Ombudsman Institution Research Articles

Human rights activities of foreign models of the ombudsman institution in the public administration system

Human rights activities of foreign models of the ombudsman institution in the public administration system

КОЛЛЕГИАЛЬНЫЕ ОМБУДСМЕНСКИЕ СЛУЖБЫ: КОНСТИТУЦИОННО-ПРАВОВОЙ СТАТУС

The article is devoted to the study of the constitutional and legal status and effectiveness of a special type of human rights bodies - collegial (collective) ombudsmen. Since the protection and protection of individual rights is the most important task facing the state bodies of any democratic state, in some of them a model of a collective ombudsman is built into the state and legal reality, which has both undoubted advantages and disadvantages inherent in any collegial body. Based on the analysis of foreign experience, it is established that the collegial ombudsman services have demonstrated sufficient stability in ensuring human rights and proved the necessity of their existence. The collegial form of the ombudsman institution contributes to the development of the main directions of the work of the service and a clear specialization of the ombudsmen, which, in turn, leads to an improvement in the quality of their work.

Институт Уполномоченного по правам человека как основная форма внесудебной защиты прав и свобод человека: российский и зарубежный опыт формирования

The article is devoted to the problems of formation and activity of the institute of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation and some foreign countries. The authors used a comparative approach to identifying the essence of the functioning of the ombudsman institution. Attention is focused on the gradual transformation of the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights along the path of its functional specialization. At the same time, this institution remains the main form of non-judicial protection of human rights and freedoms, since its activities contribute to complementing the existing means of protecting the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen, does not cancel and does not entail a revision of the competence of state authorities and their officials ensuring the protection and restoration of violated rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen. The result of the study is the formulation of conclusions about whether it is advisable to build a system of bodies for the protection of individual rights and freedoms in the sphere of joint jurisdiction of Russia and its subjects

The Ombudsman in the Eyes of the European Court of Human Rights

While the work of an Ombudsman (whether a national or the European Ombudsman) and the European Court of Human Rights might seem relatively different, the rule of law, democracy, transparency and access to documents, issues such as migration, and many more fundamental rights-related topics are at the focus of both institutions. The common goal for both, Ombudsmen in Europe and the Court, is to guarantee flawless protection of human rights. The article, via a thus-far unique closer look at the ECtHR case law related to Ombudsmen with regard to institutional, procedural, and substantial issues, examines how Ombudsmen and the Court can contribute, in co-operation with each other, to more effectively serving that common goal. Beyond the particularities of each specific case, the jurisprudence of the ECtHR does not consider the Ombudsman institution to be an effective remedy in general within the meaning of Article 35, §1 ECHR. Neither does a complaint to the Ombudsman usually constitute an effective remedy for the purposes of Article 13 ECHR, except in certain exceptional scenarios of fact wherein judicial remedies are unavailable. There may one day be a necessity to accept the Ombudsman as an applicant in a case before the ECtHR on behalf of the victim of a human rights violation. It would be welcomed to encourage Ombudsmen to intervene as a third party before the Court. The Ombudsman can in certain situations go further and make human-rights-friendly interpretations even if the situation does not in itself represent a violation of the minimum standards set by the ECHR. The conditions for a fair trial as stated in Article 6 ECHR and the case law of the ECtHR are applicable to the procedure before the Ombudsman if the latter determines the applicant’s civil rights and obligations, including (to a certain extent) dealing with administrative cases as covered by the case law of the ECtHR under Article 6 ECHR, and possibly in cases in which the Ombudsman could in some way determine criminal charges. On one hand, Ombudsmen use the case law of the ECtHR in their work and play an important role in enforcing the principles of the ECtHR judgments in practice. On the other hand, the ECtHR uses the work done by Ombudsmen in its judgments. References to findings of Ombudsmen are made (although mostly in the facts part, on a few occasions also under the findings in the judgments of the Court). In these cases, the Court is indirectly giving the Ombudsman’s work legal value. Ombudsmen should be not only a bridge between citizens and administration but also an intermediary between citizens and other human rights protection bodies in Europe. It is vital to strengthen the dialogue between the Ombudsmen and the ECtHR. Human rights are not a luxury, and the independence of Ombudsmen and courts is not their privilege but serves those who are searching for justice. Neither should one forget the ‘middle class’: the ordinary people who need protection, not only the weak and those belonging to minority groups. It is important that Ombudsmen and the Court also contribute to the development of human rights culture and raise human rights awareness.

The Institution of the Financial Ombudsman as an Instrument for Improving the Model Disputes Resolution Procedure in the Financial Market (Attempted Inductive Analysis)

The paper analyzes the experience of the newly created institution of the financial ombudsman that serves to consider property disputes arising between consumers and financial organizations through pre-trial procedure; considers the main trends and patterns shown at the initial stage of functioning of the institution; provides forecasts and recommendations for the development of the institution of pre-trial dispute resolution in financial markets. The author focuses on the anlysis on the role of the financial ombudsman in the formation of the procedural aspect of the contemporary financial disputes resolution. According to the results of the study, the author concludes that the institution of the financial ombudsman can and should be developed with due regard to the comments made on possible areas of expansion of his or her functions on the basis of the main task, namely: to create a business environment where the rights of consumers of financial services are protected to the greatest extent possible. However, to move to this makes sense only after the Federal Law of June 04, 2018 № 123-FZ “On the Ombudsman for the Rights of Consumers of Financial Services” comes into force, i.e. after January 1, 2021.

TÜRKİYE’DE BÜROKRASİNİN DENETİMİNDE HAK ARAMA MEKANİZMALARININ ROLÜ

In 2000s, Turkey has entered an intense process of change in political, social, economic, and administrative areas under the effect of internal and external dynamics. When the changes introduced by this process on administrative dynamics are taken into account, it is seen that it is aimed at switching from a bureaucratic culture, which exists for decades in public administration, to a citizen-focused culture. During this process, politics has aimed at enabling citizens who get service from bureaucracy to question and monitor bureaucracy with their awareness of right and demand of getting active, efficient, and quality service. Citizens’ questioning bureaucracy and monitoring it are achieved by raising the awareness of citizens about their rights and by the formation of mechanisms that are required for claiming rights. With the effects of advancements in human rights and democracy, some mechanisms such as Right to Information Act, Presidency’s Communication Center, Board of Ethics for Civil Servants, Ombudsman Institution, and Open Door Service which are used to claim rights have been put into practise in Turkey in 2000s, having a role in the transformation of the unaccountable traditional bureaucracy, where confidentiality governs, to a transparent and accountable bureaucracy. In this work, the concept of right, mechanisms of right-claiming, its functions and the effects of above-mentioned mechanisms on the transformation of bureaucracy are evaluated.

The role of the European ombudsman in protecting the rights of EU citizens and ensuring the good governance of the institutional mechanism of the European Union

Formulation of the problem. During the existence of the institution of the European Union Ombudsman, the level of trust of EU citizens in this body as an effective means of protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals and legal entities has significantly increased. This is evidenced by the fact that there is a significant annual increase in the number of cases submitted to the EU Ombudsman, as well as the importance of the issues in which he participates. Today, the EU faces new challenges due to the globalization policies pursued by most EU member states, labor migration and other global processes. In the new conditions, the protection of human rights acquires a fundamentally new meaning. Therefore, the question of the role of the EU Ombudsman in the process of protecting the rights of individuals and monitoring the activities of the authorities is very relevant. At present, it is necessary to reform this body, giving it a wider range of powers that would allow it to perform its tasks more effectively. The purpose of this article is to study the role of the EU Ombudsman in the process of protection of individual rights and control over the activities of the institutional mechanism, as well as the analysis of amendments to the Statute of the EU Ombudsman to increase his powers. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to the study of the history of the establishment of the Ombudsman institution with the definition of its legal status. The amendments to the Statute of the EU Ombudsman are analyzed to increase the scope of his powers, as for more than 20 years of activity, this body, without a real possibility to adopt binding acts, exercises “soft power” based on the idea of openness to eliminate violations. In this regard, possible changes to the Statute of the Ombudsman have been explored, which can range from minimal (eg informing the committee responsible instead of submitting a special report to the European Parliament) to more significant ones (including interference in cases involving considered by the Court of Justice). Considerable attention is paid to the practice of the European Ombudsman in ensuring the proper management of the institutional mechanism on the basis of the annual report. Conclusions. There is a problem of insufficient powers of the European Ombudsman, and therefore, this body is still under development, as evidenced by the adopted European Parliament resolution on amendments related to the growth of the legal status of the EU Ombudsman, in terms of the possibility of adopting mandatory decisions on access to information by EU citizens, as well as the EU Ombudsman’s direct ability to intervene in cases before the General Court.

THE ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL, CONSTITUTIVE FEATURES AND SCOPE OF ACTIVITIES OF POLISH OMBUDSMAN IN PROTECTION OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF INDIVIDUALS

The aim of the article is to describe various organizational models of the institution of Ombudsman and the way it functions. The article also refers to the constitutive features of this authority, distinguishing the most typical and universal ones. At the same time, the article indicates the place of Commissioner for Human Rights within the system of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, and characterizes his activities as an institution which is a crucial and permanent element of this system. Part of the attention has been paid to the applicable laws in this respect both in the systematic structure of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997 as well as the regulations of the Act on the Commissioner for Human Rights of July 15, 1987. The role of the Ombudsman in today’s world is becoming necessary and indispensable as well as more and more appreciated alongside the activities of other institutions in the field of protection of rights and freedoms

Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina With Particular Emphasis to the Enjoyment of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Human rights and fundamental freedoms are the inherent rights of every human being on the planet, they are, as a rule, universal, indivisible and inalienable. Human rights are there, around and between us, every day and every moment of that day. In addition to the state territory, the inhabitants populating that territory and the public authorities, human rights are nowadays an indispensable, fourth element of the state. It is the duty of every democratic state to protect the basic human rights and fundamental freedoms of every human being, without discrimination on any grounds: sex, race, color, property, origin, political or other opinion. In addition to civil and political rights, which are somehow always in the focus of observation of all of us (certainly because of their importance), human rights and freedoms of the second generation, i.e. economic, social and cultural rights, must not be neglected. These rights will be mostly in focus of this paper, and especially their status and implementation from the perspective of a special institution that deals with the promotion and protection of human rights - the Institution of the Human Rights Ombudsman of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Ombudsman Institute: Basic Models and Problems of Reception in Constitutional Law

In the search for optimal ways of improving the normative foundations and organizational-legal forms of human rights protection, the problem of institutional support of relevant processes is actualized. The protection of human rights is inherently linked to all public-power structures of the mechanism of state power and is possible only in the context of optimal implementation of the principles of the rule of law, separation of powers, democratic, social, rule of law. In Ukraine, in the context of constitutional modernization, the problem of improving the organizational-legal mechanism of human rights protection remains urgent. For this purpose, the Institute of the Ombudsman operates in Ukraine. Its implementation fully meets the tendencies existing in the modern democratic world and is a reaction to those conflicts and contradictions that exist in the field of human rights protection. Nevertheless, the social insecurity of certain sections of the population (children, pensioners, persons with disabilities, servicemen, migrants, internally displaced persons, ethnic minorities, persons belonging to the LGBTI community, entrepreneurs, patients and other categories of citizens) is an indicator of the relevance of the problem and the functioning of national human rights protection mechanisms, including the strengthening of the relevant oversight functions of the Ombudsman. The subject of the research is the problems of reception in the constitutional law of the basic models of organization of the Ombudsman Institute in the mechanism of functioning of the rule of law. The object of the study is the public relations that delve into the human rights protection process and the ombudsman's exclusivity in the relevant processes. The methodological basis of the study are general scientific methods, such as dialectical, comparative-legal, formal-legal, historical, and logical methods of cognition, as well as special and private-law methods. The history of development, the causes, the processes of institutionalization and constitution of the ombudsman services in the modern world, the permanent transformation of their functions and the differentiation of their specialization are evidence of the improvement of the classical system of separation of powers and the constitutional mechanism of its organization. It is argued that the functional isolation, independence, and organizational diversity of the control bodies, first of all, the Ombudsmen, is a testament to the formation of control power, the conceptual idea of which is the existence of a system of measures to ensure control over public authority.

Examples of General and Special Purpose Ombudsman: UK and Turkey

Yönetimin tamamlayıcı unsuru denetimdir. Denetim devletin etkin işlemesini sağlamaktadır. Devletin denetlenmesinde siyasi, hukuki ve idari denetim yolları uygulanmaktadır. Ombudsmanlık denetimi devletin diğer denetim yollarına alternatif bir denetim türü değildir, diğer denetim yollarının eksik kalan yönlerini doldurmaya yönelik bir denetim mekanizması öngörmektedir. Ombudsmanlık kurumu, günümüzde birçok ülkede uygulanmaktadır. Ombudsman vatandaşlar ile kamu kurumları arasında ortaya çıkan anlaşmazlıkların giderilmesi için kurulan bağımsız bir kurumdur. Ombudsmanlık türlerini genel ve özel amaçlı ombudsmanlar olarak ikili sınıflandırabiliriz. Genel amaçlı ombudsmanlar kendilerine gelen her türlü şikayeti değerlendirmekle görevli kılınmışlardır. Genel amaçlı ombudsmanlık kurumunda ombudsmanlar konu ayrımı ve kısıtlamasına tabi tutulmamışlardır. Özel amaçlı ombudmanlık kurumlarında ise ihtisas alanına göre uzmanlaşma yaşanmaktadır. Ombudsmanlar belli bir konuda uzmanlaşmakta ve yalnız bu konuda kendilerine yapılan başvuruları kabul edebilmektedir. İngiltere’de ombudsmanlık kurumu yaklaşık 50 yıllık bir tecrübeye sahiptir. Birçok konuda özel ombudsmanlar kurulmuştur. Parlamento komiserliği, yerel yönetimler komiserliği, cezaevleri ve şartlı tahliye ombudsmanlığı bu özel ombudsmanlık türlerinden üçüdür. Türkiye’de son 8 yıldır kamu denetçiliği yasal bir zeminde yer almaktadır. Genel amaçlı olan kamu denetçisi devletin taraf olduğu uyuşmazlıkların çözümü için öneriler sunmakta ve başarılı sonuçlar elde etmeye çalışmaktadır.

OMBUDSMAN/HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

The Ombudsmen institution is a relatively young institution in the political systems of 133 countries of the world. Although its founder is tied to Sweden, where this institution was founded in the early 19th century, its rapid spread only came in the sixties and seventies of the 20th century. In the Middle East, this institution exists in just a few countries. This institution continues to exist in this region and in certain countries only at the beginning of the 21st century. The institution of ombudsman in the interests of the Middle East is not close to the political systems of these countries, nor to the usual nor the cultural ambience. However, since it protects human rights and controle public administration, it is also necessary in the political regime of the countries of the Middle East. In this paper, special attention is paid to the Ombudsman/National Human Rights Institution in some countries of the Middle East.

Human rights begin with the rights of the child

The state, with the help of legal norms and the use of power levers regulates social relations, establishes and maintains the necessary order in the country, but also obeys the society itself is called to serve it. The relationship between society and the state, its quality and level is determined in particular by the effectiveness of the policy in the field of children's rights protection.
 At the same time, the role of the institution of the ombudsman (or the commissioner) in the affairs of children is undoubtedly extremely important. Children as one of the most socially vulnerable groups of the population need full protection of their rights.
 The introduction of the Ombudsman's Office in Ukraine is a serious step in improving the protection of children's rights. At the same time the transformational processes that take place in the Ukrainian society today predetermine the need for further research on the content and mechanisms of implementation of state policy in the field of children's rights protection. To do this, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of the domestic and foreign experience of the functioning of the institution of the ombudsman for the rights of the child, which is the purpose of this article.
 Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the national and foreign experience of functioning of the Ombudsman Institute for the Rights of the Child. The article discusses the prerequisites and features of the establishment of the Ombudsman for Child Rights in Ukraine and the problems of its modern functioning. The models of construction of the Ombudsman Institute in foreign countries are analyzed: Germany, Finland, Canada, New Zealand, Austria, Sweden and Australia. The article also emphasizes the need to improve the system of jurisdictional protection of the rights of the child and the adoption of the Law on the Commissioner for the Rights of the Child in Ukraine.

Shadow Management: Neoliberalism and the Erosion of Democratic Legitimacy through Ombudsmen with Case Studies from Swedish Higher Education

We argue that the neoliberal tradition and new public management reforms of the public sector effectively erode the core (liberal) democratic values of the rule of law and transparency. The tension between public law and managerially-influenced governmental policy is in practice resolved by the emergence of what we call “shadow management” in public administration, whereby managerial decisions that clash with constitutional and administrative law are dealt with in internal memos or consultancy reports and hidden from public view. The consequence is a duality in the public sector, which potentially reduces public trust in institutions and undermines their democratic legitimacy. Finally, we argue that when governmental neoliberal policy clashes with legal requirements, the likely effect is that the popular institution of the (governmental or parliamentary) ombudsman, originally introduced for legal supervision over civil servants, takes on the new deceptive role of providing pseudo-legal justification for neoliberal reform, making neoliberalism and ombudsmen a particularly problematic combination from a democratic and legal perspective. We support our contentions by a case study of Swedish higher education and hypothesize that the mechanisms we highlight are general in nature.

The common law theory and practice of the ombudsman/judiciary relationship

In both Australia and the United Kingdom, the ombudsman sector plays a specific role in the oversight of the administration of government, but there exists no clear overarching theoretical framework within which the institution is aligned with common law constitutionalism. An ombudsman’s functionality is secured by gaining legal authority from parliament and effective power through executive acquiescence, but simultaneously to function effectively it must maintain a degree of separation from the executive and parliament. This situation creates a regulatory gap which the courts fill by acting in a supervisory relationship over the ombudsman sector. In turn, this raises the danger that the legitimacy gained through judicial oversight results in a loss of flexibility and uniqueness in the ombudsman institution. Through an empirical study of the case law on the sector, this article confirms that the courts have shaped and legitimised the role of the ombudsman institution under the common law constitution. Yet this study also suggests that there is a risk that over-reliance upon the judiciary to perform a retrospective, reactive and intermittent control function can lead to an inappropriate imposition of judicial values on the ombudsman sector as well as the courts performing an unsuited regulatory role.

The Managerial Ombudsman

AbstractThis article identifies a major development in the role and practice of the ombudsman. It argues that the New Public Management practices that have transformed public administration in the last 30 years have led to a more managerial approach to the ombudsman's work. The article's argument is developed through analysis of an empirical case study of the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman, which illustrates how the aims and techniques of managerialism have been deployed in the ombudsman context. The article evaluates the significance of these developments for the ombudsman institution and for the wider justice system. It examines the risks and opportunities inherent in this turn to managerialism and whether it represents a departure from the ombudsman's mission or a necessary adaptation to a changed world of public administration. In identifying the rise of the ‘managerial ombudsman’, the article provides a new framework for conceptualising developments in the modern ombudsman institution.

“Land Shall by Law Be Built”. The Ombudsman Institution, its birth and its Role in Promoting the Rule of Law at Grass-Root Level

Varnitsa, a small settlement on the western banks of the river Dniester, just north of the city of Bendery in today’s Moldova, can lay claim to be the simultaneous birthplace of two most important public law concepts, namely a constitution, characterized by separation of powers in government between the legislative, executive and judicial branches, i. e. the first Ukrainian constitution, commonly known as The Orlyk’s Constitution, created well before for instance Charles-Louis de Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws, as well as the ombudsman institution, i. e. The King’s Highest Ombudsman, the Swedish predecessor of The Parliamentary Ombudsman of Sweden, which in due time became the forefather of all the world’s ombudsman institutions. These two concepts, both so significant and important for The Rule of Law, came about at the beginning of the XVIІI century when King Charles XII of Sweden and Pylyp Orlyk, hetman of the Zaporizhian Cossacks, at the same time resided in Varnitsa, both for different reasons involved in constructive constitutional deliberations. This article focuses in particular on the role of the Ombudsman institution in promoting The Rule of Law at grass-root level, the meaning of the old Scandinavian Rule of Lawphrase Land Shall By Law Be Built and the importance for ordinary people, i. e. people at grass-root level, that this phrase and The Rule of Law in general are followed. The article also deals with some unfortunate misconceptions, often associated with the functioning of the Ombudsman institution. In addition, it underlines that it is of utmost importance for the institution’s success and impact that it itself always follows the law. Statements outside its jurisdiction or criticism, not well founded on law and clear facts, will not only be unacceptable per se but will also undermine its authority and thereby its possibility to be obeyed not only in the situation at hand but also in general.

Аналіз ефективності діяльності Ради бізнес-омбудсмена в Україні як каталізатора ефективного діалогу українського підприємництва та державних структур

The article is devoted to the institute of business ombudsman established in 2014, as a tool to protect entrepreneurs from illegal actions or inaction of the country's authorities. This institute was established on the recommendation and supervision of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, as well as a number of business organizations around the world. The article considers the key performance indicators of the Business Ombudsman Council for small and medium-sized businesses, as well as for state bodies and the business environment of Ukraine. These statistics and their analysis show a positive result of the Council's work in various areas of the business environment, as well as significant changes and changes in the interaction of government agencies and entrepreneurs. In this context, the Council acts as a kind of leader or catalyst in the relationship between business and government, which influences the introduction of effective dialogue and reducing bureaucratization and corruption in our country. It is noted that the authority of the business ombudsman institute is unconditional, as the percentage of implementation of recommendations in the state system of providing services to entrepreneurs is approaching 90%. However, in order for the Council to work more effectively, it is necessary to define clear limits of the Council's powers, in the area of which it can monitor and influence the action or inaction of state bodies.

OMBUDSMAN OU OUVIDOR: DEFENSOR DOS DIREITOS DA POPULAÇÃO NA FISCALIZAÇÃO DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA

The research aims to analyze the Ombudsman institute as an advocate for the rights of the population to supervise the Public Administration and as a guardian of legality against impropriety and abuses of power in the exercise of administrative activity. With the Federal Constitution of 1988, Brazil resumed the traditional way of Democracy and Rule of Law. However, despite the democratic climate established, the National Constituent Assembly rejected the proposal that would establish the figure of the Ombudsman in the country. The method used is the hypothetical-deductive, based on legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence. It is concluded that the Ombudsman, as an external body of the Public Administration, although not expressly provided in the Major Law, has the mission of impartial inspection of Public Administration in defense of fundamental rights, all in light of the Federal Constitution and the principles and norms that govern the Brazilian Democratic State of Law

Constitutional and legal foundations of the control activities of the Ombudsman in the modern world: axiological, ontological and teleological aspects.

The article examines the current constitutional and legal problems of the formation and implementation of the control activities of ombudsman in the modern world. It is proved that the history of development, the causes, the processes of institutionalization and constitution of Ombudsman services in the modern world, the permanent transformation of their functions and the differentiation of their specialization are evidence of the improvement of the classical system of separation of powers. Following the legal traditions of democratic countries, the Institute of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights was introduced in Ukraine. Today, it has become an important way of ensuring human rights. The introduction of the Institute of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights fully meets the current trends in the modern democratic world and is a reflection on those systemic challenges and complex problems that exist in the field of human rights protection. The article argues that the social tension and insecurity of certain segments of the population, in particular children, pensioners, persons with disabilities, servicemen, migrants, internally displaced persons, ethnic minorities, persons belonging to the LGBTI community, entrepreneurs, patients and other categories of the community , demonstrates the need to improve national mechanisms and forms of human rights protection, including strengthening the oversight functions of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights. It is argued that the functional isolation, independence and organizational diversity of control bodies, primarily ombudsman, is evidence of the formation of control power, the conceptual idea of which is the existence of a system of organizational, regulatory, institutional measures to ensure control over public authority. It is concluded that fundamental constitutional values, among which, first of all, human rights and the authority responsible to him are the functional and teleological dominant activity of the Ombudsman, the feasibility of creating and the practice of functioning of which, in fact, is due to the solution of these interrelated tasks. According to the author, in order to improve the Ombudsman Institute in Ukraine, it is advisable to continue the constitutional and project work on amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine, which provide for the possibility of introducing specialized parliamentary ombudsmen (on issues of the child, servicemen, equal opportunities, national minorities, etc.) the scope of their control activities.