Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern Research Articles

Design of a multi‐function global navigation satellite system and 5G cellular antenna structure for automotive applications using characteristic mode analysis

AbstractThis paper illustrates a single antenna structure that simultaneously satisfies the antenna requirement for 5G cellular and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). The antenna has a linearly polarised omnidirectional radiation for the newly defined 5G sub‐6 GHz cellular bands in the 617–5000 MHz frequency range. In contrast, a right‐hand circular polarisation (RHCP) with a hemispherical radiation pattern at the GNSS L1 has a frequency range of 1559–1606 MHz. This multi‐function antenna would provide a simplified product design and better space utilisation, particularly suitable for flat antenna modules and automotive. The primary concept involves employing a planar inverted F antenna structure to generate radiation modes for cellular bands and incorporate U‐slot on the top plate to generate the GNSS radiation modes. The design methodology utilises the characteristic mode analysis tool to tune the desired radiation characteristic mode at the intended frequency range for each function. The antenna was fabricated, and the performance was evaluated on a 1‐m ground plane. The GNSS RHCP gain measures 5 dBc at boresight, with an axial ratio below 2 dB across the L1 bands, while the cellular gain maintains an excellent return loss and omnidirectional radiation pattern performance across the cellular bands.

CPW-fed dual-element metamaterial inspired multiband antenna using simple FSS for gain enhancement

This article presents a dual-element metamaterial-inspired co-planar waveguide (CPW) fed elliptical antenna using a simple compact frequency selective surface (FSS) for multiband wireless applications. The designed antenna is fabricated on a cheap FR-4 substrate (εr = 4.4) with 40 × 40×1.6 mm3 dimensions. Dual complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) loaded in the CPW ground create multiband characteristics, which are analyzed using the quasi-static design equations and the ANSYS HFSS EM simulator. FSS has been proposed as a reflector for the antenna to increase its gain. The FSS unit cell's angular stability has been analyzed using transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarization, and it has been determined to be 60°. The FSS integrated antenna offers measured bandwidths of 2.67 – 3.38 GHz (23.66 %), 3.77 – 4.17 GHz (10.25%), 4.91 – 5.93 GHz (19.61 %), and 7.28 – 8.93 GHz (20.24 %). The FSS integrated antenna shows nearly omnidirectional radiation patterns in all resonating bands with the highest gain of 9.72 dBi and measured radiation efficiency greater than 91 % in all the bands. The reported 'antenna with FSS' is appropriate for multiband wireless technologies as it covers IEEE 802.16 WiMAX, n77 5G NR, 5G Wi-Fi, WLAN, ISM and satellite spectrums.

An ultrawideband antenna with two independently tunable notch bands

This paper presents a planar CPW-fed Ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with two independently tunable notch bands. The proposed design consists of a modified Rhombus-shaped monopole structure that is integrated with a dual band-stop filter based on hexagonal split ring resonators (HSRR). The antenna is capable of suppressing multiple frequency bands within ultrawideband range (3.1–11 GHz) such as WLAN and X-band downlink satellite communication frequency bands with an independent tunable mechanism to fulfill the on-demand band rejection. The frequency reconfigurability of the two notch bands is obtained by loading the hexagonal filter arms with two varactor diodes (for each band). Details of antenna design steps and reconfigurability mechanism are illustrated. The notch band element is explained using equivalent circuit model and surface current distribution at lower and higher notch frequency bands. A prototype of the proposed design is printed on the RO4003C (ϵr = 3.55) substrate printed circuit board (PCB) and tested to authenticate the performance. The proposed antenna volume is 21.5 ▪ 48 ▪ 1.524 mm3 and demonstrates an omnidirectional radiation pattern in E and H planes with an average gain of 3.7 dBi across the operational passbands, while a sharp reduction in gain of -6.8 dBi and -3.5 dBi is achieved at the lower and higher notch bands, respectively. Continuous tuning is achieved experimentally from 5.08 to 5.77 GHz and 7.75 to 8.52 GHz for the lower and higher notch bands, respectively. Excellent agreement is observed between the simulated and measured results. Application areas include radio-frequency identifications, ground-penetrating radar, and wireless communications.

Miniaturized tri-band fractal antenna design for LTE, WLAN, WiMAX and C-band applications

ABSTRACT A novel compact rectangular fractal-shaped antenna for tri-band wireless communication applications is developed in this article. The proposed fractal shaped is achieved by cutting two rectangular slots in the rectangular monopole. Additionally, a stub is introduced in the bottom side of the antenna to enhance the impedance bandwidth of the acquired three bands. The developed antenna has a compact size 22 × 34 × 1.6 mm3. The CST MWS is used to design the antenna and its characteristics including S11, current distribution, radiation characteristics are exposed and analysed. To demonstrate that the simulation outcomes are reliable, the suggested antenna is manufactured and put through testing on an E5071C VNA. Additionally, the results of the experiments demonstrate that the designed antenna offers three impedance bandwidths 2.25–2.96 GHz, 3.56–4.01 GHz, and 4.6–5.86 GHz, which shields all the LTE, WLAN, WiMAX, and C-band applications. The proposed tri-band fractal antenna also provides good gain at the operating frequencies and an omnidirectional radiation pattern.

Dual-band antennas with high-gain and omni-directional radiation pattern enhanced by single-layer radome

Dual-band omnidirectional antenna with single radome is proposed. To ensure the characteristic of the proposed radome, mathematical calculation under multi-layer multi-reflection condition is derived. The cross points of reflection coefficient phase and ideal phase limitation show the potentially available frequency. The magnitude of the reflection coefficient at the same time selects the available frequency from potential frequencies. Simulation is utilized to evaluate the correctness of the calculation. Finally, the gain enhancement effect is exactly evaluated through the simulated radiation pattern results. And 1 dB increment of average gain in proposed omnidirectional antenna at both frequencies is observed. Also further optimization towards the PRS or radome is necessary.

Spiral-Resonator-Based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Design for Sub-6 GHz Applications

This paper presents a novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design for sub-6 GHz applications, featuring a unique combination of antenna elements and control mechanisms. The antenna is composed of an outer split-ring resonator loaded with an inner spiral resonator, which can be adjusted through the remote control of PIN diode or Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switches. The compact antenna, measuring 22 × 16 × 1.6 mm3, operates in broadband, or tri-band mode depending on the ON/OFF states of switches. The frequency reconfigurability is achieved using two BAR64−02V PIN diodes or two CG2415M6 SPDT switches acting as RF switches. SPDT switches are controlled remotely via Arduino unit. Additionally, the antenna demonstrates an omni-directional radiation pattern, making it suitable for wireless communication systems. Experimental results on an FR-4 substrate validate the numerical calculations, confirming the antenna’s performance and superiority over existing alternatives in terms of compactness, wide operating frequency range, and cost-effectiveness. The proposed design holds significant potential for applications in Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 a/n/ac), Bluetooth (5 GHz), ISM (5 GHz), 3G (UMTS), 4G (LTE), wireless backhaul (4G and 5G networks), WLAN (IEEE 802.11 a/n/ac/ax), 5G NR n1 band, and Wi-Fi access points due to its small size and easy control mechanism. The antenna can be integrated into various devices, including access points, gateways, smartphones, and IoT kits. This novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design presents a valuable contribution to the field, paving the way for further advancements in wireless communication systems.

Ultra-wideband Metamaterial-based Rectangular Microstrip Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G and other Microwave Applications

This paper presents a novel design of an ultra-wideband metamaterial-based rectangular microstrip antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G and other microwave applications. The proposed antenna consist of a rectangular microstrip patch, two metamaterial unit cells, Flame Resistant (FR-4) substrate and partial ground plane. The metamaterial unit cell comprises complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) with double negative characteristics (negative permeability and negative permittivity) as well as negative refractive index (NRI). The NRI medium enhanced the bandwidth and radiation efficiency of the antenna by reducing the surface waves and mutual coupling. The antenna operates over frequency range of 3.4009 to 11.721 GHz and 2.869 to 3.211 GHz, covering the sub-6 GHz 5G bands and other microwave applications such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and WLAN. Also, the proposed antenna had optimized dimensions of and exhibited good impedance matching, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and stable gain across the operating band. From simulation results, a combined bandwidth of 8.66 GHz was achieved which shows good agreement with outlined objective. The proposed antenna is suitable for sub-6 GHz 5G and other microwave applications that require ultra-wideband performance and low-profile design.

Compact eight-shaped ISM-I band wearable antenna for wireless body area network applications

Abstract The design and analysis of the electrically small eight-shaped wearable antenna for both on- and off-body communication is proposed in this paper. An eight-shaped radiating structure is placed over the jeans substrate and an I-shaped slot is introduced in the ground plane which makes the antenna resonates at the ISM-I band (2.4 GHz). The antenna has a compact size of 0.30λ 0 × 0.20λ 0 × 0.001λ 0, where λ 0 is the free space wavelength at the resonance frequency. The impedance bandwidth (≤−10 dB) of the antenna is 6.1 % and 5.8 % in free space and presence of a human body phantom respectively. The antenna design exhibits good gain along with an improved omnidirectional radiation pattern. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the antenna averaged over 1 g of tissue is 0.21 W/kg at 2.45 GHz which is far below the FCC standard. The paper also discusses the bending analysis and the fundamental size limitations of the small antenna, concluding that it is suitable for practical use. The simulated results of the prototype are validated by the measured results.

IoT enabled vehicle recognition system using inkjet-printed windshield tag and 5G cloud network

An IoT-enabled vehicle recognition system is developed and tested in this work, besides the tag antenna design and prototype for the vehicle windshield. Firstly, a flexible, surface-tolerant, low-profile, and low-cost passive UHF-RFID windshield tag inlay is designed. The tag is prototyped as wet-inlay with silver conductive-ink inkjet printed antenna on Polyethylene-Terephthalate layer, bonded with Higgs-EC IC. The dimension of the antenna is 0.25 × 0.05λ0. The overall inlay structure is around 0.27 × 0.06λ0. The antenna is designed at ETSI band, with a return loss of −14 dB at 900 MHz and a read range of 13.3 m and 8 m over lower and upper bands, respectively. The antenna demonstrates an omnidirectional radiation pattern and a maximum gain of 1.92 dBi. The developed prototype is tested in both indoor and outdoor environments. Secondly, the data is sent over the IoT cloud where decision-making is made for authorization. The reader data is transmitted over MQTT broker, via the Scotland 5G network to the MongoDB database using Python module Pymongo. The algorithm for vehicle recognition is written and verified by testing the dummy registered tags for access authorization, with a 100% recognition accuracy. We achieved higher read ranges, surface tolerance, and low profile features, comparatively. The overall system shows optimally great results.

Design of Compact Wideband/Bi-Band Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for IoT Applications

This paper discusses the design and performance of a frequency reconfigurable antenna for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The antenna is designed to operate on multiple frequency bands and be reconfigurable to adjust to different communication standards and environmental conditions. The antenna design consists of monopole with one PIN diode and 50Ω feed line. By changing the states of the diode, the antenna can be reconfigured to operate in a dual-band mode and a wideband mode. The performance of the antenna was evaluated through simulation. The antenna demonstrated good impedance matching, acceptable gain, and stable radiation patterns across the different frequency bands. The antenna has compact dimensions of (26×19×1.6) mm3. It covers the frequency range 2.95 GHz -8.2 GHz, while the coverage of the dual- band mode is (2.7-3.8) GHz and (4.57-7.4) GHz. The peak gain is 1.57 dBi for the wideband mode with omnidirectional radiation pattern. On the other hand, the peak gain of the dual-band mode is 0.87 dBi at 3 GHz and 0.47 dBi at 6 GHz with an omnidirectional radiation pattern too.

Design and Analysis of Wideband Stair Step-Shaped Rectangular Ring Microstrip Antenna with DGS for IoT Applications

A novel miniature wideband rectangular ring antenna is proposed for 4.6–6.2 GHz which is compatible with IoT applications. The wideband response of the proposed antenna is achieved by a partial ground and stair step structure. Because modifying the width and etching the ground plane does not improve the impedance matching over a large bandwidth, a triangular shape DGS is inserted in the partial ground plane to increase the antenna bandwidth with enhanced return loss. The wideband features of the antenna were explored here by incorporating different DGS shapes such as triangles, rectangle, pentagon, circle, and oval in the partial ground. The results have been successfully verified through measurement. The simulated fractional bandwidth is greater than 29% at 4.6–6.2 GHz whereas the measured fractional bandwidth is 27.6% at 4.75–6.2 GHz. In both cases, the maximum return loss is greater than 55 dB. The gain of the antenna is greater than 2.6 dB with good efficiency and nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern in shape. Due to its compact size and outstanding performance, the suggested stair stepshaped rectangular ring antenna could be a promising choice for IoT and wireless applications.

Wideband antenna with crescent heads for omnidirectional communications

AbstractThis paper investigates a wideband omnidirectional antenna that possesses 124.7% of fractional bandwidth. The antenna's two crescent‐shaped radiating patches and their ultrawideband matching structures are printed on two laminates that are crossly placed vertically over the ground plane. Simulation shows that the structure on a single laminate radiates an “8”‐shaped pattern on the horizontal plane. The cross formation of the two printed laminates generates an omnidirectional radiation pattern by superimposing two “8”‐shaped patterns perpendicularly. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured for demonstration. The measured results agree well with the simulation, indicating the omnidirectional antenna works from 1.38 to 5.95 GHz with a return loss of −10 dB. Simulation and measurement also show the gain variation on the xoy plane is 2 dB in the band of interest, which is small if the ultrawide bandwidth is considered. The above features make the proposed antenna a promising candidate for applications in the digital cellular system (DCS1800), long‐term evolution (LTE2300/2600), wireless local area network (WLAN2400), and IEEE 802.11p.

A wideband omnidirectional dipole antenna with parasitic loop based on multi-resonant modes

ABSTRACT A wideband omnidirectional dipole antenna with parasitic loop based on multi-resonant modes is proposed for WLAN, 5 G Sub-6 GHz, and RFID applications. The antenna is composed of a regular dipole with co-planar strips and a parasitic loop with four U-shaped branches. A regular dipole with co-planar strips is used to generate two resonant modes, and the parasitic loop around it generates another two resonant modes. By combining these four resonant modes, a wideband characteristic is achieved. In order to reduce the cross-polarization, four U-shaped branches are introduced, and then the cross-polarization levels are decreased from −2 dB to −13 dB. A prototype with a compact size of 0.6λ0 ×0.56λ0 ×0.012λ0 (λ0 is the wavelength in free space at center frequency) is fabricated and tested. Measurement shows that effective bandwidth is 1.8–5.6 GHz (102.7%), the measured gain variation is only 1.3 dBi, and omnidirectional radiation patterns are achieved over the operating band.

High-Gain Omnidirectional Horizontally Polarized Dipole Array for Sub-6 Base Station

A novel omnidirectional horizontally polarized (OHP) dipole antenna array with wide bandwidth and high gain is reported, which operates at Sub-6 band. A major improvement is the feeding method for omnidirectional radiation patterns which is inspired by classic turnstile antenna array. Six pairs of modified cross dipoles are positioned along a parallel feeding wire transmission line, and the dipole elements are placed in two orthogonal planes, with six dipole elements in each plane. The adjacent dipole elements on different planes are spaced by a quarter wavelength to produce an omnidirectional radiation pattern. The antenna array is simply machined with 1 mm diameter copper wire and fed by a coaxial structure at the center of the array. The max cross-section area is 3.17×0.5 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> which can be limited in a cylinder. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement. The measured -10 dB impedance bandwidth covers 1.19 GHz from 3.83 to 5.02 GHz and the measured peak realized gain (RG) value is 7.44 dBi. The measured 1dB gain bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 1 GHz (22%) from 4 to 5 GHz. The advantages of high gain, broadband, omnidirectional radiation, and low cost make this antenna favorable in base station situations.

Improved Stable Read Range of the RFID Tag Using Slot Apertures and Capacitive Gaps for Outdoor Localization Applications.

This paper proposes a small-size UHF RFID tag antenna, which was designed to function in the frequency interval of 860-960 MHz, with a large-read range of up to 17 m. In this work, the effects of capacitive slots and gaps on the impedance matching between conventional industrial chips and a designed RFID antenna was investigated. Simulated and measured results provided a clear indication that these two techniques can efficiently improve the return loss parameter and the antenna impedance matching behavior at the UHF band. Three-dimensional electromagnetic (EM) simulations results further proved that a better impedance matching between an industrial chip and a proposed RFID antenna occurs at 870 MHz, where the estimated input antenna impedance was about Za = 16 + j184 (Ω), and the calculated read range reached a value of up to 17 m with a measured return loss value of -14 dB. The proposed RFID antenna can almost maintain the same read range value over a 180 degree angle variations on the horizontal plane owing to its omnidirectional radiation pattern. The fabrication and test stages of the antenna prototype were scheduled to validate the simulated characteristics. Experimental results confirmed the performances of our proposed RFID tag antenna and proved its potential ability for localization applications. EM simulations have been performed using the well-known commercial EM software simulator CST MWS.

High-gain printed monopole antenna with dual-band characteristics using FSS-loading and top-hat structure

In this paper, a printed monopole antenna with high-gain and dual-band characteristics for applications in wireless local area networks and the internet of things sensor networks is presented. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular patch with multiple matching stubs surrounded to improve the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna incorporates a cross-plate structure which is seated at the base of the monopole antenna. The cross-plate consist of metallic plates aligned perpendicularly which enhances the radiations from the edges of the planar monopole to maintain uniform omnidirectional radiation patterns within the antenna’s operating band. Furthermore, a layer of frequency selective surface (FSS) unit cells and a top-hat structure is added to the antenna design. The FSS layer consist of three unit cells printed at the back side of the antenna. The top-hat structure is placed on top of the monopole antenna and comprises of three planar metallic structures arranged in a hat-like configuration. The coupling of both the FSS layer and the top-hat structure presents a large aperture to increase the directivity of the monopole antenna. Thus, the proposed antenna structure realizes a high gain without compromising the omnidirectional radiation patterns within the antenna’s operating band. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated where good agreement is achieved between the measured and full-wave simulation results. The antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth |S11| < − 10 dB and VSWR ≤ 2 for the L and S band at 1.6–2.1 GHz and 2.4–2.85 GHz, respectively. Furthermore, a radiation efficiency of 94.2% and 89.7% is realized at 1.7 and 2.5 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna attains a measured average gain of 5.2 dBi and 6.1 dBi at the L and S band, respectively.

Fabric–Metal Barrier for Low Specific Absorption Rate and Wide-Band Felt Substrate Antenna for Medical and 5G Applications

This study proposed the dimensions of 55 mm × 34 mm × 1 mm for wearable antenna; the copper Y-slot patch and copper partial ground are attached to a felt substrate. The partial ground has the higher impact in antenna gain enhancement compared with the full ground, making it the most suitable candidate for wearable applications and suitable for embedding in fabrics for use in medical applications. In addition, the proposed antenna design combined a fabric–metal barrier operated at 2.4 GHz 65.4% with a low specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.01 watts per kilogramme (W/kg) and 0.006 W/kg per 10 g and a gain of 6.48 dBi. The proposed antenna has an omnidirectional radiation pattern. The two-layer barrier is designed to achieve high electromagnetic (EM) absorption and reduce the antenna’s absorption coefficient (SAR) for safe use in applications involving human activities. Simulation and measurement results on the arm and the head of the human body indicated that the antenna has excellent performance. In addition, the measurement results agreed well with the simulation results, making the proposed wearable antenna reliable for medical and 5G applications.

Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications

In this study, a novel reconfigurable triple-band monopole antenna for LoRa IoT applications is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. The proposed antenna is designed to function at three distinct LoRa frequency bands: 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz covering the LoRa bands in Europe, America, and Asia. The antenna is reconfigurable by using a PIN diode switching mechanism, which allows for the selection of the desired operating frequency band based on the state of the diodes. The antenna is designed using CST MWS® software 2019 and optimized for maximum gain, good radiation pattern and efficiency. The antenna with a total dimension of 80 mm × 50 mm × 0.6 mm (0.12λ0×0.07λ0 × 0.001λ0 at 433 MHz) has a gain of 2 dBi, 1.9 dBi, and 1.9 dBi at 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz, respectively, with an omnidirectional H-plane radiation pattern and a radiation efficiency above 90% across the three frequency bands. The fabrication and measurement of the antenna have been carried out, and the results of simulation and measurements are compared. The agreement among the simulation and measurement results confirms the design’s accuracy and the antenna’s suitability for LoRa IoT applications, particularly in providing a compact, flexible, and energy efficient communication solution for different LoRa frequency bands.

A Multicompressed-High-Order Modes Dipole Antenna With Wide-Beam and High-Gain Radiations in Two Different Bands

In this letter, a multi-compressed-high-order mode dipole antenna with wide-beam coverage and high-gain radiations in two respective sub-6 GHz bands is proposed. The capacitors and inductors are loaded at the current distribution nulls of the fifth-order mode of the dipole arms. The loading brings the resonant frequencies of the third- and the seventh-order modes closer to the fifth-order mode, and thus achieves wide bandwidth. In addition, the loadings change the current distribution of the third- and the seventh-order modes, and achieve radiation patterns with wide coverage in the lower band and high gain in the higher band. To facilitate fabrication, the capacitors and inductors are replaced by narrow slits and bending lines separately. A prototype of this design is fabricated and measured. The measurement and simulation results are in good agreement. The proposed antenna achieves a wideband of 3.30 to 5.35 GHz (VSWR < 2) with an omnidirectional radiation pattern in the horizontal plane. In addition, it achieves a ±57° coverage angle over 0 dBi in the lower band and 6.41 dBi peak gain in the higher band in the vertical plane, which can be applied for 5G wireless communication.

Full-Range Amplitude–Phase Metacells for Sidelobe Suppression of Metalens Antenna Using Prior-Knowledge-Guided Deep- Learning -Enabled Synthesis

A prior-knowledge-guided deep-learning-enabled (PK-DL) synthesis method is proposed to design the metacells with the full-range amplitude and phase control for suppressing the sidelobe levels of a metalens antenna. The PK-DL synthesis method is based on conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial network (cDCGAN). First, the metacells are pixelated to offer the higher degrees of design freedom and expand their transmission responses to full two-dimensional coverage of amplitude and phase responses so that a full-range metacell dataset is built up to simultaneously control the amplitude and phase of a single metacell. Conventionally, by optimizing the dimensions of predefined patterns of a metacell, only phase response of a single metacell is achieved with a specific amplitude response, vice versa. The metalens design based on the synthesized metacells has much higher degrees of freedom so that the metalens antenna has the potential to break the ceiling of performance and to realize more functions than existing metalens designs. As examples, two types of single-lens metalens antennas are designed for sidelobe suppression using the proposed metacell dataset. The first metalens is excited by a dipole antenna with an omnidirectional radiation pattern to demonstrate the simultaneous control of amplitude and phase responses using the synthesized metacells. The second metalens fed by a standard horn antenna is designed to suppress the sidelobe levels in both the E- and H-planes. The horn-fed square metalens has an aperture of 13.2 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> × 13.2 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> at 12 GHz. Measurement shows that the proposed metalens antenna realizes the gain of 26.9 dBi at 12 GHz and the first sidelobe levels in the E- and H-planes are -33.2 dB and -30.9 dB, respectively. The proposed synthesis method greatly expands the boundary of amplitude and phase responses of a single metacell so that the metacell dataset offers much higher degrees of freedom for not only metalenses but also other metasurfaces.