robust text-based search tools for genomic or RNA sequencing data, current methodologies for pattern-based searches of epigenomic and other functional genomic data are very limited. GeNemo is the first online search tool that accomplishes this goal. Users input their functional genomic data in the Browser Extensible Data (BED), Peaks, and bigWig formats, and may search for data in any of the three formats. Users may specify which types of datasets to search against, choosing from a variety of online datasets, with the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) representing different epigenomic marks, transcriptional factor binding sites, and chromatin hypersensitivities or accessibilities in specific cell types, and developmental stages or species (mouse or human). GeNemo returns a list of genomic regions with matching patterns to the input data, which may be viewed in the browser as well as downloaded in the BED file format. The upgraded GeNemo has improved graphical display, has more robust interface, and is no longer prone to errors due to changes in the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) genome browser. Troubleshooting steps for common problems are discussed. As the amount of functional genomic data is expanding exponentially, there is a critical need to develop and refine new bioinformatic tools such as GeNemo for data analyses and interpretation.

Sage Research Methods Online (SRMO)

Sage Research Methods Online (SRMO) is an online search tool that provides information and instruction on research methods in the health and social sciences. It is aimed at university students, researchers, and faculty and is designed to answer methods questions that arise during the various steps of the research process, including the literature search, review, research design, data collection, analysis, and write up. The resource gathers together 6 dictionaries, 5 encyclopedias, 148 journal articles, 26 videos, and 632 books (including the 164 Little Green Books and 48 Little Blue Books, the only way to access these popular quantitative and qualitative research methods series in electronic form). The 120,000 pages of material in SRMO are indexed with a custom taxonomy of more than 1,400 terms. The user begins typing a term into the basic search box, and the system presents suggestions. Advanced search features such as multiple field selections and Boolean combinations are available. The user can also browse through the material by title or author. Material can then be limited by format. SRMO also presents a visual search tool called “Methods Map,” which shows relationships between taxonomy terms, methods, philosophies, and important people in a field. A personal account can be created where “Methods Lists,” collections of favorite materials, can be kept and shared. Many helpful features are available when the actual content is accessed. The system generates a citation of the source in 4 styles (American Psychological Association, Chicago Manual of Style, Harvard, and Modern Language Association) or exports a citation to 6 popular citation management programs (BibTex, EndNote, ProCite, Reference Manager, RefWorks, and Zotero). Other options include the ability to generate a portable document format (PDF) version of the content, share it via social networking sites, print it, email it, add it to “Methods Lists,” and go to a preformulated Google Scholar search of the authors' scholarly articles. The savvy user is advised to watch the instructional video before using SRMO, because search and browse are the only two obvious functions. Watching the ten-minute video in advance of diving into the product will orient the user to all the features, explain the complex functions, and ultimately save time and frustration. The navigation features are powerful and have won awards (2011 Magnum Opus Gold Award for Best Navigation for Electronic Publication or Web Site and 2011 Apex Award for One-of-a-Kind Electronic and Web Publications), but any tools beyond basic search and browse are unclear to the uninitiated, and terms like “My Lists” and “Methods Maps” benefit from an explanation. While there are many thousands of books and journal articles about research methods, SRMO is the only tool of its kind that gathers such material in one well-organized, searchable place. This product is highly recommended for institutions doing and teaching research, depending on how much of the gathered material the institution already owns. Convenience of electronic access would also need to be considered in the purchasing decision. Sage provided a guest login to the reviewer for the product but, despite multiple requests, would only state the following regarding pricing: “Subscription and purchase pricing is available from Sage upon request. Pricing varies depending on Carnegie Classification, research intensity and level of degree granted.”

Spell-checking queries by combining Levenshtein and Stoilos distances

We propose in this paper a simple yet efficient method in order to correct misspellings of queries submitted by users to an online search tool in medicine. In addition to exact phonetic term matching, we test two approximate string comparators: the string distance metric of Stoilos and the Levenshtein edit distance. We propose here to combine them. At a threshold comparator score of 0.2, the normalized Levenshtein algorithm gives the highest recall of 76% but the highest precision 94% is obtained by combining the two distances of Levenshtein and Stoilos. Despite the well-known good performance of the normalized edit distance of Levenshtein, we show in this paper that its combination with the Stoilos algorithm improves the results for misspelling correction of user queries. This method may be applied to text documents in Electronic Health Records or clinical documents.

Conquering Evidence-Based Practice Using an Embedded Librarian and Online Search Tool

Conquering Evidence-Based Practice Using an Embedded Librarian and Online Search Tool

Screening efficient siRNAs in vitro as the candidate genes for chicken anti-avian influenza virus H5N1 breeding.

The frequent disease outbreaks caused by avian influenza virus (AIV) not only affect the poultry industry but also pose a threat to human safety. To address the problem, RNA interference (RNAi) has recently been widely used as a potential antiviral approach. Transgenesis, in combination with RNAi to specifically inhibit AIV gene expression, has been proposed to make chickens resistant to avian influenza. For the transgenic breeding, screening the efficient siRNAs in vitro as the candidate genes is one of the most important tasks. Here, we combined an online search tool and a series of bioinformatics programs with a set of rules for designing the siRNAs targeting different mRNA regions of AIV H5N1 subtype. By this method we chose five rational siRNAs, constructed five U6 promoter-driven shRNA expression plasmids contained the siRNA genes, and used these to produce stably transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Data from virus titration, IFA, PUI-stained flow cytometry, real-time quantitative RT-PCR and DAS-ELISA analyses showed that all five stably transfected cell lines were effectively resistant to viral replication when exposed to 100 CCID50 of AIV, and we finally chose the most effective plasmids (pSi-604i and pSi-1597i) as the candidates for making the transgenic chickens. These findings provide baseline information for breeding transgenic chickens resistant to AIV in combination with RNAi.