On-demand Distance Vector Routing Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of Secure Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Using Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol

In modern era, MANET i.e., Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a very powerful, interactive tool and useful resource for transmission/communication in computer networks. About composition of MANET, a collection of mobile nodes have the potential of creating self-maintaining and self-configurable network without having any centralized infrastructure i.e., MANET is a self-organized network without any infrastructure. Nodes in the network require energy for transmission of data after collapse of energy a node become inactive and it can’t participate in the communication. Due to exhaustation of energy the network becomes unstable. An unstable network requires extra routing process for coin out a route. In future security of MANET is a major challenge for smooth and efficient data communication. There are many protocols in MANET but in this paper, we discussed AODV routing protocol for data communication. In this paper a new algorithm is designed i.e., modified AODV with security constraint. This paper also gives the comparative study of original AODV and modified AODV.

Comparative study of zigBee topologies for IoT‐based lighting automation

ZigBee standard is the popular communication protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) networks. An energy efficient WSN technology is a good choice for an IoT based lighting control technology. This article is a comparative analysis for finding the quality of service parameters provided by the different topologies of ZigBee for a wireless networked lighting control system. In order to estimate the energy consumption in ZigBee topologies for lighting automation, this work analyses the star, mesh, and tree topology-based WSN with two routing protocols Adhoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and dynamic source routing (DSR). Lighting automation using wireless control networks with sensor-actuator nodes in a laboratory is considered as the test scenario. The applicability of ZigBee topologies for IoT-based lighting automation is discussed by the evaluation of performance parameters like average jitter, throughput, end-to-end delay, and energy model.

Performance Analysis of Enhanced Ad-Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol in Smart Environment

MANETs have specific features that can satisfy the mobility and heterogeneous requirement of the smart environment. Smart applications need high Mobility, Bandwidth, Reliability and less Packet Loss and Delays; therefore, it is important to provide good Quality of Service (QoS) in such applications. So there is a dire need of identifying and exploring the relevant protocols that may be adapted for IoT enabled the smart environment. The routing protocols in smart environments are accountable for connectivity among nodes, fairness, quality of service, etc. Protocol & path selection is the main strategies to design any mobile network. The chosen protocol must have the best in term of data integrity and data delivery. Hence the analysis of the protocols become an essential step. This paper presents various securities and safety-related issues of MANET-IoT system, and also advocate the requirement of enhancing routing protocols in a smart environment. In this research, a new enhanced cache update technique is introduced in MANET protocol to make it enable for the upcoming smart environment. The enhanced algorithm helps to detect the malicious node and remove the stale route present in the network, no matter which traffic mode is used and in which direction nodes are moving. Cache is upgraded in such manner that all nodes in the way are notified about the misbehaving node and its adjacent neighbors’ nodes will not use misbehaving node while searching for the route. Here the analysis has been done taking a various number of nodes. Packet Delivery and Packet Lost are two key parameters taken for analysis purpose.

Energy Efficient Hybrid Optimization based K-means Clustering and Load balancing using Optimized Ad-hoc on-demand Distance Vector Routing for WSN

Nowadays, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) play a key role in data transmission depends on the locations of nodes. WSN contains Base Station (BS) with several Sensor Nodes (SNs) and these nodes are randomly arranged inside the region. The BS used to give the commands and direction to the sensor node. Energy is a major issue in WSN as after some transmissions the nodes drain their energy when the information is passed inside the region of interest. According to the distance between the sensor nodes, the energy can be used during the Cluster Head (CH). The energy consumption (EC) is abridged by implementing the protocols of clustering and routing which is used to augment the Network Lifetime (NL). The optimal CH selection for finding the shortest path among the CHs is improved by developing the hybrid K-means with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based hybrid Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) channeling algorithms. The alive nodes, total packet sending time, throughput and NL are increased by using this hybrid technique, whereas dead nodes and EC are minimized in a network.

Integrating African Buffalo Optimization Algorithm in AODV Routing Protocol for improving the QoS of MANET

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is made up of wireless mobile nodes that do not require a central infrastructure or administration to establish a network. It is possible for the MANET nodes to function as a router or host. MANET works with an independent multi-hop mobile network which can be used in several real-time applications. Thus, an important issue associated with MANET is the identification of paths with high-level Quality of Service (QoS), like topology. The purpose of having a QoS-aware protocol in MANETs is to enable the discovery of paths that are more efficient between the source and destination nodes of the network and hence, the need for QoS. In this paper, a novel algorithm which can be used in the African Buffalo Optimization (ABO) to improve the QoS of routing protocol MANETs. With ABO, path selection is optimized in the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. Results of the test revealed that when ABO is used in AODV, delay and energy-aware routing protocol is manifested.

High-Quality in Data Authentication Dodging Massive Attack in VANETS

VANET plays an important role in the Security terms. VANET network is due to their unique features like as a high dynamic network (topology) and Mobility prediction. It attracts so much attention to the industry. VANET wireless networks are rapidly increased commercial and academic interests. Mobile connectivity, Traffic congestion management and road safety are some applications that have arisen within this network model. The routing protocol is a reactive type which means if there is data to be sent then the way will create. On-demand Distance Vector routing protocol is a generally used network topology based on rules for VANET. In surveyed of the routing protocol implemented a balance AODV method used for identifying the malicious nodes in the network. A balanced AODV routing method is defined with following characteristics:- (i) Use of threshold adaptive according to the network situations and balance index i.e node nature. (ii) Detect the malicious node in the network. (iii) Detection and prevention methods in real-time and independent on each vehicle node. In research paper, implement a B-AODV routing protocol and RSA method for detection and prevention the malicious node in the vehicular network. In this proposed algorithm, each vehicle node is employing balance index for acceptable and reject able REQ information’s (Bits). The consequences of the simulation tool in MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) indicates BAODV and RSA method is used to detect and prevent the flood attach and loss of network bandwidth. Comparison between AODV, BAODV, RSA in normal phase defines B-AODV is exactly matched with AODV in the vehicular network and performance analysis overhead, an end to end delay and packet delivery rate.

Novel Intrusion Detection and Prevention for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Single- and Multiattack Case Study

We present novel techniques to counter a set of active attacks, such as denial-of-service (DoS), probe, vampire, and user-to-root (U2R) attacks, in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) environment for a single- and multiattack scenario. Attacks are detected using a profile (behavior) analysis for single attacks and a distributed trust for multiattacks. A standard ad hoc ondemand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol has been used in a Network Simulator 2 (NS2) environment. We report a maximum accuracy of 87.75% for a single attack and 90.95% for a multiattack scenario.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Simulated results for the Performance of AODV and TORA Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is underpinning less system of movable devices connected by wireless links. Every device in MANET moves arbitrarily on any path with no impediments and this free movement helps in transforming its links to new devices promptly and unpredictably. MANETs do not require a predefined arrangement or centralized administration to interconnect with each other. This research work is carried out to compare the efficiency of two of the on-demand routing protocols - Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) for mobile ad hoc network and the parameters taken into consideration for evaluation are packet delivery ratio, throughput, End to End Delay, Routing overhead, Energy Consumption and others. With the help of NS2, the simulated results of both the protocols are analysed based on its parameters chosen in this work. In particular, the parameters mainly considered for the comparison are packet delivery ratio and End to End Delay. Finally, the performance of these two protocols is compared on the basis of its simulation time.

A Balanced Energy Consumption in Mobile Ad hoc Network

Mobile ad-hoc network is a type of network, self-organized and self-configurable, very useful when it is not economically practical or physically possible to provide a wired network infrastructure. These futures make MANET becomes more and more used in many domains. However, this kind of network still suffers from various types of limitations. Among these limitations, and the biggest one is the energy consumption. The classical routing protocols proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), in its establishment of the routes, select the route that has a minimal number of hops between the source and destination, while they do not take in consideration the energy level or the lifetime of the intermediate nodes. In this work, we propose a solution, which is based on the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. In our proposed solution, we tend to obtain a sufficient result in terms of the stability and lifetime of the different path in the network, by adding the lifetime and residual energy among the selection criteria of the AODV routing protocol. The different simulation results show that our enhanced protocol outperforms EQ-AODV (Energy and QoS supported AODV) and the basic AODV by reducing significantly the energy dissipation, also enhances certain parameters of quality of service that are affected by the energy issue.

Energy Preserving Secure Measure Against Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network consists of sensors having autonomous wireless communication with the ability to sense their surrounding conditions and an ability to connect to the Internet through a base station. In most cases, sensors are spatially distributed and, hence, must have a low cost; for this reason, they have limited batteries, computational ability, and memory size. Sensors’ restrained ability to implement common security measures makes them vulnerable to various types of attacks. Moreover, their applications are sensitive to delay or packets corruption, e.g., forest fire detection, disaster relief operations, and lots of other applications. Therefore, improving security is compulsory. There are various types of attacks targeting different network layers. One type is a wormhole attack that is a harmful and easily deployed attack that targets the routing layer. In this paper, a proposed energy preserving secure measure based on the network connectivity aims to detect the wormhole attack. The proposed measure is applied to the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol and the experiment is tested using Network Simulator 3. The results state that the detection accuracy is 100% when the wormhole tunnel is of four hops or more in length. In addition, the method has no additional costs because it is not based on any plugged hardware, e.g., synchronized clocks or geographical positing system, as this makes this method appealing for the wireless sensor network environments.

Comparative Study of AODV and DSR Routing Protocols for MANET: Performance Analysis

An ad hoc network is an assortment of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a transitory network lacking the use of any presented network communications or centralized management. A number of routing protocols like Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) have been projected. In this work an attempt has been ended to evaluate the performance of two outstanding on demand reactive routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: DSR and AODV. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying time, packet delivery ratio, throughput and end-to-end delay. These simulations are carried out using the ns-2 network simulator, which is used to run ad hoc simulations.

5G-enabled Hierarchical architecture for software-defined intelligent transportation system

With the rapid advancement of technology, an increasing number of devices are being connected to the Internet and getting smart. Such advancement brings new challenges in the field of intelligent transportation system (ITS), including transferring of high data rates, providing rapid response system to users, addition of new devices, and their remote configuration. Thus, mobile information systems, along with intelligent multimodal mobility services, cope with such constraints and take significant benefit of the associated technology from emerging information and communication frameworks. Therefore, recent advancement in the field of telecommunication has witnessed increased interest in ITS, especially vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETS). Software-defined networks (SDNs) can also bring advantages to ITS due their flexibility and programmability to the network via their logical and centralized control entity. However, the bandwidth and continuous connection between ITS and SDN is still a challenge owing to the highly mobile nature of VANETS. Therefore, to address this issue, this paper presents a novel concept for enhancing the capabilities of ITS via the newly proposed 5G-based SDN architecture for ITS. The proposed system architecture is based on the following three function layers: sensing layer, relay layer, and core network layer. Continuous accessibility, via flexible and programmable features, is achieved through SDN features. In addition, high data rates and bandwidth are provided by the proposed 5G architecture. The simulation results show that the proposed system architecture achieves better results than the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol.

Enhancing Reliability of Tactical MANETs by Improving Routing Decisions

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have been primarily designed to enhance tactical communications in a battlefield. They provide dynamic connectivity without requiring any pre-existing infrastructure. Their multi-hop capabilities can improve radio coverage significantly. The nature of tactical MANET operations requires more specialized routing protocols compared to the ones which are used in commercial MANET. Routing decisions in MANETs are usually conditioned on signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurements. In order to improve routing decisions for use in highly dynamic tactical MANETs, this paper proposes to combine two different metrics to achieve reliable multicast in multi-hop ad hoc networks. The resulting protocol combining received signal strength (RSS) with SINR to make routing decisions is referred to as Link Quality Aware Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LQA-AODV) routing. The proposed routing protocol can quickly adapt to dynamic changes in network topology and link quality variations often encountered in tactical field operations. Using computer simulations, the performance of proposed protocol is shown to outperform other widely used reactive routing protocols assuming several performance metrics.

On-demand route discovery in a unicast manner.

While having high bandwidth-efficiency, the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol suffers from high signaling overhead due to route request (RREQ) messages flooding, especially when the node density and the number of connections are increased. In order to resolve this broadcast storm problem of the AODV in a high node density mobile ad-hoc network, we propose a geographical on-demand route discovery scheme. Assuming a known location of the destination, the RREQ of the proposed routing protocol is propagated in a unicast manner by employing a novel parsing mechanism for possible duplicate RREQs. The routing overhead of the proposed routing protocol is greatly robust to the node density change. We derive the node density required for the proposed routing protocol to keep the same connectivity as the AODV under the circumstance where the nodes are uniformly distributed. In addition, we present an imaginary destination consideration method to incorporate the uncertainty of the destination’s location due to mobility. Computer simulations show that the proposed scheme enables the RREQ propagation to cover 95% of the one-hop communication area centered at the originally known location of the destination without sacrificing the unicast feature.

A Hybrid Algorithm for Improving the Quality of Service in MANET

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) exhibits a dynamic topology with flexible infrastructure. The MANET nodes may serve as both host and router functionalities. The routing feature of the MANET is a stand-alone multi-hop mobile network that can be utilized in many real-time applications. Therefore, identifying paths that ensure high Quality of Service (QoS), such as their topology and applications is a vital issue in MANET. A QoS-aware protocol in MANETs aims to find more efficient paths between the source and destination nodes of the network and, hence, the requirements of the QoS. This paper proposes a different hybrid algorithm that combines Cellular Automata (CA) with the African Buffalo Optimization (ABO), CAABO, to improve the QoS of MANETs. The CAABO optimizes the path selection in the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. The test results show that with the aid of the CAABO, the AODV manifests energy and delay-aware routing protocol.

Fuzzy Based Hybrid Energy Control Technique to Optimize Hello Interval of Reactive Routing in MANET

Mobile adhoc network is a compilation of self-organizing wireless hosts which can dynamically create a multi-hop network to exchange data packets at any place and time. It is spontaneously deployed over a geographically limited area without using pre-existing infrastructure unlike cellular networks. This paper proposes the hybrid energy control technique for adhoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol based on soft computing technique. This paper describes energy optimization of node using selection of optimal value of the hello interval. The selection process is done by soft computing technique like fuzzy logic in which two input fuzzy inference system (FIS) has been designed to find optimal hello interval. Two parameters, energy and mobility of node are used as an input for fuzzy inference system since hello interval depends on value of these parameters. Implementation and simulation study has been done using research tools MATLAB and Network Simulator respectively.

Hierarchical Honey Bee Model to Avoid Sleep Deprivation Attack in MANET

Ad-hoc networks are highly vulnerable to the attacks due to the dynamic nature of the network topology, lack of centralized management and cooperative algorithm. Nodes in the ad-hoc network are responsible to transmit packets to other nodes. One of many different kinds of attacks, a node may experience the exhaustion of power by consuming its batter power. Routing protocol controls the packet transmission over the network and calculates the routing path for transmission. The predefined static routed path is limited in ad-hoc network, and nodes have limited energy that is depleted due to transmission. Sleep deprivation attack constantly drops the power source on a particular node until the node gets shutdown. We have proposed an effective model named Honey-bee model to enhance Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing algorithm. Hierarchical clustering method is used for the formation of the cluster of nodes. Based on this approach, each node is assigned with a cluster that prevents the attack. We have simulated in ns2 tool compared results with other on-demand routing protocol such as Power Aware Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing, Flow-State extensions to Dynamic Source Routing and AODV.

Battery Power Clustering Using Ant Colony Optimization

Wireless ad-hoc networks have limited resources such as power, memory, therefore, developing clustering algorithms that consider battery power for wireless node is indeed necessary in order to prolong network life time and decrease the probability of network partitioning. This work proposes a Battery Power Clustering (BPC) technique based on using ant colony optimization (ACO) method, in order to select Cluster Head (CH) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). BPC technique considers battery power of each candidate CH Mobile Node (MN) and the size of clusters (number of neighboring MNs). Moreover, the influence of the battery power and the cluster size on CH election is optimized using ACO algorithm, BPC uses the number of transmitted signals – packets as a gauge for the battery power in candidate CHs. BPC is compared with the two hop Linked-Cluster Algorithm (LCA) and the Weighted Clustering Algorithm (WCA), comparisons employ Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing (AODV), Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP), and Location-Aided Routing (LAR1), such that the evaluation is conducted for different mobility speeds. Simulation results reveal the robustness of the proposed BPC mechanism in terms of average delay and average packets drop ratio.

A new energy based power aware routing method for MANETs

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring and self-directed functioning system that operates without infrastructure and rapidly deploys in a network. The MANET does not need centralized administration. It contains a mobile node for wireless transmission and MANETs that can be established anywhere. In addition, any instance of the ad-hoc network is effective since it is capable of eliminating the complexity of central admission and infrastructure. The MANET is widely in use in many fields such as military applications, mobile communication, and emergency situations. Energy consumption is an important issue in MANET because the mobile nodes are battery powered. In this paper, a dynamic energy ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol (DE-AODV) is proposed to minimize the packet delay, maximize the network lifetime, and reduce the energy consumption. The increase in node energy and dynamic supply of external energy is through a battery. The energy mechanisms consider whether the mobile nodes are in sleep, active, or transmit mode. The DE-AODV protocol is used to find out the selection of nodes which are energy-efficient and trustworthy to select the shortest route path from source to destination. The routing protocols use the external battery when there is a chance of link failure during packet transmission time. The proposed DE-AODV routing protocol provides efficient output when compared with other existing techniques. Simulation results show that the proposed system achieves better performance when compared with previous protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, network stability rate, end-to-end delay of packets, end-to-end transmission, and throughput.

Transition rate, trend and signal strength based stable routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

In order to have continuous connectivity for data transmission in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), it is necessary to establish stable path with long life time. Even though much work has been carried out to maintain the path for a long life time, it is necessary to give more importance to consider stability of the nodes during path discovery phase itself. To increase the stability of the path, this paper proposes Transition Rate, Trend and Signal Strength based Stable Routing Protocol (TTSSRP), considering transition trend of a node along with signal strength for a predetermined period during route discovery process. During a predetermined period, several samples are collected from a node. The total number of transitions and rate of change of signal strength with respect to first position are computed for all sampling time to find stability of a particular node so as to select as one of the nodes in the path. This procedure is followed until the destination is reached. Simulation results confirm the superiority of TTSSRP over the Ad-hoc on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and Relative Link and Path Stability based Routing Protocol (RLPSR) in terms of packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and route life time.