Omnipresent Ethernet Research Articles

Multistatic Noncoherent Linear Complexity Miller Sequence Detection For Gen2 RFID/IoT

Passive Gen2 radio frequency identification (RFID) tags work thanks to the utilization of line codes that balance their operation between two opposite states: absorbing RF (for energy harvesting) and reflecting RF (for backscattering/communications). Given the current RF harvesting technology, batteryless tags need to be located very close to an active illuminator in order to harvest sufficient energy and operate. To tackle this limitation, prior art has tried to bring the illuminator closer to the tags by designing proprietary illuminating architectures. Our solution comes in two parts. First, we offer a novel, Gen2-compliant, near-optimal, noncoherent sequence detection algorithm with linear complexity (in the sequence length) for Miller line codes. We leverage the robustness of this algorithm to overcome issues inherent in multistatic setups, such as carrier frequency offset. Second, we propose a modular multistatic architecture that makes use of low-cost commodity software defined radios (SDR) and omnipresent Ethernet infrastructure. Simulations and experimental results in a monostatic, bistatic, or multistatic SDR testbed with commercial RFIDs, corroborate the low-cost, real-time and near-optimal flavor of our solution.

Models and algorithms for centralized control planes to optimize control traffic overhead

Carrier Ethernet has rapidly advanced to become an important technology in metro transport. However, the overlapping of control plane and data plane in contemporary Carrier Ethernet (CE) networks leads to complex and unmanageable networks. CE networks that use packet technologies ought to be more manageable, scalable and robust. Recently proposed network architecture, Omnipresent Ethernet (OE) recommends that the control and management plane in CE networks be decoupled from the forwarding and routing plane to overcome the problem mentioned earlier. In view of this, we investigate the possibility of a centralized control plane from OE perspective. A centralized control plane is a networking paradigm that abstracts and centralizes the control information of the network from the underlying distributed data-forwarding infrastructure. In this paper, we have focused on engineering and architectural issues related to the design of a centralized control plane for the networks built on OE Networking paradigm. Furthermore, the problem of control traffic overhead in managed networks is analyzed using an appropriate simulation model. A scheme to divide the network into smaller sub-networks is proposed so that the total control traffic is always below some threshold. An Integer Linear Program (ILP) for the controllers' placement in the partitioned network is presented. The ILP attempts to minimize the total control traffic, the total controllers' implementation cost and the overall response time in the network. Since the ILP solves the problem optimally for networks with a limited number of nodes, a heuristic approach is developed and presented for larger and real-time service-provider networks.

Scalable Segment Routing—A New Paradigm for Efficient Service Provider Networking Using Carrier Ethernet Advances

Segment routing has recently been proposed in the IETF toward making IP/MPLS networks service-oriented while simplifying network operations. Segment routing computes paths at the source node using node identifiers and adjacency identifiers conjoined together to create a source-routed path. We propose a scalable transport paradigm as an enabler toward implementing segment routing in provider networks. We propose omnipresent Ethernet, our modification of carrier Ethernet (which is based on source-routed, binary-routed labels embedded in an Ethernet frame), to implement segment routing. We identify some of the scalability issues of the segment-routing proposal in the context of source-routing overhead. To absolve scalability issues of segment routing, two routing schemes that implement multidomain source-routing techniques are proposed. The hierarchical segment-routing (H-SR) scheme is proposed, which deploys a limited number of special nodes called swap nodes that are capable of label swapping to implement routing. The swap-node placement problem is formulated as an integer linear program to minimize the total routing distance within a network. Three heuristic techniques for swap-node selection based on centrality paradigms are presented. The H-SR scheme is further improved by a proposed multisegment-routing (M-SR) scheme that assumes all nodes in the network to be capable of label swapping. The H-SR and M-SR schemes are shown to significantly enhance the scalability of segment routing. A test-bed is built using carrier Ethernet hardware to support segment routing that validates the implementation of the proposed schemes. A simulation model to evaluate the schemes from a scalability perspective and their associated trade-offs is presented.

On the Design, Implementation, Analysis, and Prototyping of a 1- μs, Energy-Efficient, Carrier-Class Optical-Ethernet Switch Router

The integration of layer-2 carrier-class packet technologies with optical transport network is termed as packet-optical integration and is being deployed by service providers for migration from legacy SONET/SDH systems. We present a state-of-the-art carrier-class switch router that facilitates packet-optical integration, thereby achieving best of both the optical and packet worlds. The premise of this switch router is the use of carrier ethernet technology as a packet enabler for achieving statistical multiplexing at fine granularities, while maintaining rich operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning features. To this end, we proposed the omnipresent ethernet concept that uses binary routing and source routing to support: 1) layer 2 and layer 3 switching and routing, 2) low latency of the order of 1–5 μs even for layer 3 processing, and 3) low-energy consumption. The omnipresent ethernet framework leads to a software defined networking solution, whereby a centralized controller admits services and configures nodes based on homogenous networking parameters. In this paper, we report a commercial implementation of a packet-optical network demonstrated by our designed, fabricated, developed carrier ethernet switch router (CESR). We discuss the architectural considerations, design, and implementation of both the hardware and the control software. A switch architecture achieving 1-μs port-to-port delay across layers 1, 2, and 2.5 based on an opportunistic principle of virtual output queuing is showcased. The novelty is a scalable 96-Gbps cross connect fabric implemented in a field programmable gate array using a two-stage buffer system. A multistate software defined control plane is also reported. An exact analysis of the switch architecture using a combinatorial G/G/1 model is developed. An energy audit of the CESR is showcased. A test bed in the lab replicating a field deployment is presented. An exhaustive set of test cases are developed to test our designed CESR. Results are shown for latency, throughput, service support, frame-size stability, power, and bit error rate, thus validating our design.

Omnipresent Ethernet—Technology Choices for Future End-to-End Networking

We propose an all-Ethernet end-to-end communication framework for the access, metro and core networks called Omnipresent Ethernet (or OEthernet). The proposed hierarchy is based on two inherent assumptions: (1) present manner of interconnection in carrier networks from a graph theory perspective and (2) recent advances in Carrier Ethernet. The OEthernet approach makes good use of the advances of Ethernet from the LAN to the MAN and now to carrier networks, while inducing pragmatic traffic requirements for end-to-end communication. The OEthernet concept is a new end-to-end communication paradigm focused in particular to meet emerging service needs taking business requirements into consideration. The proposed solution is based on concepts of binary routing, source routing, logical topology abstraction and tagged connection oriented flow provisioning leading to a new communication hierarchy that facilitates end-to-end communication. This end-to-end solution uses Ethernet and its associated advances as an enabler technology. We define the advantages, the technological choices and the traffic assumptions for this end-to-end Ethernetworking hierarchy. Following which we postulate simple algorithms for converting an arbitrary network to one which facilitates source routing and binary routing-two concepts that are instructive in our solution. Subsequent to the conceptual explanation the engineering aspects of the implementation are detailed. In particular end-to-end communication using our solution, in the presence and absence of IP as a network layer is showcased. The solution is analyzed from a utilization and delay perspective. An optical implementation of the end-to-end OEthernet solution for enterprise networks is also proposed. Included is a new node architecture leading to a class of optical networking called O-BiS or Optical Bit-Switching. Comparison with existing approaches as well as positioning with respect to all-IP networks is then showcased. Triple Play services are simulated over our networking solution to validate our results.

Demonstration of Omnipresent Ethernet: A Novel Metro End-to-End Communication System Using Binary ${+}$ Source Routing and Carrier Ethernet

A new end-to-end communication solution called Omnipresent Ethernet (OEthernet) is demonstrated through a test-bed. The solution takes into consideration contemporary interconnection methodologies in enterprise/provider networks from a generalized graph perspective. The aim is to be able to convert any network graph into a known symmetric graph by simple algorithmic treatment. The virtual graph that we create is a binary tree-whose representative node is a binary node with a 1 × 2 interconnection architecture. The binary tree transformation of irregular network graphs leads to source routing and binary routing which results in significant performance and cost advantages. Addressing and routing in binary trees can be made possible at the Ethernet layer taking advantage of the advances in Carrier Ethernet. The resulting OEthernet solution facilitates communication without IP-enabling applications to ride entirely on OEthernet frames. In this paper, we built a test-bed that demonstrates the OEthernet concept. The test-bed is a 25 node binary tree, exemplified by a metro core (optical backbone) and an access edge network in optical as well as copper domains. The test-bed supports triple play applications, in particular, video-on-demand. Measurements are made for latency, jitter and throughput and we observe that the OEthernet solution is lower cost, more effective and energy efficient than regular IP networking approaches. An all-optical version of the OEthernet solution is also presented.