Omega-3 PUFA Research Articles

Cognitive performance in normal weight and obese young women and its association with omega-3 PUFA

Cognitive performance in normal weight and obese young women and its association with omega-3 PUFA

Об ошибках метаанализов сердечно-сосудистых эффектов омега-3 ПНЖК. Часть 1. Фармакологические и клинические аспекты доказательности в эпоху постгеномных исследований, искусственного интеллекта и анализа больших данных

Об ошибках метаанализов сердечно-сосудистых эффектов омега-3 ПНЖК. Часть 1. Фармакологические и клинические аспекты доказательности в эпоху постгеномных исследований, искусственного интеллекта и анализа больших данных

Reduced Number of Adipose Lineage and Endothelial Cells in Epididymal fat in Response to Omega-3 PUFA in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet.

We found previously that white adipose tissue (WAT) hyperplasia in obese mice was limited by dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA). Here we aimed to characterize the underlying mechanism. C57BL/6N mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented or not with omega-3 PUFA for one week or eight weeks; mice fed a standard chow diet were also used. In epididymal WAT (eWAT), DNA content was quantified, immunohistochemical analysis was used to reveal the size of adipocytes and macrophage content, and lipidomic analysis and a gene expression screen were performed to assess inflammatory status. The stromal-vascular fraction of eWAT, which contained most of the eWAT cells, except for adipocytes, was characterized using flow cytometry. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation limited the high-fat diet-induced increase in eWAT weight, cell number (DNA content), inflammation, and adipocyte growth. eWAT hyperplasia was compromised due to the limited increase in the number of preadipocytes and a decrease in the number of endothelial cells. The number of leukocytes and macrophages was unaffected, but a shift in macrophage polarization towards a less inflammatory phenotype was observed. Our results document that the counteraction of eWAT hyperplasia by omega-3 PUFA in dietary-obese mice reflects an effect on the number of adipose lineage and endothelial cells.

Transgenic mice as models to study the influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on metabolism

The mouse is a popular animal model employed for studying metabolic alterations. The generation of fat-1 transgenic mice by Professor Jing X. Kang and collaborators has revolutionised the omega-3 research. Fat-1 mice are able to convert omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids due to gene fat-1 from Caenorhabditis elegans that encodes an omega-3 fatty acids desaturase. This mice model can endogenously synthesize omega-3 PUFA without ALA intake and the balancing quantity and quality of various confounding factors of different diets. Next, novel transgenic mice - "Omega mice" with the expression of the fat-1 and fat-2 transgenes were created to produce both omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA from a diet containing saturated fat or carbohydrates with essential fatty acids deficiency. Both transgenic mice are utilities for studying molecular mechanisms of omega-3 fatty acids and their metabolites in tumorigenesis and inflammatory disorders.

Obesity-associated alterations in cardiac connexin-43 and PKC signaling are attenuated by melatonin and omega-3 fatty acids in female rats.

We aimed to explore whether specific high-sucrose intake in older female rats affects myocardial electrical coupling protein, connexin-43 (Cx43), protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, miR-1 and miR-30a expression, and susceptibility of the heart to malignant arrhythmias. Possible benefit of the supplementation with melatonin (40µg/ml/day) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omacor, 25g/kg of rat chow) was examined as well. Results have shown that 8weeks lasting intake of 30% sucrose solution increased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, body weight, heart weight, and retroperitoneal adipose tissues. It was accompanied by downregulation of cardiac Cx43 and PKCε signaling along with an upregulation of myocardial PKCδ and miR-30a rendering the heart prone to ventricular arrhythmias. There was a clear benefit of melatonin or omega-3 PUFA supplementation due to their antiarrhythmic effects associated with the attenuation of myocardial Cx43, PKC, and miR-30a abnormalities as well as adiposity. The potential impact of these findings may be considerable, and suggests that high-sucrose intake impairs myocardial signaling mediated by Cx43 and PKC contributing to increased susceptibility of the older obese female rat hearts to malignant arrhythmias.

Resolvin D1 impacts on insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy women

AimsThe aim of this study was to determine the association between the intake of omega-3 PUFAs and the serum level of resolvin D1 and insulin resistance in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) compared to healthy women. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015–2016 in Tehran, Iran, among females referred to the infertility clinic at Valie-Asr Reproductive Health Research Centre. Thirty-one patients with PCOS (according to the criteria of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM)) and 29 healthy, normal cycling (NC) women of similar age, weight and height were enrolled. Anthropometric measurements, levels of resolvin D1, fasting insulin, glucose levels and insulin resistance index (HOMA) for each of the patients were determined. ResultsIntakes of macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, and total fat) and omega-3 PUFAs were higher in the PCOS group compared to the control group; also, the PCOS group had significantly higher resolvin D1, fasting insulin, glucose levels and HOMA when compared with the control group. Moreover, resolvin D1 correlated negatively with HOMA and fasting insulin levels among both the PCOS and control women. ConclusionPCOS is associated with insulin resistance. We showed that omega-3 PUFAs can increase the synthesis of resolvin D1. Resolvin D1 is involved in insulin sensitivity by affecting insulin signaling and inflammatory pathways. Therefore, it can be a contributing factor in reducing insulin resistance in PCOS patients.

Possible Role of CYP450 Generated Omega-3/Omega-6 PUFA Metabolites in the Modulation of Blood Pressure and Vascular Function in Obese Children.

Obesity is often accompanied by metabolic and haemodynamic disorders such as hypertension, even during childhood. Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), vasoactive and natriuretic metabolites that contribute to blood pressure (BP) regulation. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may compete with AA for CYP450-dependent bioactive lipid mediator formation. We aimed at investigating the role of AA, EPA and DHA and their CYP450-dependent metabolites in BP control and vascular function in 66 overweight/obese children. Fatty acid profile moderately correlated with the corresponding CYP450-derived metabolites but their levels did not differ between children with normal BP (NBP) and high BP (HBP), except for higher EPA-derived epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs) and their diols in HBP group, in which also the estimated CYP450-epoxygenase activity was higher. In the HBP group, EPA inversely correlated with BP, EEQs inversely correlated both with systolic BP and carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT). The DHA-derived epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) were inversely correlated with diastolic BP. Omega-3 derived epoxymetabolites appeared beneficially associated with BP and vascular structure/function only in obese children with HBP. Further investigations are needed to clarify the role of omega-3/omega-6 epoxymetabolites in children’s hemodynamics.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by an acute inflammatory response in the lung parenchyma leading to severe hypoxemia. Because of its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) have been administered to ARDS patients, mostly by the enteral route, as immune-enhancing diets with eicosapentaenoic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and antioxidants. However, clinical benefits of ω-3 PUFAs in ARDS patients remain unclear because clinical trials have found conflicting results. Considering the most recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and recent change in administration strategies, the aim of this updated systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate clinical benefits of ω-3 PUFA administration on gas exchange and clinical outcomes in ARDS patients. We searched for RCTs conducted in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with ARDS comparing the administration of ω-3 PUFAs to placebo. The outcomes assessed were PaO2-to-FiO2 ratio evaluated early (3-4 d) and later (7-8 d), mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), length of mechanical ventilation (MV), and infectious complications. Two independent reviewers assessed eligibility, risk of bias, and abstracted data. Data were pooled using a random effect model to estimate the relative risk or weighted mean difference (WMD). Twelve RCTs (n = 1280 patients) met our inclusion criteria. Omega-3 PUFAs administration was associated with a significant improvement in early PaO2-to-FiO2 ratio (WMD = 49.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 20.88-77.78; P = 0.0007; I2 = 69%), which persisted at days 7 to 8 (WMD = 27.87; 95% CI 0.75-54.99; P = 0.04; I2 = 57%). There was a trend in those receiving ω-3 PUFA toward reduced ICU LOS (P = 0.08) and duration of MV (P = 0.06), whereas mortality, hospital LOS, and infectious complications remained unchanged. Continuous enteral infusion was associated with reduced mortality (P = 0.02), whereas analysis restricted to enteral administration either with or without bolus found improved early PaO2 and FiO2 (P = 0.001) and MV duration (P = 0.03). Trials at higher risk of bias had a significant reduction in mortality (P = 0.04), and improvement in late PaO2-to-FiO2 ratio (P = 0.003). In critically ill patients with ARDS, ω-3 PUFAs in enteral immunomodulatory diets may be associated with an improvement in early and late PaO2-to-FiO2 ratio, and statistical trends exist for an improved ICU LOS and MV duration. Considering these results, administering ω-3 PUFAs appears a reasonable strategy in ARDS.

339 - Comparison of two parenteral lipid emulsions and their effects on hepatic DNA methylation in newborns guinea pigs

Background Parenteral nutrition (PN) is necessary for preterm infants unable to receive enteral nutrition. However, PN is contaminated by peroxides inducing oxidative stress, which is known to modify the enzymes involved in DNA methylation. Therefore, alteration of DNA methylation is suspected in infants on PN. Among PN ingredients, lipid emulsion is an important source of oxidants. Because of differences in their content – higher vitamin E and lower omega-6 PUFA in SMOF- we hypothesize that DNA methylation differs whether PN is compounded with Intralipid (IL) or SMOFLipid (SMOF). Objective Assess the impact of PN containing IL or SMOF, on redox potential of glutathione, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), methylcytosine (5-MedCyd), methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) in newborn animals. Methods 3-day-old guinea pigs were randomized into 3 groups: IL: infused with total PN containing IL as lipid emulsion; SMOF: infused with total PN containing SMOF as lipid emulsion; and Control: orally fed. Redox potential, SAM, 5-MedCyd, MAT and DNMTs activity were quantified in the liver after 4 days of experiment. Statistics: ANOVA, p Results PN groups were more oxidized (-210±2 > -228±1 mV) and presented higher rates of 5-MedCyd (8.2±0.5 >5.6±0.9 pmol/μg DNA), SAM (22.2±1.4 > 14±2) and increased activity of DNMTs (524.6±69 > 274.3±50) compared to control. 5-MedCyd rates was more increased in SMOF than IL. Redox potential was associated with global DNA hypermethylation (R2 = 0.55 p 19±1 nmol/g tissue). Conclusion PN changes the hepatic redox potential leading to modifications in DNA methylation metabolism. SMOF exhibits more pronounced effects compare to IL, suggesting a cautious before using SMOF as an alternative to IL in PN. Further analyses are required to explore the molecular mechanisms caused by the different components such as fatty acids on DNA methylation.

Effects of supplying omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to gilts after weaning on metabolism and ovarian gene expression.

Omega-3 PUFA may benefit sow reproductive performance, but effects on weaned gilts are unknown. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing omega-3 PUFA to gilts after weaning on growth, metabolic markers, and gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes and hormone receptors. For 52 d, gilts in the control group were fed 100 g/d of regular diets, whereas gilts in the omega-3 group were fed 75 g/d of such diets plus 25 g/d of the microalgae Schizochytium sp. (3.5 g/d of omega-3 PUFA; n = 8 gilts/group). Blood samples were collected at day 0, day 21, and day 52. Total serum cholesterol levels were lower for the omega-3 group than for the control group (P < 0.05), but high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were reduced at day 52 for both groups (P < 0.05). Gilts in the omega-3 group presented lower feed intake, better feed conversion, and less-intense immunolabeling for leptin and its receptor in the cytoplasm of oocytes included in primordial/primary follicles than gilts in the control group (P < 0.05). The expression of genes coding for cholesterol side-chain cleavage and aromatase enzymes and the LH receptor in follicular cells was lower for supplemented gilts (P < 0.05). Compared with controls, supplemented gilts presented decreased serum cholesterol levels and better feed conversion, but leptin presence and gene expression for steroidogenic enzymes and for the LH receptor were lower at ovarian level.

A peroxidized omega-3-enriched polyunsaturated diet leads to adipose and metabolic dysfunction

Consumption of diets that differ in fat type and amount, and sequestration of various fatty acids to tissues and organs likely have effects on overall physiology and metabolic health. However, the contributions of dietary lipids to brain–adipose communication and adipose tissue function are poorly understood. We designed six custom diets that differed only in amount and type of dietary fat, with high or low levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) or omega-3 (n-3) PUFA. Mice fed the n-3 PUFA diet for 16 weeks displayed a striking reduction in weight gain accompanied by smaller adipose depots and improved glucose sensitivity. Reduced body weight occurred despite lowered energy expenditure and no difference in food intake. Despite the apparent beneficial effects to whole body physiology, we have demonstrated for the first time that a peroxidized n-3-enriched diet led to lipotoxicity of white adipose tissue, as evidenced by increased fibrosis, lipofuscin, reduced anti-inflammatory markers and loss of proper nerve supply. While healthful, n-3 fats are prone to peroxidation, and we observed peroxidated lipid metabolites in the adipose tissue of mice on these diets. Furthermore, using a lipidomics approach, we have observed that brain, white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue accumulate lipid metabolites differently. The brain remained mostly shielded from changes in dietary fat type and amount, but differences in adipose lipid metabolites across these six diets may have affected metabolic function and brain–adipose communication, as observed in this study.

Omega-3 PUFA vs. NSAIDs for Preventing Cardiac Inflammation.

Inflammatory cell accumulation occurs in the cardiac muscle during cardiac injury and repair (1). From an evolutionary perspective, inflammation is required for immunosurveillance and host defense. However, such cardinal signs of acute inflammation, such as redness, pain, swelling etc., due to injury or infection. Might be typically absent in chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI). Current literature suggests that chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI) is a primary causative factor behind chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases (CVD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity (2).

Effects of Boiling and Smoking on the Proximate Composition and Oil Quality of a Commercially Important Freshwater Fish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) from Nkam River in Cameroon

The effects of boiling and smoking on the proximate composition and lipids quality of a freshwater fish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) collected from Nkam River in Cameroon were investigated. Fresh fish was filled, boiled or smoked and then, aliquoted for analyses. One portion was dried at 50 &amp;deg;C and ground into flour for the proximate composition determination. The other portion was served for lipids extraction using the Bligh and Dyer method. The extracted oil was characterized physico-chemically using chemical indexes and GC/FID. Moisture, protein, ash and lipid contents of raw fish were 80.67&amp;plusmn;4.18, 64.42&amp;plusmn;1.51, 10.90&amp;plusmn;0.42 and 22.06&amp;plusmn;5.40 % dm respectively. The changes in dry matter, protein and ash contents were found to be statistically significant (P&amp;lt;0.05) after smoking. The most important mineral of this fish was the Potassium (7017.54-8771.93 mg/kg). Except the calcium and phosphorus contents which decreased with the treatments, the amount of the other detected minerals was significantly increased. It was also found that these technological treatments significantly increased (P&amp;lt;0.05) the free fatty acids and hydroperoxides formation in oil, while it decreased its iodine value. The fatty acid profile of untreated and treated fish revealed her richness in Palmitic (22.91-34.76%), Oleic (12.83-23.55%), Stearic (11.29-14.81%), Linoleic (LA) (&amp;omega;6) (2.83-6.75%), Arachidonic (&amp;omega;6) (2.50-6.64%) and Docosahexaenoic (DHA) (&amp;omega;3) (1.56-12.31%) acids. The ratio PUFA/SFA of raw fish (0.47) was severely reduced by the smoking (0.26) while it increases after boiling (0.61). This fish contain appreciable levels of Omega-6 PUFA, suggesting that it could be used as a source of healthy diet for human beings. These findings may also be beneficial for the fish industry, nutritionists and researchers who were striving to improve the nutritive value, processing and marketing of selected fish species.

An update to the fatty acid profiles of bovine retail milk in the United Kingdom: Implications for nutrition in different age and gender groups.

This study investigated the effect of UK dairy production system, month, and their interaction, on retail milk fatty acid (FA) profile throughout the year. Milk samples (n = 120) from four conventional (CON), four organic (ORG) and two free-range (FR) brands were collected monthly. ORG milk had more nutritionally-desirable polyunsaturated FA, including rumenic acid and the omega-3 PUFA α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids, and less of the nutritionally-undesirable palmitic acid. Milk FA profile was similar between FR and CON systems, but FR milk had less saturated FA (SFA) and/or palmitic acid, and/or greater α-linolenic and rumenic acids in certain months within the peak-grazing season. According to the measured milk FA profiles and UK milk fat intakes, milk and dairy products contribute around one-third of the maximum recommended SFA intake. A small increased intake of beneficial PUFA may be expected by consuming ORG milk but human health implications from such differences are unknown.

Dietary EPA and DHA prevent changes in white adipose tissue omega-3 PUFA and oxylipin content associated with a Fads2 deficiency

Fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2) encodes the delta-6 desaturase (D6D) enzyme, which is rate-limiting for the endogenous production of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Numerous studies have reported the cardiometabolic health benefits of omega-3 LC-PUFA. Humans carrying genetic variants in the FADS2 gene have reduced levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as well as oxylipins, in blood, erythrocytes and white adipose tissue (WAT). Similar findings have been reported in whole-body Fads2−/− mice fed a diet deficient in omega-3 LC-PUFA. The objective of this study was to determine if a diet containing EPA and DHA would prevent the deficiencies in WAT lipid profiles seen in Fads2−/− mice fed a diet containing only ALA. Male C57BL/6 J Fads2−/− and wild type (WT) mice were fed a low fat (7% w/w) diet for 9 weeks containing either flaxseed oil + ARASCO (FD, containing~53% ALA) or menhaden oil (MD, containing~14% EPA and 10% DHA). Fads2−/− mice fed an ALA-enriched diet had reduced body weight, little-to-no omega-3 LC-PUFA and a near complete loss of all omega-3 derived oxylipins in both epididymal and inguinal WAT (P<.05) compared to their WT counterparts, as well as altered expression of key regulators of the fatty acid desaturase pathway. However, Fads2−/− mice fed a diet containing EPA and DHA prevented most of these changes. This study provides evidence that a diet containing EPA and DHA provides a nutritional strategy to prevent alterations in WAT lipid content caused by reduced D6D activity.

METABOLIC THERAPY IN WOMEN WITH PLACENTARY DYSFUNCTION

The need for micronutrients during pregnancy increases by 25% due to increased consumption of the fetal organism. Omega-3 PUFAs are not synthesized in the human body and are indispensable, and are also part of the structural components of not only the brain lipids, but also the cells of the immune, cardiovascular systems and the visual analyzer. The use of Omega-3 PUFA promotes blood circulation in the mother-placenta-fetus system, improves the rheological properties of blood, prevents the development of preeclampsia and affects the reduction of perinatal complications. High efficiency, good tolerability, absence of teratogenic and embryotoxic actions allow wide use of Omega-3 PUFA in obstetric-gynecological practice.The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the course of pregnancy, childbirth and the state of newborns in pregnant women with placental dysfunction who received metabolic therapy and those who did not receive it.Material and methods of the study. A prospective analysis of the course of pregnancy, childbirth and the state of newborns was conducted in 130 pregnant women with placental dysfunction (PD) at the gestation period of 28-34 weeks, which gave birth in Odessa Regional Perinatal Center of the Regional Clinical Hospital. Patients were divided into 2 groups: I – the main group (MG) (n = 67) – pregnant women with PD who received metabolic therapy in the form of 300 mg of Omega-3 PUFA per day for 4 weeks, II – control group (CG) ( n = 63) – pregnant women with PD who did not receive metabolic therapy. In the examined patients of MG, it was found that, according to the Doppler study of FPC, pregnancy was complicated by violations of the fetus-placental blood flow of the II st. in 36 (53,7%) and III st. – 8 (12,0%). And in pregnant women of CG is significantly more likely – 45 (71,4%) and 14 (22,2%), respectively. Such complications of newborns as RDS – 31 (49,2%), IVH – 33 (52,4%), HIE – 49 (77,8%), NEC – 34 (54,0%) were more often expressed in women of CG.Conclusions. The use of Omega-3 PUFA improves perinatal outcomes, reduces the incidence of IVH 17 (25,4%), reduces the frequency of HIE 27 (40,3%), reduces the incidence of NEC 16 (23,9%), and reduces the the risk of developing RDS in premature infants 22 ( 32,8%). Newborns of MG pregnant had higher scores on the Apgar scale (1st. min. – 6,66 ± 1,0, and 5 th. -7,26 ± 0,81 point) compared to the newborns of women of the CG (1st. min. – 5,65 ± 1,54 p., the 5 th. – 6,38 ± 1,68 p.). The average weight of children at birth was greater in the MG (1608 ± 292 g, in the CG-1470 ± 304 g.).

Effects of omega-3 fatty acids and sugar on attention in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and sugar may potentially influence cognition. The effects of reduced omega-3 PUFA and high sugar intakes in rats on attentional functions were investigated. Two groups of rat dams and their offspring were fed either an omega-3 adequate or an omega-3 deficient diet, both with high sucrose/glucose content. A control group was fed an omega-3 adequate diet containing standard levels of sugar. The offspring were tested in a 3-choice-serial-reaction-time task. Compared to controls, statistically significant reductions in attention were found in both omega-3 adequate and omega-3 deficient diet groups, both of which were fed increased amounts of sugar. No significant differences were observed between the latter two groups. These findings demonstrate the detrimental effects of high sugar intake on attention with no exacerbation of these effects by omega-3 PUFA reduction. The interaction between dietary components should be taken into consideration when investigating the effects of nutritional modifications.

Maternal PUFA omega-3 supplementation prevents hyperoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in the offspring.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) affects 16–25% of premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), contributing significantly to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Inflammation is highly implicated in the pathogenesis of PH and BPD. Polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-3 (PUFA ω-3) can improve vascular remodeling, angiogenesis, and inflammation under pathophysiological conditions. However, the effects of PUFA ω-3 supplementation in BPD-associated PH are unknown. Evaluate the effects of PUFA ω-3 on pulmonary vascular remodeling, angiogenesis, and inflammatory response in a hyperoxia-induced rat model of PH. From embryonic day 15, pregnant Spague-Dawley rats were supplemented daily with PUFA ω-3, PUFA ω-6, or normal saline (0.2 ml/day). After birth, pups were pooled, assigned as 12 per litter, and randomly to either in air or continuous oxygen exposure (FiO 2= 85%) for 20 days, then sacrificed for pulmonary hemodynamic, morphometric, and immunohistological analysis. PUFA ω-3 supplementation improved survival, decreased right ventricular systolic pressure and RVH caused by hyperoxia, and significantly improved alveolarization, vascular remodeling, and vascular density. PUFA ω-3 supplementation produced a higher level of total ω-3 in lung tissue and breast milk, and was found reversing the reduced levels of VEGFA, VEGFR-2, ANGPT-1, TIE-2, eNOS, and no concentrations in lung tissue, and the increased ANGPT-2 levels in hyperoxia-exposed rats. The beneficial effects of PUFA ω-3 in improving lung injuries were also associated with an inhibition of leukocyte infiltration, and reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. These data indicated that maternal PUFA ω-3 supplementation strategies could effectively protect against infant PH induced by hyperoxia.

Supplementation of Omega-3 PUFAs could improve long term prognosis after pci in patients without hyperlipidemia and diabetes

Aim: Cardiovascular events could occur in patients without hyperlipidemia and diabetes, and some of them repeat events. Several study reported that reduced Omega-3 PUFAs are risks for those patients. Thus we conducted this study to investigate whether supplementation of Omega-3 PUFAs improve long term prognosis of patients without dyslipidemia and diabetes or not.

Effects of dietary omega-3 PUFAs on growth and development: Somatic, neurobiological and reproductive functions in a murine model

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are relevant to fetal and infant growth and development. Objective: to assess whether long-term exposure to dietary ω-3 PUFA imbalance alters pre- and/or postnatal pups' development and reproductive function later in life. Mice dams were fed with ω-3 PUFA Control (soybean oil, 7%), Deficient (sunflower oil, 7%) or Excess (blend oil; 4.2% cod-liver+2.8% soybean) diet before conception and throughout gestation-lactation and later on, their pups received the same diet from weaning to adulthood. Offspring somatic, neurobiological and reproductive parameters were evaluated. Excess pups were lighter during the preweaning period and shorter in length from postnatal day (PND) 7 to 49, compared to Control pups (P<.05). On PND14, the percentage of pups with eye opening in Excess group was lower than those from Control and Deficient groups (P<.05). In Excess female offspring, puberty onset (vaginal opening and first estrus) occurred significantly later and the percentage of parthenogenetic oocytes on PND63 was higher than Control and Deficient ones (P<.05). Deficient pups were shorter in length (males: on PND14, 21, 35 and 49; females: on PND14, 21 and 42) compared with Control pups (P<.05). Deficient offspring exhibited higher percentage of bending spermatozoa compared to Control and Excess offspring (P<.05). These results show that either an excessively high or insufficient ω-3 PUFA consumption prior to conception until adulthood seems inadvisable because of the potential risks of short-term adverse effects on growth and development of the progeny or long-lasting effects on their reproductive maturation and function.