Omega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid Research Articles

Genetic engineering of Nannochloropsis oceanica to produce canthaxanthin and ketocarotenoids

BackgroundCanthaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid with high antioxidant activity, and it is primarily produced by microalgae, among which Nannochloropsis oceanica, a marine alga widely used for aquaculture. In the last decade, N. oceanica has become a model organism for oleaginous microalgae to develop sustainable processes to produce biomolecules of interest by exploiting its photosynthetic activity and carbon assimilation properties. N. oceanica can accumulate lipids up to 70% of total dry weight and contains the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) required for both food and feed applications. The genome sequence, other omics data, and synthetic biology tools are available for this species, including an engineered strain called LP-tdTomato, which allows homologous recombination to insert the heterologous genes in a highly transcribed locus in the nucleolus region. Here, N. oceanica was engineered to induce high ketocarotenoid and canthaxanthin production.ResultsWe used N. oceanica LP-tdTomato strain as a background to express the key enzyme for ketocarotenoid production, a β-carotene ketolase (CrBKT) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Through the LP-tdTomato strain, the transgene insertion by homologous recombination in a highly transcribed genomic locus can be screened by negative fluorescence. The overexpression of CrBKT in bkt transformants increased the content of carotenoids and ketocarotenoids per cell, respectively, 1.5 and 10-fold, inducing an orange/red color in the bkt cell cultures. Background (LP) and bkt lines productivity were compared at different light intensities from 150 to 1200 µmol m-2 s-1: at lower irradiances, the growth kinetics of bkt lines were slower compared to LP, while higher productivity was measured for bkt lines at 1200 µmol m-2 s-1. Despite these results, the highest canthaxanthin and ketocarotenoids productivity were obtained upon cultivation at 150 µmol m-2 s-1.ConclusionsThrough targeted gene redesign and heterologous transformation, ketocarotenoids and canthaxanthin content were significantly increased, achieving 0.3% and 0.2% dry weight. Canthaxanthin could be produced using CO2 as the only carbon source at 1.5 mg/L titer. These bkt-engineered lines hold potential for industrial applications in fish or poultry feed sectors, where canthaxanthin and ketocarotenoids are required as pigmentation agents.

Discovering oxidized polar lipids in microalgae lipidome using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry approaches

Microalgae are rich in polar lipids, such as glycolipids, phospholipids and betaine lipids esterified with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are prone to oxidation. Under stress conditions, the redox balance in microalgae is altered, leading to an abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can affect surrounding lipids. While few oxidized polar lipids have been described to play important roles in mammals and possess interesting bioactive properties, their occurrence in microalgae is poorly described, hindering their exploitation as novel bioactive compounds. To enhance our understanding of these lipids, we conducted a targeted analysis of oxidized polar lipids in lipid extracts obtained from five microalgae species: Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum amblystomatis, Scendesmus obliquus, Nanochloropsis oceanica and Phaeodactylum ticornutum, using reverse-phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RP-LC-MS). A detailed analysis of the LC-MS data identified 150 oxidized polar lipid species across different classes of phospholipids, glycolipids and betaine lipids in the five microalgae species. These modified oxidized lipids featured oxygenated species with 1–3 additional oxygen atoms in the fatty acyl chains. The predominant oxidized fatty acids esterified to these lipids were omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and α-linonelic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3). Notably, most oxidized lipid species were identified in diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) in C. amblystomatis, S. obliquus and N. oceanica, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) in P. tricornutum, and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in C. vulgaris. Furthermore, distinct fragmentation patterns across lipid classes allowed the unequivocal identification of oxidized polar lipids. These findings reveal a diverse array of oxidized polar lipids in microalgae, predominantly enriched with oxidized omega-3 PUFA, highlighting microalgae as a natural source of oxidized polar lipids that may serve as a natural reservoir of bioactive omega-3 oxylipins.

Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated With Immune-Modulating Chemotherapy: Potential Mitigating Role of Intravenous Omega-3 Fatty Acid Triglycerides.

Patient susceptibility to cytokine release syndrome (CRS) resulting from immune-modulating chemotherapy has profound implications for clinical outcome. This is particularly true for patients receiving CAR T-cell therapy. First-line pharmacotherapy for CRS includes the administration of the IL-6 receptor-binding monoclonal antibody tocilizumab, or tocilizumab and corticosteroids. Other agents, such as siltuximab, anakinra, and dasatinab are also being explored for refractory cases of CRS. This review summarizes the potential role of omega-3 fatty acids, that is, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at ameliorating CRS in cancer patients receiving immune-modulating chemotherapy, and is compared with current treatment strategies to reduce the severity of the inflammatory response. Selective blockade of specific proinflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-6) is effective, but carries a significant risk of serious opportunistic infections. In contrast, omega-3 fatty acids affect multiple triggers underlying the inflammatory response (i.e., prostaglandins, leukotrienes, transcription factors, and specialized proresolving molecules), and its major limitation is avoidance of hypertriglyceridemia, which can be managed by reducing the rate of intravenous administration. This discussion proposes a novel approach by continuous infusion of omega-3 fatty acids to modulate the intensity of the severe systemic inflammatory response from CRS. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential clinical benefits of a specialized omega-3 fatty acids dosage form to mitigate the severity of CRS as a hypothetical alternative to current treatment. Optimizing the formulation, for example, enriched fish oil that meets drug concentration standards for EPA and DHA, a continuous infusion rate, reductions in long-chain saturated fatty acids concentrations, and addition of medium-chain triglycerides to improve EPA + DHA utilization and physical stability are key pharmaceutical factors. This may result in a safer and more effective option than targeted abrogation of cytokines and consequent risks of adverse drug reactions, but will require formal study in randomized control trials in humans.

Differential Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Platelet Inhibition by Antiplatelet Drugs In Vitro.

The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) exert multiple cardioprotective effects, influencing inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial function and lipid metabolism, besides their well-established triglyceride lowering properties. It is not uncommon for omega-3 PUFAs to be prescribed for hypertriglyceridemia, alongside antiplatelet therapy in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. In this regard, we studied the effect of EPA and DHA, in combination with antiplatelet drugs, in platelet aggregation and P-selectin and αIIbβ3 membrane expression. The antiplatelet drugs aspirin and triflusal, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1); ticagrelor, an inhibitor of the receptor P2Y12; vorapaxar, an inhibitor of the PAR-1 receptor, were combined with DHA or EPA and evaluated against in vitro platelet aggregation induced by agonists arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and TRAP-6. We further investigated procaspase-activating compound 1 (PAC-1) binding and P-selectin membrane expression in platelets stimulated with ADP and TRAP-6. Both DHA and EPA displayed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by AA, ADP and TRAP-6. In platelet aggregation induced by AA, DHA significantly improved acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and triflusal's inhibitory activity, while EPA enhanced the inhibitory effect of ASA. In combination with EPA, ASA and ticagrelor expressed an increased inhibitory effect towards ADP-induced platelet activation. Both fatty acids could not improve the inhibitory effect of vorapaxar on AA- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation. In the presence of EPA, all antiplatelet drugs displayed a stronger inhibitory effect towards TRAP-6-induced platelet activation. Both omega-3 PUFAs inhibited the membrane expression of αIIbβ3, though they had no effect on P-selectin expression induced by ADP or TRAP-6. The antiplatelet drugs exhibited heterogeneity regarding their effect on P-selectin and αIIbβ3 membrane expression, while both omega-3 PUFAs inhibited the membrane expression of αIIbβ3, though had no effect on P-selectin expression induced by ADP or TRAP-6. The combinatory effect of DHA and EPA with the antiplatelet drugs did not result in enhanced inhibitory activity compared to the sum of the individual effects of each component.

Health benefit of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): a mini review

The importance of nutrition and its impact on human well-being has increased interest in "functional foods." This has prompted a reevaluation of the practical advantages offered by various conventional food sources. it is the richest known source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), phytoestrogen lignans, and solubility fiber, flax continues to acquire popularity as a functional food and is currently gaining attention in the field of cardiovascular disease. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, a lignin derivative found in flaxseeds, is metabolized into mammalian lignans. Lignans have numerous biological effects. Flax lignans have an effect on the early warning indications of breast and colon carcinogenesis in animal models. Regular flaxseed consumption may affect total and lowdensity lipoprotein levels in the blood. Increase serum levels of the omega-3 fatty acids ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid, reduce inflammatory markers, and reduce postprandial glucose absorption. Flaxseed has demonstrated significant antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties in both animal and human research. In cases such as cardiovascular risk, certain types of cancer, and other metabolic disorders, a flaxseed supplement in the diet may be beneficial. Numerous studies have demonstrated the benefits of fresh flaxseed and flaxseed-based baked goods for maintaining health and preventing disease. This article focuses on the 'nutraceutical' potential of 'flaxseed' and its function as a 'medicine food' that is both therapeutic and preventative.

Exploring the potential of omega-3 fatty acids in acne patients: A prospective intervention study.

Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential nutrients known for their anti-inflammatory properties, which involve reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, eicosanoids, and insulin-like growth factor-1. This suggests their potential to alleviate acne severity, especially when deficits are present. To elevate EPA/DHA levels in acne patients through dietary intervention and supplementation, observing subsequent clinical effects. Over 16 weeks, 60 patients without prescription medication (n = 23 acne comedonica [AC], n = 37 acne papulopustulosa [AP]) adhered to a Mediterranean diet, incorporating oral algae-derived ω-3 FA supplementation (600 mg DHA/300 mg EPA week 1-8, 800 mg DHA/400 mg EPA week 8-16). At four visits (V1-V4), blood EPA/DHA levels were tracked using the HS-omega 3 index® (EPA/DHA (%) of total identified fatty acids in erythrocytes; target 8%-11%, deficit <8%, severe deficit <4%), alongside clinical assessments and standardized questionnaires. At baseline, 98.3% of patients had an EPA/DHA deficit, with the mean HS-omega 3 index® rising from 4.9% at V1 to 8.3% at V4 (p < 0.001). AC showed significantly higher indices than AP at V4 (p = 0.035). Objective improvements in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions were observed (p < 0.001). While self-reported appearance worsened in four patients, overall quality of life improved (p < 0.001), particularly in AP. Dietary triggers were more clearly defined than beneficial foods. Intake of cow's milk and dairy products reduced (p < 0.001). Compliance was good; no adverse events were reported. Many acne patients have a ω-3 FA deficit. The HS-omega 3 index® can be increased by a Mediterranean diet and oral supplementation with algae-derived ω-3 FA. Acne severity improved significantly in patients with target ω-3 FA levels.

Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Nonseafood and Estimated Intake in the USA: Quantitative Analysis by Covalent Adduct Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) play critical roles in human development and health. Their intake is often effectively estimated solely based on seafood consumption, though the high intake of terrestrial animal-based foods with minor amounts of LCPUFA may be significant. Covalent adduct chemical ionization (CACI) tandem mass spectrometry is one approach for de novo structural and quantitative analysis of minor unsaturated fatty acids (FA), for which standards are unavailable. Here, CACI-MS and MS/MS are used to identify and quantify minor omega-3 LCPUFA of terrestrial animal foods based on the application of measured response factors (RFs) to various FA. American mean intakes of pork, beef, chicken, and eggs contribute 20, 27, 45, and 71 mg/day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. The estimated intake of omega-3 DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid from nonseafood sources is significant, at 164, 103, and 330 mg/day, greater than most existing estimates of omega-3 LCPUFA intake.

Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid, on Post-Surgical Complications in Surgical Trauma Patients: Mechanisms, Nutrition, and Challenges.

This paper aims to provide an in-depth review of the specific outcomes associated with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), focusing on their purported effects on post-surgical complications in trauma patients. A comprehensive investigation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was conducted until February 2023 using the PubMed database. Surgical trauma is characterized by a disruption in immune response post surgery, known to induce systemic inflammation. Omega-3 PUFAs are believed to offer potential improvements in multiple post-surgical complications because of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Inconsistent findings have emerged in the context of cardiac surgeries, with the route of administration playing a mediating role in these outcomes. The effects of omega-3 PUFAs on post-operative atrial fibrillation have exhibited variability across various studies. Omega-3 PUFAs have demonstrated positive effects in liver surgery outcomes and in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Omega-3 is suggested to offer potential benefits, particularly in the perioperative care of patients undergoing traumatic procedures. Incorporating omega-3 in such cases is hypothesized to contribute to a reduction in certain surgical outcomes, such as hospitalization duration and length of stay in the intensive care unit. Therefore, comprehensive assessments of adverse effects can aid in identifying the presence of subtle or inconspicuous side effects associated with omega-3.

Heterologous phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase channels eicosapentaenoic acid to triacylglycerol in Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a well-studied oleaginous model diatom with high triacylglycerol (TAG) and omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents, however, only a small portion of EPA is transferred from the polar lipids to TAG through phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). In this study, a Nannochloropsis oceanica PDAT (NoPDAT) was heterologously expressed in P. tricornutum to increase the EPA content in TAG. NoPDAT heterologous expression slightly disturbed the growth of the transgenic lines, but enhanced the TAG content by 16–18 %. Considering the localization of NoPDAT in P. tricornutum after heterologous expression together with our lipidomic results, NoPDAT is more likely to utilize phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine on the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane as the acyl donors. Especially, NoPDAT transferred the EPA acyl moiety from the sn-2 position of the two above-mentioned phospholipids to the sn-3 position of TAG, resulting in the increase of two major EPA-containing TAG molecules (16:1/16:0/20:5 and 16:1/16:1/20:5). Correspondingly, two major 16:0-containing TAG molecules (16,0/16:1/16:1 and 16:0/16:0/16:1) decreased in the transgenic strains. In conclusion, our attempt to express NoPDAT in P. tricornutum increases the EPA content in TAG by approximately one-fold, and demonstrates the versatility of diatom lipid metabolism and acyl editing.

Attenuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)-Induced Carcinogenesis and Tumorigenesis by Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Mice In Vivo.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A and 1B1 to DNA-reactive metabolites, which could lead to mutations in critical genes, eventually resulting in cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are beneficial against cancers. In this investigation, we elucidated the mechanisms by which omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA will attenuate PAH-DNA adducts and lung carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis mediated by the PAHs BP and MC. Adult wild-type (WT) (A/J) mice, Cyp1a1-null, Cyp1a2-null, or Cyp1b1-null mice were exposed to PAHs benzo[a]pyrene (BP) or 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), and the effects of omega-3 fatty acid on PAH-mediated lung carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis were studied. The major findings were as follows: (i) omega-3 fatty acids significantly decreased PAH-DNA adducts in the lungs of each of the genotypes studied; (ii) decreases in PAH-DNA adduct levels by EPA/DHA was in part due to inhibition of CYP1B1; (iii) inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enhanced the EPA/DHA-mediated prevention of pulmonary carcinogenesis; and (iv) EPA/DHA attenuated PAH-mediated carcinogenesis in part by epigenetic mechanisms. Taken together, our results suggest that omega-3 fatty acids have the potential to be developed as cancer chemo-preventive agents in people.

Fish Burgers Fortified with Microencapsulated Sacha Inchi Oil: Effects on Technological and Sensory Properties.

The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids alpha linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have proven health benefits, but it is not common to find them together in a processed food product. This could lead to healthier and more functional food products, which may have positive implications for consumer health and well-being. This work aimed to fortify a model burger manufactured with fillets of an Amazonian fish (boquichico, Prochilodus nigricans) by adding microencapsulated sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis, rich in ALA) (MSIO) produced by spray-drying. MSIO was incorporated into the burgers at different levels (0, 3, 4, 5, and 6%). The burgers were characterized by their proximal composition, cooking losses, texture profile, lipid oxidation, sensory profile, overall liking, and fatty acid profile. The results showed that adding MSIO up to concentrations of 5% or 6% increased the instrumental hardness, chewiness, and lipid oxidation in the burgers. However, fortifying the burgers with 3% MSIO was possible without affecting the burgers' sensory properties and overall liking. Regarding the fatty acid profile, the burgers with 3% MSIO had a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the ALA, EPA, and DHA types of fatty acids. Therefore, we recommend using this fortification concentration, but future studies should be carried out to improve the oxidative stability of MSIO and the burgers.

The use of seaweed as sustainable feed ingredient for the house cricket (Acheta domesticus): investigating cricket performance and nutritional composition

Abstract The house cricket (Acheta domesticus) is considered one of the most promising farmed insect to be used as novel food, thanks to its attractive nutritional profile and its great taste. To the best of our knowledge, crickets in Europe are reared on soybean meal-rich feed which won’t be sustainable in the long run. Insect producers have shown interest in using more environmentally friendly substrates for cricket’s rearing. Among these, seaweed has been investigated as feed ingredients for insect rearing. However, no studies on crickets are available. We aimed to evaluate the potential use of the alga Palmaria palmata in the diet of house crickets (5%, 10% and 20% of the diet), in terms of insect performances and nutritional composition (protein, lipid, amino acids and fatty acids). Crickets fed seaweed-enriched diets showed good performance parameters (individual weight, cricket yield and survival) compared to crickets fed the control diet without presenting statistically significant differences (), while their nutritional composition changed significantly for some components. Protein content of the crickets increased when more seaweed was added to their diets (), while the fat content decreased (). Also, the amino acid composition of the crickets remained stable between dietary groups, except for histidine, methionine and lysine which increased in crickets fed more seaweed in the diet (, , , respectively). Finally, the presence of seaweed in the diet led to a transfer of the omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid from the seaweed to the crickets (), which are naturally lacking this fatty acid. Based on this study, we conclude that the red alga Palmaria Palmata is a suitable substrate for cricket mass rearing up to 20 g/100 g of the diet. However, higher seaweed inclusion and longer dietary administration time could affect the nutritional composition of the house cricket differently, therefore they should be investigated.

Development and Characterization of a Functional Ice Cream from Sheep Milk Enriched with Microparticulated Whey Proteins, Inulin, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Bifidobacterium BB-12®

The aim of this work was develop a technological process for the manufacturing of an ice cream from sheep milk, enriched with both functional ingredients and probiotic bacteria. The studied process involved the use of an enriched milk (EM) obtained by mixing predetermined amounts of sheep skimmed milk concentrated by ultrafiltration (retentate), cream from sheep’s milk and whey, microparticulated whey proteins (MWP), obtained by ultrafiltration of sweet sheep whey as a source of whey proteins, marine algal oil from Schizochytrium spp. as a source of the omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), inulin as a prebiotic fiber, and locust bean gum as a stabilizer. The resulting EM was inoculated with starter and aroma cultures together with the probiotic culture of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12®) in order to obtain a fermented functional product (FFP) with a physico-chemical composition similar to that of EM. FFP was the main ingredient (~80%, w/w) in the ice cream mixture. Two sucrose-alternative sweeteners (trehalose and erythritol), together with dextrose, were subsequently added to obtain the final ice cream formulation. The resulting ice cream met three nutritional claims: “Source of protein”, “Source of fiber” and “High in omega-3 fatty acids” listed in Regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EU) No 116/2010. Furthermore, the ice cream satisfied the requirement of “probiotic food” according to the Italian Ministry of Health’s guidelines for probiotics. The nutritional characteristics of the ice cream, including the concentration of the probiotic culture, remained stable up to 120 days of storage at −20 ± 2 °C.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Increase Weight and Quality of Life Scores in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Cancer Cachexia: A Meta-Analysis.

Cancer cachexia is a common debilitating weight loss syndrome in advanced cancer, particularly lung cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, with their immune-modulating effects, have been used to improve the nutritional status of patients with cancer cachexia. Evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in change in weight and lean body/skeletal mass, and health-related quality of life scores (HRQoL) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and cancer cachexia. Clinical trials from electronic databases and unpublished literature (date of last search 20 December 2023) were independently reviewed and evaluated by authors for their methodological quality. Data from eligible trials were extracted and analyzed in a meta-analysis. Six trials were included. Five trials (354 patients) assessed change in weight; 2 trials (132 patients) assessed change in lean body/skeletal mass and HRQoL scores (Global Health and Physical Functioning subscales). There is a significant difference in change in weight (mean difference [MD]: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05-1.38, P < .01) and HRQoL scores (Global Health [MD: 14.40, 95% CI: 9.22-19.59, P < .01] and Physical Functioning [MD: 10.38, 95% CI: 8.50-12.27, P < .01] subscales) favoring the omega-3 fatty acids group. The change in lean body/skeletal mass is not significant (MD: 2.05, 95% CI: -0.55 to 4.66, P = .12). Among patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and cancer cachexia, supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids leads to a significant increase in weight and HRQoL scores but not in change in lean body/skeletal mass.

Atherogenic features of the fatty acid profile of erythrocyte membranes of patients with fatty liver disease of mixed genesis

Aim of the study was to investigate the features of the fatty acid (FA) profile of erythrocyte membranes of patients with fatty liver disease (FLD) of mixed genesis (metabolic + alcoholic) from the point of view of atherogenic changes.Material and methods. 31 men (50.6 ± 9.9 years old) with FLD of mixed genesis, the degree of liver fibrosis corresponded to 0-1 (FibroScan ® 502 Echosens, France), and 28 persons of the comparison group, comparable in age, were examined. The study of the composition of FAs of erythrocyte membranes was carried out using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry – a system based on three quadrupoles Agilent 7000B (USA).Results. Patients with FLD of mixed genesis had higher level of palmitoleic (p = 0.03), pentadecanoic (p = 0.05), omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatter acids (PUFA) ratio (p = 0.03) and, conversely, lower level of docosahexaenoic (p = 0.0002), total content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic FA (p = 0.0007), of all omega-3 PUFA (p = 0.001) in the membranes of erythrocytes compared to healthy persons. There are trends towards a decrease in the content of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid and an increase in the ratio of SFA/PUFA in patients with fibroids of mixed genesis in contrast to healthy individuals. The level of individual FA provided high diagnostic accuracy in differentiating patients with FLD of mixed genesis from healthy individuals: palmitoleic (9-C16:1) (area under ROC (AUC) 0.702, sensitivity 66.7 %, specificity 69.6 %), docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3) (AUC 0.795, sensitivity 77.3 %, specificity 78.3 %), as well as the total content of eicosapentaenoic and docosegexaenoic FA (C20:5n-3 + C22:6n-3) (AUC 0.777, sensitivity 70.1 %, specificity 82.6 %).Conclusions. The revealed features of the profile of erythrocyte membrane FA in FLD of mixed genesis – increase of saturated, monounsaturated, omega-6 PUFA content and reduce of omega-3 PUFA concentration are atherogenic. The continuation of research in terms of the use of FAs as biomarkers of this pathology and targets for therapeutic effects should be considered promising.

Sex differences in the association between plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids levels and moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis severity: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study

BackgroundPsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with metabolic abnormalities serving as important contributors for pathogenesis and progression. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been found to be associated with human diseases, including psoriasis. However, differences and controversies exist regarding their content and roles.MethodsPlasma PUFAs concentrations were measured in 296 patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis from the Shanghai Psoriasis Effectiveness Evaluation CoHort. Disease severity was assessed using Clinician-Reported Outcomes (ClinROs), including Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), Body Surface Area (BSA) and Physician Global Assessment (PGA), as well as Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs), including Patient Global Assessment (PtGA) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Multivariate generalized linear regression models (GLMs), subgroup and interaction analysis, and restricted cubic spline were used to estimate the cross-sectional associations between PUFAs concentrations and disease severity. Longitudinal assessments of PASI scores and PASI response were conducted at a 12-week follow-up. Associations between baseline plasma PUFAs levels and prospective PASI scores or PASI response were assessed using multivariate GLMs or logistic regression models.ResultsMales suffered severer psoriasis and presented lower plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) levels compared to females. Among males, plasma eicosadienoic acid (EDA) level was positively associated with PASI, BSA and PGA scores, while total Omega-3 PUFAs and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels exhibited non-linear associations with PASI and/or BSA scores. α-Linolenic acid (ALA) was negatively, whereas ARA was positively, associated with DLQI scores. In females, Omega-3 PUFAs, including EPA, DHA, and total Omega-3 PUFAs, showed inverse associations with PASI and BSA scores. Longitudinally, plasma total Omega-6 PUFAs were positively associated with the likelihood of achieving PASI 100 at 12 weeks in males. In females, concentrations of dohomo-γ-linolenic acid were prospectively associated with an increase in PASI scores, and DHA was associated with the likelihood of achieving PASI 75 and PASI 90 decline.ConclusionsSex differences cross-sectionally exist in disease severity and plasma PUFAs levels. The association between PUFAs and psoriasis severity also varies cross-sectionally and longitudinally between males and females. Sex differences should be considered when studying the function and clinical application of PUFAs in psoriasis.

Effects of Hemp Seed on the Production, Fatty Acid Profile, and Antioxidant Capacity of Milk from Goats Fed Hay or a Mixed Shrubs-Grass Rangeland.

The research objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary incorporation of hemp seeds in goats fed with hay or mixed shrubs-grass rangeland on the production, FA profile and health-related lipid indices, antioxidant content and total antioxidant capacity of milk, with the purpose to increase the content of beneficial ingredients in milk and to improve its functional activity. Forty indigenous Carpathian goats were allocated into two groups according to the type of basic forage in their diet: hay (H) or mixed shrubs-grass rangeland (SG); each of them was further divided into two subgroups according to the presence of Hs in the concentrate mixture (250 g/kg) or not. Milk production was determined, and milk samples were collected and analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, and cholesterol content, as well as FA profile, lipophilic antioxidant content (α-tocopherol and retinol), and milk TAC. SG goats gave less milk (p < 0.01) but with higher milk fat (p < 0.001) and lower cholesterol content (p < 0.01) than H goats, while milk protein and lactose contents were not affected. Supplementing the diet with Hs caused a significant increase in milk production (p < 0.05) and milk fat content (p < 0.001) and a decrease in cholesterol content (p < 0.05). Grazing compared to indoor feeding but also supplementing the diet with Hs had the effect of decreasing the proportion of SFAs and increasing the concentrations of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in goat milk fat (p < 0.01). Fats in the milk of SG goats compared to H, but also in those supplemented with Hs, showed significantly higher proportions of vaccenic acid (VA), rumenic acid (CLA c-9,t-11) and omega-3 FA (α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)) which are considered healthy for consumers. The feeding system based on SG and the diet supplementation with Hs ensured the best nutritional and functional quality of milk, confirmed by the FA profile, antioxidant content, and by the value of health-related lipid indices (n-6/n-3 FA ratio and hypo-/hypercholesterolemia, atherogenic index (AI), thrombogenic index (TI), and health promotion index (HPI)). The results of our work will be useful for the development of optimal nutritional strategies that improve the FA profile and the antioxidants content in goat milk, with beneficial effects on human health.

Abstract 14108: Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid and Their Association With Oral Inflammatory Markers in Subjects With Clinical Coronary Artery Disease

Background: Our group previously reported that subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD) randomized to the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), had lower levels of blood inflammatory markers and prevention of progression of non-calcified coronary plaque. Macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-1β is an inflammatory chemokine expressed by T cells in human plaques; circulating levels are increased in patients with atherosclerosis. The relation between EPA+DHA supplementation and oral inflammatory markers is unclear. Aim: To determine if EPA+DHA supplementation lowers levels of oral inflammatory markers. Methods: Subjects with clinical CAD were randomized to EPA+DHA, 3.36 g daily, or none for 30 months; 199 underwent a dental exam. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected at baseline and 30 months and analyzed for inflammatory markers. Results: MIP-1-β level was significantly lower in the EPA+DHA group compared to control at 30 months in the left upper quadrant of the mouth but not in the right upper quadrant (Table). This difference could potentially be explained by handedness. For example, Right-handed people tend to brush the left side of the mouth better whereas left-handed individuals and ambidextrous individuals have better brushing skills on the right side of the mouth. Other inflammatory markers (MCP, TNF-a, IL-1 and IL-6) were not different between groups on either side. Conclusions: Subjects with CAD randomized to EPA+DHA had reduced levels of the oral inflammatory marker, MIP-1β, at 30 months, suggesting that EPA+DHA can confer oral health benefits in addition to lowering systemic inflammation. For greatest benefit, brushing equally on both sides of the mouth should be encouraged, for which a powered toothbrush can help as it doesn’t rely on manual dexterity and handedness. Future research should examine whether the benefit of omega-3 fatty acids on oral health increases the benefit on coronary plaque.

Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Sex and Racial Differences in Cardiovascular Outcomes and Cognitive Function.

Both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cognitive decline are common features of aging. One in 5 deaths is cardiac for both men and women in the United States, and an estimated 50 million are currently living with dementia worldwide. In this review, we summarize sex and racial differences in the role of fish and its very long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in preventing CVD events and cognitive decline. In prospective studies, women with higher nonfried and fatty fish intake and women and Black individuals with higher plasma levels of EPA and DHA had a lower risk of CVD. In randomized controlled trials of EPA and DHA supplementation in primary CVD prevention, Black subjects benefited in a secondary outcome. In secondary CVD prevention, both men and women benefited, and Asians benefited as a prespecified subgroup. Fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with prevention of cognitive decline in prospective studies. In randomized controlled trials of EPA and DHA supplementation, women have cognitive benefit. DHA seems more beneficial than EPA, and supplementation is more beneficial when started before cognitive decline. Although studies in women and racial groups are limited, life-long intake of nonfried and fatty fish lowers the risk of CVD and cognitive decline, and randomized controlled trials also show the benefit of EPA and DHA supplementation. These findings should be factored into recommendations for future research and clinical recommendations as dietary modalities could be cost-effective for disease prevention.

Outdoor pilot-scale cultivation and techno economic assessment of a novel omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid over-producing Nannochloropsis oculata strain

Nannochloropsis oculata is a microalga that produces a significant amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Cultivating strains in photobioreactors commercially can be challenging. We cultivated a mutant N. oculata strain, capable of accumulating >40 % EPA more than the wild-type strain at laboratory scale, in an outdoor 300 L pilot-scale photobioreactor, in the U.K. The mutant N. oculata recorded the highest amount of EPA quantity at 129.87 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) compared to the wild-type strain, which accumulated 75.43 mg/g DCW. A techno-economic assessment (TEA) evaluated the feasibility of the study. Using specific combined cultivation scenarios, the process resulted in a positive net present value (NPV) and return on investment (ROI) at £52,156,484.46 and 607.22 % after 10 years, respectively. The TEA of the improved EPA quantity by M1 N. oculata showed the high processing cost could be overcome by high yields and an optimised operational strategy.