On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Research Articles

Invulnerability Improvement of Multipath Protocols in Different Scenarios

Developments in computer communications and networks enabled the deployment of exciting new areas. Meanwhile, Efficient network and communication technologies also promote the development of routing protocols. AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, AODV) routing protocol has invulnerability to different mobile attributes of agent nodes and network damage scenarios. However, this invulnerability performance can not meet the needs of mobile multi-agent cooperative communication. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved responsive multipath routing protocol MD_AODV(Multipath Destroy-resistance AODV, MD_AODV). This routing protocol is based on AODV routing protocol. It is mainly improved in three aspects: multichannel concurrency mechanism, node load balancing mechanism and shortest path maintenance mechanism. Firstly, in this research, an improved multipath routing protocol is modeled and implemented, which is based on OPNET Network simulation platform. Then, network models with different degrees of impairment are built. Combines the mobile attributes of mobile multi-agent task coordination to carry out invulnerability simulation experiments . These experiments study the invulnerability of the improved multipath routing protocol. Finally, this paper evaluates and compares the routing invulnerability of MD_AODV, AODV and AOMDV(Ad-hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector, AOMDV). The evaluation results show that MD_AODV routing has better invulnerability when the network is severely damaged

A Performance Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols

A group of mobile nodes creates an arrangement connected to a remote media, forming a dynamic topology. In adhoc networks, Any time a device sends data to another node, that node uses energy, and occasionally the data transmission will halt when all the power is used up. The difficulty with MANET is reducing the energy consumption of the network's intermediary devices so that the network is active during data transmission because Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) devices are often power-driven. Then, using performance measurements, a performance analysis is carried out across several routing protocols, including Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV), and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). The performance analysis is done using the NS2.35 simulator.

Hybrid security in AOMDV routing protocol with improved salp swarm algorithm in wireless sensor network

During these years the current trends shows a fast expansion in the field of wireless sensor network (WSN) based applications. Due to this much vulnerability are created and also coverage optimization becomes essential to improve overall performance. However, maximum of the model concentrates only on security or efficiency. In order to create a highly efficient protocol both concepts need to get concerted. So, we developed a protocol namely hybrid security in ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol with improved salp swarm algorithm (HSA-ISSA). This model is sub-divided into three sections. They are, wormhole attack and gray hole attack construction AOMDV protocol, improved salp swarm algorithm (SSA) model is used for weighted distance position updates which leads to improve the efficiency. And to secure the network from attacks we use hybrid security with the help of Diffie-Hellman key interchange algorithm and elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm. During performance evaluation the proposed HS-ISSA protocol provide stable results in terms of message success rate (MSR), end to end delay (E2E_Delay), network throughput (NT), and average energy efficiency (AEE). Our HAS-ISSA protocol outperformed all the other earlier works by providing hybrid security, optimized coverage as well as energy efficiency to the wireless sensor networks.

Wireless Body Area Routing Protocols Impact Analysis on Entity Mobility Models with Static Sink Node

The most important and emerging characteristic of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), which differentiates them from other wired and wireless area networks, is mobility. Therefore, the routing protocols for WBAN are designed in such a way that they can deal with dynamic changes in topology and provide maximum throughput, packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and minimum energy consumption. Thus, achieving optimal values for every performance parameter becomes a big challenge. This work investigates the performance of three separate path discovery protocols, such as Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV), Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing protocol (AOMDV), for two different mobility models with a fixed-positioned sink. During experimentation, the AOMDV routing protocol achieves a high packet delivery ratio (PDR), average end-to-end delay, and throughput as compared to other routing protocols.

Performance and statistical analysis of ant colony route in mobile ad-hoc networks

<div class="WordSection1"><p>Research on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is increasing in popularity due to its rapid, budget-friendly, and easily altered implementation, and relevance to emergencies such as forest firefighting and health care provisioning. The main concerns that ad-hoc networks face is dynamic topology, energy usage, packet drop rate, and throughput. Routing protocol selection is a critical point to surmount alterations in topology and maintain quality in MANET networks. The effectiveness of any network can be vastly enhanced with a well-designed routing protocol. In recent decades, standard MANET protocols have not been able to keep pace with growing demands for MANET applications. The current study investigates and contrasts ant colony optimization (ACO) with various routing protocols. This paper compares ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), and AntHocNet protocols regarding the quality of service (QoS) and statistical analysis. The current research aims to study the behavior of the state-of-the-art MANET protocols with the ACO technique. The ACO technique is a hybrid technique, integrating a reactive route maintaining technique with a proactive method. The reason and motivation for including the ACO algorithm in the current study is to improve by using optimization algorithms proved in other domains. The ACO algorithm appears to have substantial use in large-scale MANET simulation.</p></div>

Trusted routing protocol for federated UAV ad hoc network

PurposeIn the final step, the trust model is applied to the on-demand federated multipath distance vector routing protocol (AOMDV) to introduce path trust as a foundation for routing selection in the route discovery phase, construct a trusted path, and implement a path warning mechanism to detect malicious nodes in the route maintenance phase, respectively.Design/methodology/approachA trust-based on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol is being developed to address the problem of flying ad-hoc network being subjected to internal attacks and experiencing frequent connection interruptions. Following the construction of the node trust assessment model and the presentation of trust evaluation criteria, the data packet forwarding rate, trusted interaction degree and detection packet receipt rate are discussed. In the next step, the direct trust degree of the adaptive fuzzy trust aggregation network compute node is constructed. After then, rely on the indirect trust degree of neighbouring nodes to calculate the trust degree of the node in the network. Design a trust fluctuation penalty mechanism, as a second step, to defend against the switch attack in the trust model.FindingsWhen compared to the lightweight trust-enhanced routing protocol (TEAOMDV), it significantly improves the data packet delivery rate and throughput of the network significantly.Originality/valueAdditionally, it reduces the amount of routing overhead and the average end-to-end delay.

Greedy Weight Matrix Topological Adaptive Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Protocol for QOS Improvement in MANET

Greedy Weight Matrix Topological Adaptive Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Protocol for QOS Improvement in MANET

A Cross-layer Method for Identifying and Isolating the Blackhole Nodes in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

ABSTRACT Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a set of intelligent vehicles that communicate without a fixed infrastructure. The communication between each source/destination pair is done by using routing protocols. On-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) is one of the most known ad-hoc multipath routing protocols used in VANETs. The decentralized nature of VANET makes this type of network vulnerable to various attacks, such as blackhole attack. In such attack, the malicious vehicle aims to make the communication unavailable. To achieve this goal, the malicious vehicle persuades the source to send its data packets through it because it has the fresher route toward the destination. This is done by forging routing information. After receiving the data packets, the malicious vehicle deletes them instead of forwarding them to their intended destinations. This paper introduces a new Cross-Layer method (CRAOMDV) where information is shared between MAC and network layers to detect and ignore the malicious vehicles in VANETs. Our experiments used the simulator NS2 and SUMO for the generation and simulation of real mobility scenarios. The evaluation results demonstrate the efficiency of CRAOMDV compared to AOMDV under blackhole attack in terms of improving the packet delivery and reducing the average end-to-delay and the routing overhead.

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks Using Genetic Algorithm.

In this paper, we examine routing protocols with the shortest path in sensor networks. In doing this, we propose a genetic algorithm (GA)-based Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector routing protocol (GA-AOMDV). We utilize a fitness function that optimizes routes based on the energy consumption in their nodes. We compare this algorithm with other existing ad hoc routing protocols including LEACH-GA, GA-AODV, AODV, DSR, EPAR, EBAR_BFS. Results prove that our protocol enhances the network performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, round trip time and energy consumption. GA-AOMDV protocol achieves average gain that is 7 to 22% over other protocols. Therefore, our protocol extends the network lifetime for data communications.

AI-empowered, blockchain and SDN integrated security architecture for IoT network of cyber physical systems

Internet of things (IoT) is one of the most emerging technologies nowadays and it is one of the key enablers of industrial cyber physical system (CPSs). It has started to participate in almost every aspect of our social life, ranging from financial transactions to the healthcare system, communication to national security, battlefield to smart homes, and so on. However, the wide deployment of IoT suffers certain issues as well, such as interoperability, compatibility, heterogeneity, large amount of data, processing of heterogeneous data etc. Among others, energy efficiency and security are the utmost prominent issues. Scarce computing resources of IoT devices put hindrances on information sharing across edge or IoT network. Indeed, unintentional or malicious interference with IoT data may lead to severe concerns. In this study, the researcher exploits the potential benefits of a blockchain system and integrates it with software-defined networking (SDN) while justifying energy and security issues. More in detail, the researcher proposed a new routing protocol with the cluster structure for IoT networks using blockchain-based architecture for SDN controller. The proposed architecture obviates proof-of-work (PoW) with private and public blockchains for Peer-to-Peer (P2P) communication between SDN controllers and IoT devices. In addition to this, distributed trust-based authentication mechanism makes blockchain even more adoptive for IoT devices with limited resources. The experimental results show that the proposed cluster structure based routing protocol outperforms the state-of-the-art Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Secure Mobile Sensor Network (SMSN), Energy efficient secured cluster based distributed fault diagnosis (EESCFD), and Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), in terms of energy consumption, network throughput, and packet latency. Proposed protocol help overcome the issues especially, energy management and security of the next generation industrial cyber physical systems.

Detection of black-hole attacks in MANET using adaboost support vector machine

Mobile Ad hock Networks (MANETs) are currently used for developing the privacy and accuracy of modern networks. Furthermore, MANET applications are fit to be data-oriented systems, that introduce a secure and more robust data transmission protocol making it a topmost priority in the design. The lack of infrastructure in the existence of dynamic topology as well as limited resources of MANET is a major challenge facing those interested in the field. Further, the nonexistence of a formerly authorized trust relationship within the connected nodes produces instability of the detection process in MANETs. Basically, by adding adapted LEACH routing protocol to MANET, enhancement of the preserved nodes vitality will be achieved, moreover, the load balancing with data loss reduction provides MANET ability to tracks along with shortest and limited paths. This paper proposes a newly developed detection scheme for both active and passive black-hole attacks in MANETs. Moreover, the scheme deals with assessing a group of selected features for each node-based AdaBoost-SVM algorithm. These features are collected from cluster members nodes based on Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (OMDV) with LEACH routing protocol clustering approaches. Although SVM is considered a more stable classifier, there are great influences of the AdaBoost weight adaption algorithm to enhance the classification process in terms of strengthening the weights of extracted features. This hybrid algorithm is essential for active black-hole attacks as well as for identifying passive black-hole attacks in MANET. The proposed scheme is tested against the effect of mobility variation to determine the accuracy of the detection process including the routing overhead protocol. The experimental results investigated that the accuracy of detecting both active and passive black-holes attacks in MANET reached 97% with a promising time complexity for different mobility conditions. Moreover, the proposed scheme provides an accurate decision about malicious vs benign node dropping behavior using an adjustable threshold value.

Link Reliable On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing for Reliable Video Streaming in MANET

Background: Due to the generic feature of AOMDV, it is widely used in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks such as the Internet which requires new challenges to deploy conversational real-time applications like VoIP (Voice over IP) and video conferencing. Objective: In AOMDV, the multiple routes between any source and destination pair are selected based on minimal hop count which does not ensure reliable video content delivery as the communicating nodes along the paths are prone to link failures and route breaks. Methods: To overcome such problems, the Link Reliable On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (LROMDV) is proposed by modifying the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV). Results: The LROMDV uses an enhanced Cumulative Expected Transmission Count (enh-CETX) for selecting multiple routes between any source and destination pair to avoid link failures and route breaks in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks. Conclusion: The performance of LROMDV on H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video streaming under both Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function (EDCF) using NS2.34 and Enhanced EvalVid framework is evaluated and the simulation result shows the effectiveness of LROMDV.

DyTE: An Effective Routing Protocol for VANET in Urban Scenarios

A Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of wireless ad-hoc networks, widely used in on-road vehicles and roadside equipment, having applications in various areas including passenger safety, smart traffic solutions, and connectivity on vehicles The VANET is the backbone of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) that establishes connectivity between vehicles through a wireless medium. When it comes to the communication between high-speed vehicles there is the challenge of dynamic mobility. In order to provide a higher Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and increase the throughput, a new routing protocol called Dynamic Trilateral Enrolment (DyTE) is introduced which chooses a dynamic trilateral zone to find the destination vehicle by allowing only relevant nodes to participate in the communication process using the location coordinates of source and destination nodes. The proposed routing protocol is compared with Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and the results show remarkable improvement in reducing the Network Routing Load (NRL) and increasing the PDR and throughput of the network. DyTE has performed more efficiently in terms of PDR (23% approximately), throughput (26% approximately) and drastically minimized the NRL by a factor of almost 3.

Penerapan Algoritma EA-SHORT pada Protokol Routing AOMDV untuk Menemukan Rute yang Handal Berbasis Energi di Jaringan MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a stand-alone wireless network, consisting of several nodes that can move in all directions freely. The routing protocol used as the object of this study is Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV). This research carries out an energy calculation process at a node that can be used as a new energy-based route by utilizing topology changes. Energy efficiency in the routing protocol can be done using the Energy-Aware SHORT (Self Healing and Optimizing Routing Techniques) method. The main purpose of the Energy-Aware SHORT (EA-SHORT) algorithm is to save energy on MANET, by extending the life of nodes and networks by routing packets through nodes that have enough remaining power and avoiding nodes that have low power. AOMDV performance will be compared with AOMDV which has been modified with EA-SHORT measured from the specified parameter values. Analysis results show that the application of the EA-SHORT algorithm in the efficiency of route search succeeded in improving performance. The results of throughput on EA-AOMDV increased by 13.904% for an area of ​​500x500 m2 and 13.905% at 1000x1000 m2. The packet delivery ratio increased by 0.91% and 2.273%. Average end-to-end delay decreased by 20.482% and 18.734%.

Mobile ad-hoc network routing protocols of time-critical events for search and rescue missions

The most important experiences we discovered from several disasters are that cellular networks were vulnerable, and the loss of the communication system may have a catastrophic consequence. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) play a significant role in the construction of campus, resident, battlefield and search/rescue region. MANET is an appropriate network for supporting a communication where is no permanent infrastructure. MANET is an effective network that uses to establishing urgent communication between rescue members in critical situations like, disaster or natural calamities. The sending and receiving data in MANET is depending on the routing protocols to adapt the dynamic topology and maintain the routing information. Consequently, This paper evaluates the performance of three routing protocols in MANET: ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), and ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV). These protocols are inherent from different types of routing protocols: single-path, multi-path, reactive and proactive mechanisms. The NS2 simulator is utilized to evaluate the quality of these protocols. Several metrics are used to assess the performance of these protocols such: packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratios (PLR), throughput (TP), and end-to-end delay (E2E delay). The outcomes reveal the AOMDV is the most suitable protocol for time-critical events of search and rescue missions.

Elephant Herding Optimization Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol for MANET

Energy consumption always represents a challenge in the ad hoc networks which spurred the researchers to benefit from the bio-inspired algorithms and their fitness functions to evaluate nodes energy through the path discovery stage. In this paper we propose energy efficient routing protocol based on the well-known Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol and a bio-inspired algorithm called Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO). In the proposed EHO-AOMDV the overall consumed energy of nodes is optimized by classifying nodes into two classes, while paths are discovered from the class of the fittest nodes with sufficient energy for transmission to reduce the probability of path failure and the increasing number of dead nodes through higher data loads. The EHO updating operator updates classes based on separating operator that evaluates nodes based on residual energy after each transmission round. Experiments were conducted using Ns-3 with five evaluation metrics routing overhead, packet delivery ratio, average energy consumption, end-to-end delay and number of dead nodes and four implemented protocols the proposed protocol, AOMDV and two bio-inspired protocols ACO-FDRPSO and FF-AOMDV. Results indicated that the proposed EHO-AOMDV attained higher packet delivery ratio with less routing overhead, average energy consumption and number of dead nodes over the state of art while in the end-to-end delay AOMDV has outperformed the proposed protocol.

Trust Management-Based Service Recovery and Attack Prevention in MANET

The mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) output is critically impaired by the versatility and resource constraint of nodes. Node mobility affects connection reliability, and node resource constraints can lead to congestion, which makes the design of a routing MANET protocol with quality of service (QoS) very difficult. An adaptive clustering reputation model (ACRM) method is proposed to improve energy efficiency with a cluster-based framework. The proposed framework is employed to overcome the problems of data protection, privacy, and policy. The proposed ACRM-MRT approach that includes direct and indirect node trust computation is introduced along with the master recovery timer (MRT) for achieving an efficient service recovery process, and its service recovery time is calculated through the service execution process. During data transmission in MANET, various types of attacks can occur, of which the Sybil attack is the most dangerous. To address this problem, this paper proposed a method for the detection and prevention of Sybil attacks using a resilient scheme. The proposed method can improve system energy efficiency and address security, safety, and privacy issues of wireless network applications. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated regarding the time delay, throughput, energy efficiency, control overhead, and detection rate. The simulation results show that the proposed ACRM-MRT method can effectively improve the time delay, throughput, energy efficiency, control overhead, and detection rate compared to the existing methods. Topological change adaptive ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (TA-AOMDV)and ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV) are simulated on the NS2 platform for the data rate in the range of 4–40 kbps and the number of nodes in the range of 10-100. The proposed method can reduce the service recovery time in the case of faults during service execution and can be used in real-time applications traffics since it is mostly affected by failure through the occurrence of delay and loss of packets.

Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Based Routing in Ad-Hoc Networks

In this paper, Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol has been analysed based on different performance parameters in different network scenarios. Performance parameters like normalized routing load, throughput, dropped packets, receiving packets, average delay. At different values of network connections, pause times, simulation times, and speed rates, we compared performance of AOMDV with Ad hoc on-demand distance vector, Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector, and Dynamic Source Routing routing protocols. For simulation work, network-simulator 2.35 has been used.

Comparative Study of Two Reactive Routing Protocols with Realistic Mobility Model

A Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are dynamic wireless networks that can be formed without the need for any existing infrastructure in which each node can act as a host as well as a router. One of the main challenges of MANETs is the design of robust routing protocols that adapt to the frequent and randomly changing network topology. A variety of routing protocols have been proposed and several of them have been extensively simulated or implemented. In this study, we compare and evaluate the performance of two reactive routing protocols namely: The Ad-hoc On-Demand distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, which is unipath and Ad-hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. We observed that the results of AODV significantly outperformed that of the AOMDV in most cases contrary to the report that AOMDV outperformed AODV, but concerning in the literature that the selection of the mobility model has a significant impact the performance of the routing protocol.

Energy and Congestion Aware Multipath Routing in MANET

An interconnection of wireless nodes in motion is called as Mobile AdHoc Network (MANET). One of the problems facing MANET is the route failure due to dynamic movement of nodes. Route failure leads to frequent path search and extra effort for maintaining existing path. An effective routing protocol should choose an elite path for dispatching data and consume less resources. Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocol can sustain more than one path between the communicating nodes and switches between them, whenever communication fails over selected path. This way, it reduces the effort of discovering new path, whenever an existing path fails. However, while choosing alternative paths the protocol only considers the hop count as a deciding factor and it does not take into consideration the energy associated with node nor the congestion along the chosen path. In this paper, we consider both residual energy and active load while selecting path for communication. Performance of both protocols are tested on NS2 simulator. It was found that, the enhancement does provide an improvement in performance than the existing protocol