Olympic Wrestling Research Articles

Collective sports success through effective social performances: The case of Olympic wrestling in Iran

This study argues that the athletic success of Iranian wrestlers is fused with success in social performances. Using Alexander's cultural sociology, we propose that individuals’ behavioral, emotional, and mental dispositions toward sports are shaped by tacit and invisible social forces encompassing them at a given time and place. Furthermore, we make use of Alexander's notion that the power of culture is manifested when it is actively enacted. To ground our theoretical frameworks with empirical evidence, we conducted a case study of successful Iranian male wrestlers. The study reveals that the success of Iranian wrestling is constructed upon cultural foundations, social organizations, cooperative networks, and a set of social relations that performatively contribute to producing world-class wrestlers. It is within a given social, cultural, and organizational context that culture is performed through a series of collective actions and agencies. Such successful cultural performances reinforce the meaning of certain practices by connecting the past to the present and ensuring their continuity, thereby establishing a strong tradition of collective sporting achievements.

Eating Behavior Disorders and Disordered Eating Habits in Spanish High-Performance Women's Olympic Wrestling Athletes.

Eating disorders (EDs) are a significant health issue in combat sports. This study investigated the differences between the different types of female wrestlers and the frequency at which EDs occur in the elite population, and it also sought to establish which factors are predictors of EDs. This study was comprised of 22 elite, female wrestlers who were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: having previously been the Spanish champion, being part of the Spanish national team, participating in at least one international championship, and having a history of ED. Data collection involved five questionnaires: demographic data, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), the Bulimic Investigatory Test, the Edinburgh (BITE), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The results revealed diverse levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, with BITE scores indicating abnormal eating patterns. Group comparisons exposed significant distinctions in eating behaviors based on competition and training experience. Regression analyses showed competition and training experience as predictors of bulimia severity and symptoms. The study revealed prevalent extreme weight-control practices, including fasting, diuretic and laxative use, and binge eating. This research emphasizes the importance of EDs in Olympic wrestling, urging a comprehensive approach involving education, support, and policy implementation by coaches, health professionals, and sports organizations to prioritize athletes' well-being and discourage unhealthy weight-control practices.

Olympic wrestling in Macapá: how to ensure new achievements?

Fights began to be part of the school environment in physical education classes, becoming a great educational tool. At the Antônio Messias school, in the city of Macapá, Olympic wrestling is offered systematically, which has enabled good competitive results. In this sense, the objective of this work is to evaluate the implementation of the Olympic Wrestling modality in other schools in Macapá to continue to have good results in school competitions. The present study was a field research with quantitative descriptive characteristics, an online questionnaire was applied through Google Forms to 104 professionals, including physical education teachers, managers and pedagogical coordinators of both sexes. The main finding of the study was the existence of interest in developing the Olympic Wrestling modality in the school environment in Macapá schools, however, the lack of adequate space, materials and financial resources and the little knowledge about the modality are the challenges to be overcome for the effective implementation of Olympic Wrestling in the school environment.

Training Conditions and Psychological Health: Eating Behavior Disorders in Spanish High-Performance Women's Olympic Wrestling Athletes-A Qualitative Study.

(1) Background: the aim of this study was to determine the factors that affect the occurrence of behaviors related to possible eating disorders in Spanish high-performance Olympic wrestling athletes. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of 22 elite female wrestlers selected through purposive sampling with inclusion criteria of (i) having been a national champion, (ii) having been part of the Spanish team, and (iii) suffering or having suffered from an eating disorder. The semistructured interviews were conducted online and lasted between 20 and 40 min. A statistical analysis was performed with NVivo10 software. (3) Results: the athletes showed a series of issues grouped into three main themes, which were divided into the following categories-firstly, the reasons why wrestlers lose weight; secondly, the inadequate procedures they use; and, finally, the reference persons involved in the process. (4) Conclusions: The training conditions in high-performance sports have psychological and behavioral effects on wrestlers. Wrestlers have to move down to lower categories; however, they do not take into account how this practice influences their health when using inadequate procedures. Rapid and significant weight loss produces negative effects, especially in the female population, generating an incidence of eating disorders. The information obtained provided elements of interest for reflection on possible solutions to prevent existing eating disorders.

THE MIGRATION INFLUENCE ON THE RESULTS OF WRESTLERS

Introduction. Modern society is characterized by permanent large-scale transformations, which entail the transformation of social institutions. The course of the process of internationalization of professional sports is significantly influenced by economic factors. Becoming an important element of international relations, sports migration helps to realize humanitarian and cultural dialogue between countries and peoples. Aim of the research: to identify the main trends of migration processes in Olympic wrestling and their impact on the achievements of athletes. Material and methods. The careers of the participants of the 2018 and 2019 World Championships in wrestling (a total of 28 careers of migrant wrestlers) were analyzed. In order to determine the main ways of development of athletes, an analysis of age and results of achievements before and after migration was conducted. Results. Seven athletes (25.0%) changed their citizenship before the age of 22, and another six athletes (17.9%) changed their citizenship between the ages of 22 and 23, while still in the U23 age group. The largest number of athletes change their citizenship after the age of 26: 10 wrestlers (35.7%) changed their citizenship at the age of 27-29 and two wrestlers (7.1%) changed their age at the age of 30 and older. Before migration, athletes participated on average 7.4 times and 2.1 times less than after migration, respectively, freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. Conclusions. Based on the analysis, it is advisable to identify two main groups of wrestlers who have changed their citizenship to continue their sports careers: - wrestlers under 23 years old and wrestlers over 26 years old. The analysis of achievements showed that the average number of performances in the international arena and the average number of won prizes after migration increases several times.

장창선 스포츠영웅의 1964년 18회 도쿄 올림픽 은메달 획득과정 재조명

The purpose of this study review the process of winning the silver medal at the 18th Tokyo Olympics in 1964 by the sport hero Jang Chang-sun. First, Jang Chang-sun won the silver medal in flyweight wrestling at the 4th Asian Games in Jakarta in 1962, and then participated in the Olympics to obtain a gold medal at the Tokyo Olympics by enduring harsh training to repay the support of the people and mother. Finally, he defeated the strong players and went on to win and successfully passed the preliminaries. Second, Jang Chang-sun played aggressively to the last to defeat Yoshida Yoshikatsu, a Japanese player, in the final, and went to a near fall that was close to the pole. Unfortunately, the match was over and he lost by decision and won the silver medal. Third, Jang Chang-sun was the first person to win a medal among the sports that participated in the 18th Tokyo Olympics, and it was the moment when he won a silver medal for the first time in Korean history in Olympic wrestling. In the next competition, he promised to win a gold medal and reward not only the support of the people but also his mother

The Second-to-Fourth Digit (2D:4D) Ratio of Male Combat Athletes is Associated with the Choice of Sport.

The second-to-fourth-digit (2D:4D) ratio has been widely used as a putative marker of prenatal exposure to testosterone in health, behavioral and sport sciences, but it has only been used few times regarding combat athletes. This study involved 200 male elite combat athletes (Olympic wrestling, kickboxing, judo, taekwondo and karate) and 179 males not participating in any sports. The lengths of the index finger (2D) and ring (4D) finger were measured using computer-assisted image analysis (AutoMetric 2.2 software). The 2D:4D ratio of combat athletes was significantly lower than that of the controls. Moreover, a lower 2D:4D ratio was found among wrestlers, judo athletes and kickboxers than in the control group, and a higher 2D:4D ratio was found, but with borderline significance, among karate and taekwondo athletes. Moreover, multivariate analysis adjusted for age showed that judo, Olympic wrestling and kickboxing athletes combined had 2D:4D ratios significantly lower (by 0.035 on average) than those of the rest of the subjects and that karate and taekwondo athletes together had 2D:4D ratios significantly higher (by 0.014 on average) than those of the rest of the subjects. The research results and literature review indicate that knowledge about the functional meaning of the 2D:4D ratio is still too fragmentary and it is too early to use the 2D:4D ratio in the selection of sport talent; however, it may be a useful criteria when screening prospective athletes to be recruited to a team. That is why 2D:4D reference values should be defined for particular sports.

¿Es adecuado el consumo alimentario de los luchadores olímpicos? Resultados de un estudio descriptivo

Introducción: la lucha olímpica es un deporte de combate que se practica en diferentes “divisiones de peso”. Existe una tendencia a obtener alguna ventaja física frente a sus rivales tratando de competir en una categoría inferior al peso natural, lo que puede llevar al deportista a conductas alimentarias inadecuadas, lo cual constituye una amenaza para la salud y su rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: identificar las características alimentarias y de consumo de alimentos en los distintos períodos de precompetencia, competencia y poscompetencia de deportistas de lucha olímpica. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo y corte transversal. Se realizó el recordatorio de 24 horas, el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo y una encuesta de comportamiento alimentario. Resultados: la ingesta de energía estuvo por debajo de lo recomendado para el deporte (35,8 g/kg/día), al igual que el consumo de proteína en el día previo a la competencia (1,46 g/kg/día). El consumo de los carbohidratos no superó los 6 g/kg/ día y las grasas en 1,2 g/kg/día. En cuanto a los micronutrientes hubo déficit de minerales como sodio, calcio, potasio y zinc. El consumo diario de frutas enteras es del 6 % y de verduras crudas, del 14 %. Conclusiones: los luchadores olímpicos, con el fin de ajustar el peso de categoría, recurren a dietas restrictivas marcadas por un desbalance energético y un déficit de macro y micronutrientes esenciales en los días previos o el mismo día de la competición. Se recomienda realizar un seguimiento a estos deportistas por parte de profesionales de la nutrición para evitar dietas inadecuadas, y así mejorar el rendimiento físico.

KAZAKH TRADITIONAL WRESTLING WITH ITS FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION ASPECTS: KYRES (KÜRES)

This study explains the etymology and terminology of the Kures traditional sport, which is the national wrestling of the Central Asian Kazakh Turks. Its formation is; explains the archaic cultural codes and their place and importance in Kazakh culture in the historical process. In the context of the transformation of the Kazakhs in 1991; explains the loss of traditional cultural elements and the developments in the modernization process with the process of adapting to today's modern sports and carrying the 'kures' to the international dimension. In addition to these, it is questioned what kind of pros and cons of the Kazakhstan state to the traditional 'global' modernization expectations. Although the study is within the scope of qualitative research method, descriptive research designs have also been used and it is limited to traditional Kazakh wrestling. The traditional wrestling kures of Kazakhs and every social organization where it is consumed is based on traditional resources, which are the economic life unique to it and the geographical environment that feeds this life. Since Kazakhs have long been associated with the Silk Road, it is certain that they have entered this traditional wrestling from other cultures as well. In addition, Kazakhs, especially the Kyrgyz; besides kinship ties with Uzbeks, Uyghurs and other Turkish peoples living in Southern Siberia, they have a homogeneous culture. And they feed on the same traditional sources. However, today, as in the history of Kazakhs, tribal consciousness stands out rather than nation consciousness. And because of this, they do not see the formation, transformation and development process of wrestling in other nations or tribes other than themselves. Kazakhs place more emphasis on traditional wrestling than Olympic wrestling and even other Olympic games. However, it is seen that traditional Kazakh wrestling has moved away from its origin structure and ethno-cultural position within the framework of adaptation and the rush to belong to them today. Article visualizations:

Rapid weight gain in wrestling athletes during the Panamerican Championship, Lima, 2018.

Introduction: To avoid rapid bodyweight fluctuations and the associated effects on health and performance, some combat sports federations have made changes to regulations. Objective: the objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the Rapid Weight Gain on sporting success in elite Olympic Wrestling athletes under the new weighing modality. Methods: the bodyweight of 75 athletes was recorded during the Pan-American Olympic Wrestling Championship (Lima, 2018), corresponding to 29 % of the total universe of competitors (n = 255). Of these, 29 were Greco-Roman style, eight Freestyle, and 38 Women´s Wrestling. The official weighing was carried out between 8:00 and 8:30 hours. As for the second weighing, this was done with the same official weighing scale, immediately before the first match (between 10:00 and 11:00 hours). Rapid Weight Gain after weigh-in was compared between medalist and non-medalist athletes. Results: when analyzing the difference between medalists and non-medalists, no significant differences were found in Greco-Roman athletes (t = 0.114; p = 0.910; r = 0.022), in Freestyle (Mann-Whitney U = 5,500; p = 0.486; r = 0.000), in Women´s Wrestling (Mann-Whitney U = 163.0; p = 0.774; r = 0.124), and in all competitors (Mann-Whitney U = 641.5; p = 0.855; r = 0.037). Conclusions: no significant differences were found between medalist and non-medalist athletes in any of the Olympic Wrestling styles.

Pre-Competitive Period in Olympic Wrestling Athletes: Losing Weight, a Risk Factor

In Olympic wrestling, as in most combat sports except Fencing, there is a division by weight categories, aiming to balance athletes’ physical abilities, such as strength, and speed. It is common to see athletes reducing weight severely in an attempt to face weaker and lighter opponents.

Incidence of Injuries in Athletes of Olympic Wrestling

The Olympic wrestling is contact sport and high intensity, with a pause between these thirty second periods and the maximum time to recover from any injury during combat is two minutes [1]. Because it is a contact modality its practice is related to a high incidence of orthopedic injuries.

Life Expectancy of Olympic Wrestling Champions in Comparison to the General Population.

Although it was presumed that moderate exercise is a healthy practice but long term high intensity exercise is not, studies observed a life expectancy benefit for both high-intensity endurance and fast power sports athlets, but the data for contact sports are conflicting. Therefore, the author aimed to investigate the life expectancy of Olympic wrestling champions in comparison to the general population. Characteristics, vital status and life-span of the male Olympic wrestling champions was collected (1896-2016). The life expectancy of Olympic champions was compared with matched individuals of the general population (by country, age, and year of birth) obtained from the human mortality database ( http://www.mortality.org ). Overall, 341 male Olympic wrestling champions with median age of 25 (IQR 24-28) years at their Olympic victory were included in this analysis. In total, 142 (41.6%) came of rich countries. The survival was not affected by weight class and country of origin. A significant life expectancy benefit for Olympic champions in comparison to the general population was observed. Male Olympic wrestling champions lived in mean 19.1 ± 19.1years longer than the matched individuals of the general population (respectively of their country of origin). A substantially lower mortality in male Olympic wrestling champions, compared with the general male population was observed. However, the results do not allow us to draw conclusions about the causes of this survival benefit.

Propuesta de unidad didáctica de lucha olímpica: Luchas del Mundo

La lucha es una actividad natural del ser humano y está representada en una gran cantidad de países y culturas. En la educación secundaria los deportes de lucha pueden ayudar a los estudiantes a desarrollar destrezas y actitudes importantes. Con los ejercicios de lucha se desarrollan capacidades motrices, perceptivas y afectivas, ya que se trata de un deporte de contacto. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar una unidad didáctica bilingüe dirigida a la etapa de secundaria, donde a través de ejercicios de lucha se puedan alcanzar objetivos didácticos relacionados con la lucha olímpica y fomentar situaciones de comunicación en inglés. La unidad didáctica, llamada Luchas del Mundo / World Wrestling, tendrá un carácter lúdico e integrador, permitiendo relaciones y comunicaciones entre los compañeros/as en las clases prácticas con un leguaje en inglés. Esta propuesta consta de seis sesiones, realizando un recorrido por diferentes continentes y llevando a cabo ejercicios específicos de lucha, para finalizar con las modalidades olímpicas de lucha. Se llevará a cabo un diseño similar a lo largo de todas las prácticas, realizando un calentamiento general y específico; una parte principal, en la que se ejecutarán los ejercicios luctatorios más representativos, como agarres, desequilibrios, inmovilizaciones, etc.; y una vuelta a la calma con estiramientos y conclusiones. En definitiva, se pretende continuar con los contenidos trabajados en primaria y extender la lucha olímpica en secundaria.

Introducción de la lucha olímpica en la educación física a través de la formación e-learning del profesorado

La formación a distancia para los profesores y profesoras en deportes de combate olímpicos (judo, lucha olímpica, esgrima, taekwondo y boxeo) “Escuelaolimpica.com”, es un proyecto e-learning para el docente de Educación Física (EF) de los municipios brasileños de Aracati y Fortaleza (Ceará). El material, que se ha diseñado por el Grupo de investigación en Educación para una Actividad Física saludable (GIEPAFS) de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el deporte de la Universidad Católica de Valencia, está orientado al profesorado de “Ensino Fundamental” y “Medio” en la materia de EF, adaptado a la Ley de Educación Brasileña y traducido al portugués, éste se ha desarrollado con la participación de cinco docentes de Educación Física. La formación se administró a docentes de 6º a 9º de “Ensino Fundamental” y de 1º a 3º de “Ensino Medio”, en contenidos relacionados con la enseñanza de la EF, e incorporación de recursos TIC en las actividades de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Factors Affecting the Presence of Wrestling in School Programs

ABSTRACTThis work is part of a broader research that attempts to analyse the presence of combat sports in secondary education. The study investigates the presence of Olympic wrestling in the curricula of teacher preparation programs, as well as the factors influencing the choice, based on the knowledge, perspective and the needs about these disciplines. Eighty-one active physical education (PE) teachers of Valencia's secondary schools completed an online questionnaire (51 men and 30 women). Results highlight that most of the teachers select team sports such as basketball, handball and volleyball; however, only a few included combat sports in their program, with judo being the most frequently selected. The main factor justifying the scarcity of combative sports, refers to the fact that teachers are not able to provide an instructional unit, and that these activities are considered dangerous, risky and unsuitable to instructional values. These viewpoints indicate that more specialized instructional tools fo...

Physical Fitness Factors to Predict Female Olympic Wrestling Performance and Sex Differences

To determine differences in anthropometric, body composition, physiological and neuromuscular markers between elite and amateur female wrestlers, 35 female wrestlers were assigned into 4 groups according to their body mass (light and middle weight) and their competitive level (elite and amateur): light weight (between 49 and 58 kg) in elite (n = 6) and amateur (n = 12) levels, and middle weight (between 58 and 67 kg) in elite (n = 7) and amateur (n = 10) levels. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify which variables better predict female wrestling success. Elite female wrestlers were older (8-10%), had more training experience (27-29%), fat-free mass (3%), maximum strength in absolute and allometrically scaled values (13-33%), maximal muscle power (16-34%), mean and peak power during an arm crank Wingate testing in absolute and allometrically scaled values (17-23%), jumping height (2-9%) and grip (5-13%), and back isometric strength (10-13%) compared with amateur wrestlers (p < 0.05). When the results of the present research and those of a recent study performed in our laboratory with elite male wrestlers were compared, elite women presented lower (p < 0.05) maximum isometric and dynamic strength, muscle power output, and anaerobic metabolism values even when these data were normalized using allometric methods.

Physical fitness factors to predict male Olympic wrestling performance

To determine differences in maximal strength and muscle power output of the arm and leg extensor muscles, peak and mean power during a modified standing crank-arm Wingate test, running speed, muscle extensibility, and anthropometric markers between elite and amateurs wrestlers according to the weight classes system; 92 male wrestlers were assigned into 6 groups according to their body mass (light, middle and heavy weight) and their competitive level (elite and amateur): Light Weight (body mass ranged between 55 and 68kg) in elite (LW(E), n=18) and amateur (LW(A), n=15) level; Middle Weight (body mass ranged between 68 and 84kg) in elite (MW(E), n=18) and amateur (MW(A), n=19) level; and Heavy Weight (body mass ranged between 84 and 100kg) in elite (HW(E), n=10) and amateur (HW(A), n=12) level. Elite wrestlers were older (8-12%), had more training experience (25-37%), fat-free mass (3-5%), maximal strength in absolute and relative terms (8-25%), muscle power (14-30%), mean and peak power during crank-arm Wingate testing in absolute and relative terms (13-22%), jumping height (8-17%) as well as grip (6-19%) and back strength (7-20%) compared to amateur wrestlers. However, no differences were observed between elite and amateur groups in height, body mass index, percentage of body fat, hamstring extensibility and running speed. The present results suggest that the higher absolute and relative values of maximal strength, muscle power, and anaerobic metabolism, explained in part by the differences in lean mass and neural activation patterns, will give elite wrestlers a clear advantage during the most frequently used techniques in Olympic wrestling.

Lesiones y personalidad en el deporte de competición

Injuries and personality in competitive sports Abstract Injuries are usual events in sports, both when they occur in recreational sports and in competition. This study has aimed to analyze the occurrence of injuries throughout one season in 48 athletes practicing 3 different competitive sports: Olympic Wrestling, Canoeing and Taekwondo. All of the injuries recorded were classified according to their anatomical location, diagnosis and severity while treating the athlete's physical

Risk of hepatitis B infections in Olympic wrestling

Risk of hepatitis B infections in Olympic wrestling