Unsaturated Omega-3 Research Articles

Docosahexaenoic Acid Reverted the All-trans Retinoic Acid-Induced Cellular Proliferation of T24 Bladder Cancer Cell Line.

The treatment of solid cancers with pharmacological all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) concentrations, even if it is a gold standard therapy for the acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), is not always effective due to some resistance mechanisms. Here the resistance to ATRA treatment of T24 cell line, bladder cancer, was investigated. T24 was not only resistant to cell death when treated at concentrations up to 20 µM of ATRA, but it was also able to stimulate the cellular proliferation. An over-expression of the fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) in conjunction with the cellular retinol-binding protein-II (CRABP-II) down-expression was found. However, the direct inhibition of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) did not abolish T24 proliferation, but rather potentiated it. Moreover, considering the ability of the long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) to displace ATRA from FABP5, the actions of the saturated palmitic acid (PA), unsaturated omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) and omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were evaluated to counteract ATRA-related proliferation. ATRA-PA co-treatment induces cellular growth inhibition, while ATRA-LA co-treatment induces cellular growth enhancement. However, even if DHA is unsaturated LCFA as LA, it was able to reverse the ATRA-induced cellular proliferation of T24, bringing the viability percentages at the levels of the control.

Circulating Metabolite Profiles of Diet Patterns in South Asians in the United States

Abstract Objectives South Asians are at higher risk for cardiometabolic disease than many other racial/ethnic minority groups. Diet patterns in U.S. South Asians have unique components that have been associated with cardiometabolic disease. We aimed to characterize the metabolites associated with three representative diet patterns. Methods Sample: 717 participants in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) cohort study aged 40–84 years without known cardiovascular disease. Specimens: Fasting serum specimens and diet and demographic questionnaires at baseline. Metabolomics: LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic analysis was conducted followed by targeted integration and reporting of known metabolite and lipid signals. Statistical analysis: Linear regression models of diet pattern factor score and log-transformed metabolites adjusted for age, sex, caloric intake and body mass index. Elastic net linear regression of significant metabolites. Results There were 258 metabolites with detectable signal in >98% of all serum samples. Five acylcarnitines, ten amino acids and 34 lipids were associated with greater consumption of the Animal protein (AP) pattern, and the most significant hits were trigonelline (−0.16 [−0.19, −0.12]), proline betaine (−0.12 [−0.17, −0.06]) and FA (22:6) (0.15 [0.13, 0.17]. Two acylcarnitines and 18 lipids were associated with the Fried snacks, sweets, high-fat dairy pattern (FSD), of which the top two metabolites were very long-chain unsaturated fatty acids FA (22:6) (−0.16 [−0.17, −0.10]) and FA (20:5) (−0.13, [−0.17, −0.09). There were no significant associations with the Fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes pattern (FVNL) [false discovery rate < 0.05]. There were 29 metabolites associated with AP (R2 = 0.46) and 14 metabolites with FSD (R2 = 0.08) found with an elastic net model. Conclusions The AP and FSD patterns in U.S. South Asians are associated with metabolite expression patterns differing predominantly in amino acid and omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids. These findings will inform future investigation on associations with incident diabetes and cardiovascular disease and mechanisms of prevention in this high-risk population. Funding Sources NIDDK, NHLBI.

Effects of High and Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acids on the Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Release upon Activation of the Toll-Like Receptors in Astrocytes

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the key polymer components of the extracellular matrix; it can exert different effects on intracellular signaling depending on its molecular weight. We compared the effects of low (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) HA polymers on the ability of primary astrocytes, glial brain cells, to release into the extracellular medium omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA), as well as omega-6 unsaturated arachidonic acid (AA), which were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. It was shown that upon the addition of LMW HA for 4.5 h the concentration of AA reduced. HMW HA did not affect the release of AA but increased the release of DHA and EPA. Adaptation of the cells for 48 h to the action of the HA polymers of different molecular weights led to a decrease in the release of omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids by astrocytes. A comparison of the ability of HA to modulate astrocyte responses to stimulation by Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists showed that HA affected TLR4-stimulated induction of IL-1β proinflammatory marker gene after 0.5-h exposure to LMW HA and HMW HA followed by further stimulation with TLR4 agonist for 4 h. Thus, the release of polyunsaturated fatty acids in astrocytes was sensitive to HA and depended on the molecular weight of the polymers; long (48 h) exposure to HA led to adaptation of astrocytes; HA differently affected the release of omega-6 (AA) and omega-3 (DHA) unsaturated fatty acids, indicating a difference in the mechanisms of their release. As DHA is believed to perform anti-inflammatory and protective functions in the brain, these findings open up prospects for appliance of HA polymers as modulators of inflammatory responses of astrocytes.

Nutritional Characterization of Sea Bass Processing By-Products.

The consumption of functional foods and nutraceuticals is gaining more importance in modern society. The exploration of alternative sources and the utilization of by-products coming from the food industry are gaining more importance. The present study aimed to characterize the nutritional value and potential use of sea bass by-products as a source of high-added-value compounds for the development of supplements. The chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents) and profiles of amino acids (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a scanning fluorescence detector), fatty acids (gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector), and minerals (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) were determined for sea bass fillet and its by-products (skin, guts, gills, liver, head, and fish bones). The chemical composition assays revealed that by-products were rich sources of proteins (skin; 25.27 g/100 g), fat (guts and liver; 53.12 and 37.25 g/100 g, respectively), and minerals (gills, head, and fish bones; 5.81, 10.11, and 7.51 g/100 g, respectively). Regarding the amino-acid profile, the skin and liver were the main sources of essential amino acids with an essential amino-acid index of 208.22 and 208.07, respectively. In the case of the fatty-acid profile, all by-products displayed high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly monounsaturated (from 43.46 to 49.33 g/100 g fatty acids) and omega-3 fatty acids (in the range 10.85–14.10 g/100 g fatty acids). Finally, the evaluation of mineral profile indicated high contents of calcium and phosphorus in gills (1382.62 and 742.60 mg/100 g, respectively), head (2507.15 and 1277.01 mg/100 g, respectively), and fish bone (2093.26 and 1166.36 mg/100 g, respectively). Therefore, the main sources of monounsaturated, unsaturated, and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids were guts and liver. The most relevant source of minerals, particularly calcium, phosphorus, and manganese, were head, fish bones, and gills. The most promising source of proteins and amino acids was the skin of sea bass.

The benefits of omega-3 fatty acid nanocapsulation for the enrichment of food products: a review

ABSTRACT Polyunsaturated fatty acids oxidize easily due to their chemical structure, causing a reduction of their nutritional properties. Nanostructured systems may be an alternative to protect fatty acids against oxidation, improving solubility and stability. Consequently, nutritional value of food is maintained as well as the sensory characteristics (color, flavor, texture, and aroma) when fatty acids are added to food products. The present study is a narrative review to introduce the potential benefits of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids nanoparticles incorporated in food products. The literature review includes publications in English and Portuguese issued between March 1985 and March 2019, in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases. Manual searches were conducted in the articles references lists of the articles included to identify other relevant studies. There were studies that evaluated the stability of fatty acids in food products such as bread, fruit juice, milk, yogurt, and meat. In this study, the most used nanostructured systems for the incorporation of fatty acids were the nanocapsules and the nanoliposomes. Currently, the nanostructured system demonstrates a potential to improve protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids against oxidization and thermal degradation. In this way, they maintain their functional properties and their bioavailability increases and therapeutic efficacy and sensory properties are improved. There are several methodologies being tested, which makes it difficult to identify the most efficient formulation to protect fatty acids. Nanostructured systems seem to be the best alternative to protect polyunsatured fatty acids from oxidization. The encapsulation efficiency, particle’s size and type are relevant factors to be considered to evaluate oxidization. In conclusion, the review showed that currently it is impossible to determine the most efficient methodology. Besides, nanoformulations should follow international guidelines to present more standardized and therefore more efficient particles.

Anti-inflammatory drugs in the prevention of post-operative atrial fibrillation: a literature review.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a serious and common complication following heart surgery. Cardiac surgery triggers inflammation in the heart and makes it susceptible to the incidence of AF. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce the rate of AF incidence in the post-surgery conditions. Immunosuppressant agents, steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (corticosteroids), non-aspirin non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine and omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 UFA) are drugs with well-known anti-inflammatory properties. The efficacy, safety and other aspects of using these drugs in the prevention of post-operative AF (POAF) have been reviewed here. Studies evaluating the efficacy of colchicine have shown that it could be effective in the prevention of POAF. However, there is a need for additional studies to find a colchicine regimen with optimal efficacy and higher tolerability. The use of corticosteroids may also be of value based on the most of meta-analyses. In the case of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and NSAIDs, current data fail to support their efficacy in POAF prevention. Moreover, perioperative administration of NSAIDs may be associated with some severe safety considerations. Immunosuppressant agents have not been used for the prevention of POAF. Further studies are needed to find the most effective strategy for POAF prevention with the least safety considerations and the highest health benefits.

Flaxseed oil ameliorated high-fat-diet-induced bone loss in rats by promoting osteoblastic function in rat primary osteoblasts

Backgroundα-Linolenic acid (ALA) is a plant-derived omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid that is rich in flaxseed oil (FO). The effect of FO on bone health is controversial. This study aims to evaluate the effect of FO on bone damage induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and to explore the possible mechanism.MethodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal control diet (NC, 10% fat), FO diet (NY, 10% fat), HFD (60% fat), or HFD containing 10% FO (HY, 60% fat) for 22 weeks. Micro CT and three-point bending tests were conducted to evaluate bone microstructure and biomechanics. Serum was collected for the detection of ALP, P1NP, and CTX-1. Rat primary osteoblasts (OBs) were treated with different concentrations of ALA with or without palmitic acid (PA) treatment. The ALP activity, osteogenic-related gene and protein expression were measured.ResultsRats in the HFD group displayed decreased biomechanical properties, such as maximum load, maximum fracture load, ultimate tensile strength, stiffness, energy absorption, and elastic modulus, compared with the NC group (p < 0.05). However, HY attenuated the HFD-induced decreases in bone biomechanical properties, including maximum load, maximum fracture load, and ultimate tensile strength (p < 0.05). Trabecular bone markers such as trabecular volume bone mineral density (Tb. vBMD), trabecular bone volume/total volume (Tb. BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb. N), trabecular thickness (Tb. Th) were decreased, trabecular separation (Tb. Sp) and the structure model index (SMI) were increased in the HFD group compared with the NC group, and all parameters were remarkably improved in the HY group compared to the HFD group (p < 0.05). However, cortical bone markers such as cortical volume bone mineral density (Ct. vBMD), cortical bone volume/total volume (Ct. BV/TV) and cortical bone thickness (Ct. Th) were not significantly different among all groups. Moreover, the serum bone formation markers ALP and P1NP were higher and the bone resorption marker CTX-1 was lower in the HY group compared with levels in the HFD group. Compared with the NC group, the NY group had no difference in the above indicators. In rat primary OBs, PA treatment significantly decreased ALP activity and osteogenic gene and protein (β-catenin, RUNX2, and osterix) expression, and ALA dose-dependently restored the inhibition induced by PA.ConclusionsFO might be a potential therapeutic agent for HFD-induced bone loss, most likely by promoting osteogenesis.

EFFECT OF LINSEED OIL BEADS ADDITION WITH VITAMIN E ON PERFORMANCE, BLOOD METABOLITES AND MILK YIELD OF LACTATING GOATS

This study aimed to determine the effects of addition of capsulated linseed oil (beads) alone or in combination with vitamin E (α-tocophyrol acetate) as feed additives on animal performance, blood plasma and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles during lactation period. Twenty four Damascus pregnant doses of about 44.5 ± 1.2 kg live body weight were randomly allotted to 3 groups of 8 doses each and assigned to receive one of three experimental diets: control group: where goats were received berseem hay and concentrate feed mixture (50:50) without any additives, (CON), LO group: goats were offered control diet plus 2.5 gm beads/head/day and LO+VE group: goats were offered control diet plus 2.5 gm beads plus 600 IU VE/head/day. The experiment lasted for about 135 days (from mid pregnancy and lasted 60 days post-partum). Results showed that LO beads inclusion strongly increased milk yield, fat (P<0.01), protein, lactose, total solids yield (P<0.05) and milk fat % (P<0.05) compared with control. Blood plasma γ-linolenic acid was positively affected by beads while C20:2ω6 was increased (P<0.05) by beads plus VE. Moreover, beads inclusion reduced lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0) and palmitic (C16:0) (P<0.05) acids while increased contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) as oleic (C18:1ω9) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as γ-linoleic (C18:3ω3) (P<0.01) and C18:4ω3 (PP<0.05) compared with control milk. As a consequence reduction of the proportions of total SFA (P<0.01), total omega-6 FAs (P<0.05) and omega-6: omega-3 ratio and enhanced the proportions of unsaturated FAs (UFA) and omega-3 FAs (P<0.01) resulted in health quality of goat’s milk was improved. In addition, some of blood plasma metabolites were improved with beads where plasma createnine, cholesterol (PP<0.05) and lipase activity (P<0.01) were decreased compared with control animals. Plasma urea (P<0.05), triglycerides (TG) (P<0.01), low density lipoprotein (LDL) (P<0.05), high density lipoprotein (HDL) (P<0.01) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P<0.05) were increased while lipase activity was decreased with VE addition. The inclusion of VE combined with LO beads didn’t result in benefits in goat’s products. Further in vivo studies should be undertaken to explore suitable level of vitamin E in association with protected form of useful and healthy fatty acids.

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of leaf cuticular wax components in Camelina sativa identifies genetic loci related to intracellular wax transport

BackgroundIt is important to explore renewable alternatives (e.g. biofuels) that can produce energy sources to help reduce reliance on fossil oils, and reduce greenhouse gases and waste solids resulted from fossil oils consumption. Camelina sativa is an oilseed crop which has received increasing attention due to its short life cycle, broader adaptation regions, high oil content, high level of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, and low-input requirements in agriculture practices. To expand its Camelina production areas into arid regions, there is a need to breed for new drought-tolerant cultivars. Leaf cuticular wax is known to facilitate plant development and growth under water-limited conditions. Dissecting the genetic loci underlying leaf cuticular waxes is important to breed for cultivars with improved drought tolerance.ResultsHere we combined phenotypic data and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from a spring C. sativa diversity panel using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology, to perform a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) on leaf wax compositions. A total of 42 SNP markers were significantly associated with 15 leaf wax traits including major wax components such as total primary alcohols, total alkanes, and total wax esters as well as their constituents. The vast majority of significant SNPs were associated with long-chain carbon monomers (carbon chain length longer than C28), indicating the important effects of long-chain carbon monomers on leaf total wax biosynthesis. These SNP markers are located on genes directly or indirectly related to wax biosynthesis such as maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology and enabling normal wax secretion from ER to plasma membrane or Golgi network-mediated transport.ConclusionsThese loci could potentially serve as candidates for the genetic control involved in intracellular wax transport that might directly or indirectly facilitate leaf wax accumulation in C. sativa and can be used in future marker-assisted selection (MAS) to breed for the cultivars with high wax content to improve drought tolerance.

Effect of preparation factors and storage temperature on fish oil-loaded crosslinked gelatin nanoparticle pickering emulsions in liquid forms

Fish oils are rich in omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids and have many important physiological functions and potential disease prevention abilities. It is necessary to develop novel dosage form and formulation such as food emulsions to encapsulate fish oils for protection, increase water solubility, and isolate the fishy taste. In this work, we mainly explore the effects of preparation factors and storage temperature on fish oil-loaded crosslinked nanoparticle Pickering emulsions in liquid form. Firstly, we prepared the crosslinked gelatin nanoparticles by a two-step desolvation method. Then we prepared fish oil-loaded gelatin nanoparticle Pickering emulsions by a homogenization processes. Subsequently, we explored the effects of preparation and storage factors (gelatin nanoparticle solution pH, homogenizing time, homogenizing speed, and storage temperature). Our results confirmed the successful preparation of crosslinked gelatin nanoparticles and fish oils-loaded gelatin nanoparticle Pickering emulsions. The Pickering emulsions mainly consist of three types of droplets with different sizes. The droplet sizes linearly decreased with the increase of gelatin nanoparticle solution pH and homogenizing time, whereas exponentially decreased with the increase of homogenizing speed. Storage temperatures had obviously different effects on the storage of the fish oil-loaded crosslinked gelatin nanoparticle Pickering emulsions. This work provides a way to encapsulate fish oils in emulsions and provides potential promising application prospectives in food beverages. It would be also beneficial to basic understanding of the formation of gelatin nanoparticle-based Pickering emulsions.

Linkages between Extension Institutions and Stakeholders in the Development of Sustainable Fisheries in Lampung Province

Demand for animal food consumption, particularly fish, is quite high. This fact shows that fish is still the main source of animal protein in Indonesian society. Fish is a source of unsaturated fatty acids, taurine, and omega-3 fatty acids which are good for the human body, thus many people increase the consumption of protein derived from fish compared to livestock source meat. Given the important role of fish for human resource quality, it is necessary to have sufficient stock of fish to be consumed. Therefore, sustainable fishery business is needed from its aspects of economic, social and environmental and the role of extension agents and stakeholders in supporting sustainable fisheries. The aim of this study is how to support extension institutions and stakeholders in supporting sustainable fisheries business in Lampung Province. The method used a qualitative research approach. This research was carried out in Lampung Province, particularly in Pringsewu District, East Lampung and Tanggamus in July-August 2018. The number of research respondents was 235 fish processors. The type of data collected includes primary data and secondary data. Data collected through in-depth interviews and questionnaires were then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the study revealed that the role of extension institutions needs to be improved, through the intensity of extension activities with an appropriate method, the extension media conducted by extension agents visiting fish processing sites. Fisheries extension institutions can coordinate with universities, the Directorate General of Marine and Fisheries Product Improvement Competitiveness of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Trade, and collaborate with hoteliers, culinary companies and retail gift companies in the regions for the development of sustainable fisheries

GPR120 protects lipotoxicity-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction through regulation of PDX1 expression and inhibition of islet inflammation.

G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) has been shown to act as an omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid sensor and is involved in insulin secretion. However, the underlying mechanism in pancreatic β cells remains unclear. To explore the potential link between GPR120 and β-cell function, its agonists docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and GSK137647A were used in palmitic acid (PA)-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, coupled with GPR120 knockdown (KD) in MIN6 cells and GPR120 knockout (KO) mice to identify the underlying signaling pathways. In vitro and ex vivo treatments of MIN6 cells and islets isolated from wild-type (WT) mice with DHA and GSK137647A restored pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX1) expression levels and β-cell function via inhibiting PA-induced elevation of proinflammatory chemokines and activation of nuclear factor κB, c-Jun amino (N)-terminal kinases1/2 and p38MAPK signaling pathways. On the contrary, these GPR120 agonism-mediated protective effects were abolished in GPR120 KD cells and islets isolated from GPR120 KO mice. Furthermore, GPR120 KO mice displayed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance relative to WT littermates, and β-cell functional related genes were decreased while inflammation was exacerbated in islets with increased macrophages in pancreas from GPR120 KO mice. DHA and GSK137647A supplementation ameliorated glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as improved Pdx1 expression and islet inflammation in diet-induced obese WT mice, but not in GPR120 KO mice. These findings indicate that GPR120 activation is protective against lipotoxicity-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, via the mediation of PDX1 expression and inhibition of islet inflammation, and that GPR120 activation may serve as a preventative and therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes.

Effect of Botanical Extracts on Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profile of Broiler Meat

ABSTRACT The objectives of current study were to evaluate the effect of botanical extracts as antioxidants on amino - and fatty acids profile of broiler meat. In total, 200 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided according to a completely randomized design into eight dietary treatments with five replicates of five chicks each. Dietary treatments were: A - positive control (PC) with antibiotics and synthetic antioxidants, B - negative control (NC), C - NC+Trigonellafoenum-graecum, D -NC+Nigella sativa seed, E -NC+Violaodorata, F -NC+Trachyspermumammi, G -PC+Trachyspermumammi+Trigonellafoenum-graecum+Violaodorata, and H -NC+ Trachyspermumammi, Trigonellafoenum-graecum and Viola odorata. Meat amino - and fatty acid contents were analyzed after slaughter at 35 days of age. Data were submitted to one-way analysis of variance and means were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The levels of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine were significantly higher (p≤0.05) in the H, F, E, H and F groups respectively. Arginine, tryptophan, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine were significantly higher (p≤0.05) in the C, F, E, G and H groups. Total essential amino acid levels were highest (40.36%) in C group (p≤0.05). The meat of H broilers presented significantly higher (p≤0.05) unsaturated fatty acids (54.8%) and omega-3 contents (2.77%) and the lowest saturated fatty acid content (44.8%). Group F present the highest linoleic acid and omega-6 levels and group H the highest (p≤0.05) arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents. It was concluded that botanical extracts aid health-beneficial meat production and the simultaneous inclusion of Trachyspermumammi, Trigonellafoenum-graecum, and Viola odorata in broiler diets is a more suitable option than the other dietary regimes.

Maternal omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on offspring hip joint conformation

Unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), when fed to dogs improves cognitive and neurological development. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has also been associated with lipid peroxidation, which in turn has been implicated in reduced body weight and altered bone formation. To assess the impact of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on skeletal growth, diets containing three levels of DHA and EPA (0.01 and 0.01%, 0.14 and 0.12%, and 0.21 and 0.18%, respectively) were fed to bitches during gestation and lactation with puppies also supplemented through weaning. Thus, the subjects studied were the puppies supplemented with DHA and EPA through gestation and early postnatal life. The hip joint conformation of the puppies (n = 676) was recorded at adulthood using two radiographic, non-invasive evaluations. In this population, females had higher hip distraction indices (DI) than males. Males from the lower two levels of DHA and EPA supplementation had significantly smaller hip DI than all females and males from the highest DHA and EPA supplementation. In contrast, there were no diet effects on anatomical indicators of hip joint conformation and no visible arthritic changes. These data suggest that dietary supplementation of DHA and EPA during gestation and the perinatal period to weaning does not adversely influence hip joint formation of dogs.

Effect of Extraction Methods on the Quality Characteristics of Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) Oil

The effect of kiln smoking and manual extraction of oil from catfish was investigated. Oil from African Catfish, Clarias gariepinuswas extracted by smoking with a WAAPP-NIOMR 50kg capacity Kiln and by manual extraction from the fish abdominal walls and around the organs was rinsed under running water and boiled over medium heat with a Salad master titanium T316pot. Smoking was done for the purpose of preserving, imparting colour and increasing the palatability of fish. The oils obtained through these methods were evaluated physically and chemically. Physical examination showed two clear oils (supernatants) and two sludge obtained through the above methods, respectively. The smoked extracted oil and sludge were associated with darker colour than those obtained by manual method. Manually extracted oil and sludge showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) and an increase in peroxide value (PV) of 6.90±0.34 and 6.54±0.36meq/kg and a decrease with significant difference (p≤ 0.05) in per-cent free fatty acid (%FFA) of 0.54%±0.03 and 0.39%±0.08 respectively when compared with the oil and sludge of kiln smoking with peroxide values of 4.56±0.12 and 3.11±0.14meq/kg and per-cent free fatty acid of 7.27%±0.06 and 6.30%±0.02, respectively. The kiln smoked oil and sludge showed an average per-cent Moisture, Impurity and Volatiles (%MIV) of 1.085±0.13 and 0.743±0.06%, respectively which was insignificant (p≥0.05) with the manually obtained oil and sludge 0.084±0.01 and 0.1385±0.02%, respectively. Fatty acid profile of the oils showed the existence of twelve fatty acids in the kiln smoked oil and sludge with lignoceric acid (15.08% and 16.70%,respectively) as the predominant saturated fatty acid and linolenic acid (33.26% and 37.05%,respectively) as the major polyunsaturated fatty acid, while the manually extracted oil and sludge were found with fifteen fatty acids with myristic acid (18.89% and 8.61%) as the predominant saturated fatty acid and linolenic acid (43.03% and 48.14%,respectively) as the total unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid.

Research of fatty acid composition of tomato seeds

The object of research is secondary products of tomato processing, namely, tomato seeds of technical and biological maturation. One of the most problematic places in the tomato processing industry is the formation of a large amount (up to 30 % of the total mass of tomatoes) of waste containing a large amount of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and biologically active compounds. The solution of the problem of recycling of secondary tomato resources becomes possible provided that they are determined by their chemical composition and biological value and the selection of technological parameters for further processing.During the studies, the chemical composition of tomato seeds was analyzed and it was found that tomato seeds are an excellent source of carotenoids, proteins, sugars, fibers, waxes and oils. At the same time, the seeds of the technical stage of maturity differ from the biologically mature seeds with high content of proteins – by 0.81 %, fiber – 0.4 % and sugars – by 0.21 %. The obtained results of the analysis of the fatty acid composition of tomato seeds of technical and biological maturity allowed to establish that among the fatty acids in the analyzed samples contained 47.72 % polyunsaturated tomato seeds of technical maturity and 50.96 % – biological maturity. There are no trans isomers, and the ratio between the unsaturated omega-3 and the omega-6 acids in the seed corresponds to the latest recommendations for nutrition of the population in accordance with the principles of enthusiasm.The obtained results of the analysis of the chemical composition of the secondary tomato raw material have shown that the issue of improving the technologies of complex processing of tomatoes, which will provide high economic and social effects, remains an important issue. Thanks to the use of semolina food products from tomato seeds, it becomes possible to obtain foods that have high levels of essential amino acids, salts and water soluble proteins, carbohydrates and lipids that are represented by poly unsaturated fatty acids.

Tree swallow chicks construct long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from building blocks

Imagine cramming an entire life's growth into a single month; that is exactly the challenge faced by some newly hatched chicks. ‘Tree swallows nearly double in mass every other day when they are between 5 and 10 days old’, says Cornelia Twining from Cornell University, USA. And this rapid mass gain places an immense burden on the parents, which must provide their offspring with nutritious food to satisfy their voracious appetites. Twining adds that highly unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (long-chain omega-3 fatty acids), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are vital for the youngster's health and growth. However, only a few birds, such as chickens, are capable of producing these key fatty acids from shorter components; other species must obtain them through their diet, and aquatic insects, such as mayflies and midges, which dine on long-chain omega-3-rich algae, are the best source. As tree swallows benefit from a mix of terrestrial and aquatic insects in their diet, Twining and co-authors Tom Brenna, David Winkler, Peter Lawrence and Alex Flecker wondered whether the youngsters may be able to generate the essential long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from shorter components (alpha-linolenic acid – ALA) or whether they depend solely on the aquatic insects in their diet for their supply of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.‘Tree swallows were a great species to work with … because they are very tolerant of researchers studying them during their breeding season’, says Twining, who recalls that the parents were content to keep feeding their young even when the researchers slipped the youngsters additional meals of olive oil laced with a labelled version of the ALA component, in order to trace whether the chicks were able to convert it into the longer chain fatty acids. ‘Getting them to gulp down from a syringe takes a little practice, but is not a problem, so long as they are gaping for food’, says Twining, although the youngsters’ table manners were less than impeccable. ‘Chicks are pretty messy eaters’, she recalls, which made it difficult to be sure exactly how much of the special olive oil the chicks had consumed.Forty-eight hours later, Twining extracted fatty acids from the chicks and analysed them with Lawrence and Brenna. Impressively, the chicks could convert the short-chain component into the essential long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, but could they satisfy all of their long-chain omega-3 demands from the short-chain components in their diet alone?Twining needed to know how much ALA various insects could provide the chicks, so she trapped insects ranging from aquatic mayflies and dragonflies to terrestrial beetles, flies, moths and butterflies to find out how much of the short fatty acid they contained. However, after she measured the amount of ALA in the insects’ bodies with Lawrence and Brenna, it was clear that the chicks were not able to produce sufficient long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from the short-chain fatty acid components supplied by their diet.‘We suggest that omega-3 HUFA [long-chain omega-3 fatty acids] are likely to be “ecologically essential” nutrients for tree swallow chicks’, says Twining, who is now keen to find out whether other wild species are capable of producing the essential long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from components in their diet. ‘I hope to understand what their physiological nutritional needs are and how likely they are to suffer nutritional mismatches if they cannot get what they need in their diet’, she says.

Milkfish Fish as a Business Opportunity Kalirejo Community, Gresik Regency

One of the problems experienced by farmers community fish ponds in the village of Kalirejo, Dukun Sub-district, Gresik Regency is the value of the selling price of fish that tend to be cheaper and the lack of information systems in marketing. So far, people only sell milkfish to the local dukun market and lack of innovation done in sales promotion. The community is less fond of milkfish because it has a lot of thorns,but on the side of excess milkfish has many high nutrients, especially omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids and protein content of 20. In connection with this, this activity aims to increase the selling value of milkfish in the market through training activities to pull out the fish's milkfish and diversification products. The method used is training and mentoring activities to pull out the milkfish spines to produce products that have higher selling value, this activity is done by the villagers Kalirejo especially women and housewives, as well as the surrounding community who have the desire to entrepreneurship. The result is a fish without briber can be sold to consumers or processed into new products that are more popular,such as meatballs, nugets, elephant legs and so forth. The conclusion is that unbraced banding fish has a very lucrative business opportunity with the increase of selling price if it can innovate by pulling out milkfish spines and in making a new product, so as to increase the appeal of people to consume milkfish without the need to think about the thorns that exist in the flesh of milkfish, as well as increasing the income of the fish farmers in Kalirejo Village, Dukun Sub-district, Gresik Regency.

The sunflower oil and the sunflower meal in animal nutrition

The sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus) is an annual herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family. It is grown primarily for its seeds, the sunflower oil and the sunflower meal obtained from it, but also as an ornamental plant, as feed and as fuel. The sunflower seed is comprised from the husk on the outside and the kernel on the inside, whereas depending on the oil content it is categorised in two varieties, one with low oil content (average 25%) and another with high oil content (40% - 51%). The sunflower oil is high in unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E and plant sterols and low in saturated fatty acids. The fatty acids composition of the sunflower oil depends mainly on the variety of the sunflower seeds and thus the sunflower oil is categorised in linoleic sunflower oil or classic (with high polyunsaturated fatty acids content), oleic sunflower oil or High-oleic (with a high monounsaturated fatty acids content) and middle oleic sunflower oil or NuSun (with an intermediate oleic acid content). It is marketed as raw oil or refined oil. The sunflower oil is added to the rations of farm animals in order to increase their energy content and to meet their essential fatty acids needs. Nowadays, many researchers study its effect on the composition of milk, meat and eggs produced from farm animals, in order to obtain characteristics more desirable for the human consumers, such as higher concentration of unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as well as higher concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The sunflower meal is the main byproduct of the sunflower seeds after oil extraction. Sunflower meal may differ in color and texture, as well as in their chemical composition, depending on the variety of the sunflower, the degree of hull removal and the method of treatment. The crude fiber content varies from 12% to 32%, the crude protein from 24% to 44% and the ether extract from 1% to 10%. It also contains a significant amount of vitamins and non-starch polysaccharides. The sunflower oil and the sunflower meal can be used in the nutrition of both monogastric animals and ruminants.

Effect of Methotrexate and Omega-3 Combination on Cytogenetic Changes of Bone Marrow and Some Enzymatic Antioxidants: An Experimental Study

Effect of Methotrexate and Omega-3 Combination on Cytogenetic Changes of Bone Marrow and Some Enzymatic Antioxidants: An Experimental Study