Olive Seedlings Research Articles

Effects of Zinc and Copper Stress on Antioxidant System of Olive Leaves

The purpose of this experiment is to understand the effects of different concentrations of Cu (Cu) and Zn (Zn) heavy metals on the antioxidant index of olive oil and provide a theoretical basis for phytore mediation of heavy metal pollution. In this experiment, the annual olive seedlings were studied. In the experiment, the heavy metal solution was used to simulate the soil heavy metal pollution environment. The concentration of heavy metals Cu and Zn was studied. The active leaves of the olive oil were malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble. Effects of physiological factors such as protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), POD, and CAT. In this experiment, the pot experiment of stress oil olive seedlings was studied by setting different concentration gradients of heavy metal iron and Zn. The authors analyzed the antioxidant enzyme system and membrane lipid peroxidation of heavy metal Zn and Cu in olive seedlings. The link between changes in biochemical indicators. Finally, the experimental results showed that the activity values of CAT and POD in the leaves of olive oil showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing within the experimental concentration range. Among them, the activity of SOD in the leaves was firstly increased, and then the concentration of the enzyme was increased first. The increase of the AMD dropped sharply; the content of MDA in the experiment was not changed under the low concentration treatment, but the high concentration of Zn and Cu in the experiment caused a sharp increase in the content of malondialdehyde; soluble protein content Continue to rise.

Effect of Some Biofertilizers and Humic Acid Application on Olive Seedlings Growth under Irrigation with Saline Water

Effect of Some Biofertilizers and Humic Acid Application on Olive Seedlings Growth under Irrigation with Saline Water

Visual symptoms and nutritional deficiencies in olive trees under subjected to nutrient deprivation

Brazil is one of the largest importers of olive ( Olea europaea L.) products, being the fourth largest importer of olive oil and the fifth of olives. In recent decades the introduction and growing of olive cultivars less chilling requirement in the South and Southeast made viable the olives production in the country. On the other hand, there are still shortages of information about the management of this crop in our country, especially in relation to studies about the nutritional needs of the olive tree, grown in subtropical regions, and it may enable advances in productivity of this fruit. The aim of study was to evaluate the growth, dry matter production and nutritional status of the olive tree under the effect of the omission of nutrients as well as establish visual diagnosis parameters. We used a completely randomized design with ten treatments and three repetitions, corresponding to growing in Hoagland – Arnon nutrient solution, and solutions with individual omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe and Zn. Omission of nutrients that most limit the growth of the olive tree are N, Ca and B. Deficiencies of nutrients in olive seedlings presented by typical symptoms.

Phytophthora oleae, a new root pathogen of wild olives

Wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) is an important component of Mediterranean forests and a key genetic source for olive improvement programmes. Since 2009, a severe decline caused by Phytophthora cryptogea and P. megasperma has been detected in a protected wild olive forest of high ecological value (Dehesa de Abajo, Seville, Spain). In this natural forest, sampling of roots and soil was carried out on 25 wild olives with symptoms in 2014 and 2015. Apart from the already known P. cryptogea A1 and P. megasperma, a third Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from wild olive rootlets with symptoms. These isolates conformed morphologically with the newly described species P. oleae and were confirmed by analysis of their ITS regions and cox1 sequences. Temperature–growth relationships showed a maximum growth at 19.9 °C on carrot agar medium, making it the lowest temperature Phytophthora species infecting wild olive roots. Pathogenicity was confirmed on 1‐year‐old healthy wild olive seedlings and was similar to the previously known pathogenic phytophthoras. As temperature requirements are quite different, the three Phytophthora species may be active against wild olive roots in different seasons. However, the prevalence of P. oleae infecting wild olives in recent years could be due to its introduction as a new invasive pathogen. The probable invasive nature of P. oleae, together with increasing rain episodes concentrated in short periods frequent in southern Spain, would allow the outbreak of infections in wild olive forests, and also put cultivated olive orchards at risk.

Influence of soil application and spraying of salicylic acid on improving growth and leaf mineral content of olive seedling grow under saline condition

Influence of soil application and spraying of salicylic acid on improving growth and leaf mineral content of olive seedling grow under saline condition

Invasive autumn olive performance varies in different reclamation conditions: implications for restoration

Surface mining has caused significant disturbance globally, and is responsible for the loss of more than 600,000 ha of the world's largest temperate deciduous forest in the Appalachian region of the United States alone. Due to the heavy disturbance on mine lands, invasive plants have become dominant on many former coalfields, some of which were intentionally planted with exotic species. The establishment of invasive plants on these disturbed lands has often led to reductions in establishment of desirable native species. Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), an exotic nitrogen‐fixing shrub, is a problematic invasive species on reclaimed sites in Appalachia. To better understand how reclamation conditions affect autumn olive, we assessed the effects of the mine‐soil substrate and vegetation seeding on autumn olive establishment and growth. In each experiment, we also manipulated the herbaceous plant community to further examine effects on autumn olive establishment and growth. In spring 2015, we transplanted 480 1‐year‐old autumn olive seedlings across both experiments. After 2 years of growth, autumn olive performed better in weathered‐rock than in unweathered‐rock substrates; in bare‐ground plots than in vegetated plots; and in tree‐compatible (low‐competition) seeding than in more‐competitive conventional seeding. No treatment precluded autumn olive establishment. However, our results show that strategic use of beginning substrates and planting mixes can have strong inhibitory effects on invasive plants, but also that substrate and herbaceous‐plant community conditions favorable to establishment of native trees are also favorable to autumn olive.

Morphological and Molecular Diagnosis of Root Knot Nematode Species Associated with Olive Seedling and Trees in Baghdad, Babil and Karbala/ Iraq

Morphological and Molecular Diagnosis of Root Knot Nematode Species Associated with Olive Seedling and Trees in Baghdad, Babil and Karbala/ Iraq

Transcriptomic time-series analysis of early development in olive from germinated embryos to juvenile tree

BackgroundDespite its relevance, almost no studies account for the genetic control in the early stages of tree development, i.e. from germination on. This study seeks to make a quite complete transcriptome for olive development and to elucidate the dynamic regulation of the transcriptomic response during the early-juvenile period by RNAseq time-series expression analysis. The transcriptome was made from 342,049,597 paired-end reads of 101 bp in length. The assembled transcriptome contained 109,125 unigenes (N50 = 1490 bp, average length = 839).ResultsThe time-series-expression analysis showed that, embryonic structures present at the first month after the induction of germination reached a more differentiated state in two-month-old seedlings. Once the plants were between three and four months old and reached a size around 6–7 nodes, the first developmental stages appeared to be complete and the developing seedling became a juvenile plant. In addition, an AGL-gene was rapidly downregulated during the induction of germination. The repression of this gene was very strong, as evidenced by the low levels of gene expression during plant development from the embryonic seedling to undetectable levels of expression in the adult tree. These results suggest that this gene may be involved in seed dormancy and could be a repressor of the germination. Also, an APL1-like olive gene was found to be expressed at high levels during flowering, and was also expressed during the cold incubation in the activation of embryo germination, suggesting a probable role in embryonic development.ConclusionsThe early development from germination to the juvenile stage of olive seedlings occurred when plants reached a size around 6–7 nodes, and general changes of relevant groups of genes involved in development are described. An AGL-gene was proposed to be involved in germination repression. An APL1-like gene was found to have a probable role in embryonic development.

Mapping xylem failure in disparate organs of whole plants reveals extreme resistance in olive roots.

The capacity of plant species to resist xylem cavitation is an important determinant of resistance to drought, mortality thresholds, geographic distribution and productivity. Unravelling the role of xylem cavitation vulnerability in plant evolution and adaptation requires a clear understanding of how this key trait varies between the tissues of individuals and between individuals of species. Here, we examine questions of variation within individuals by measuring how cavitation moves between organs of individual plants. Using multiple cameras placed simultaneously on roots, stems and leaves, we were able to record systemic xylem cavitation during drying of individual olive plants. Unlike previous studies, we found a consistent pattern of root>stem>leaf in terms of xylem resistance to cavitation. The substantial variation in vulnerability to cavitation, evident among individuals, within individuals and within tissues of olive seedlings, was coordinated such that plants with more resistant roots also had more resistant leaves. Preservation of root integrity means that roots can continue to supply water for the regeneration of drought-damaged aerial tissues after post-drought rain. Furthermore, coordinated variation in vulnerability between leaf, stem and root in olive plants suggests a strong selective pressure to maintain a fixed order of cavitation during drought.

Foliar behavior of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) grafted and cut under the effect of salt stress

Olive ( Olea europaea L .) is an important perennial crop in many agricultural regions of the Mediterranean countries but it is planted, often in salty soils. In this context, the objective of this work is to determine the effect of salinity on the morpho-physiological behavior of young olive plants in cuttings and grafted plants, including two local varieties (Chemlal and Sigoise) and two introduced varieties (Manzanilla and Arbiquina). The experiment was conducted in a laboratory and greenhouse with a well-controlled condition. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design of two factors (salinity and varieties ) with four replications and two treatments. Not treated plants (without NaCl application) were utilized as control. The plant material (young 2-year-old olive seedlings) was selected and brought from a crop nursery. The experimentation started by the irrigation of the control plant with a nutrient solution. About the salinity treatment, the tree seedlings received a nutrient solution fortified by the addition of 100mM of NaCl. Four repetitions are being done according to the field capacity. The study covered the variation of the relative water content in leaves as well as the leaf surface, stomata density, stomatal size and the wax rate on the upper foliar epidermis. According to the achieved results, the RWC leaf area and stomatal density of the treated plants decreased compared to the control. On the other hand, the wax level increases in the case of salt stress compared to the control, both for the grafted plants and for the plants not grafted.

Effects of anthranilic acid on nickel absorption by olive (<i>Olea europaea</i>) seedlings replanted in hydroponic solutions

Effects of anthranilic acid on nickel absorption by olive (<i>Olea europaea</i>) seedlings replanted in hydroponic solutions

Response of olive seedlings for treatment with licorice and yeast extract

This search was conducted in the lath of the Department of Horticulture and landscape – College of Agriculture / Kerbala University for the summer season 2016 on olive seedlings Khadairytype (high Syrian oil type) to see the effect of treatment with licorice and yeast extracts in the growth and development of olive seedlings ; 27 olive seedlings with one year old planted in mixed in 5-kg perforated polyethylene bags were divided into three groups of three replicates and treated with three levels of licorice and yeast extracts (0, 4 and 8) g.L-1.
 A 3 × 3 experiment was carried out with (R.C.B.D). The results of the statistical analysis showed that the treatment with licorice was 8 g. L-1 was significant in both the number of leaves , respectively, while the treatment of licorice was 4 g. L -1 in the height of the plant by giving the highest rate, while the treatment of licorice (comparison) was 0 g. L-1 and the rest of the treatments in both stem diameter, dry and dry weight of the root mass respectively, while the yeast extract showed a concentration exceeding 4 g. L-1 on the rest of the treatments (plant height, stem diameter, wet and dry weight of total Vegetative and dry weight of the root total) sequentially. The treatment with yeast extract did not have any significant effect on the number of leaves and the area of ​​the leave.
 The interaction between the study coefficients also showed a significant effect on the different concentrations in all the studied traits, which in turn led to a positive effect of these treatments on the olive seedlings, which led to increased activity and stimulating growth for these seedlings throughout the research period.

Growth, nutrient acquisition, and physiological responses of three olive cultivars to induced salt stress

ABSTRACTThree olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars Nabali Baladi (NB), Nabali Muhassan (NM), and Grossi Di'Espagna (GE) were evaluated under salt stress. Seedlings were treated with salinity induced by a 3:1 ratio of calcium chloride and sodium chloride to four concentration levels measured as electrical conductivity (EC) [1.2, 4.1, 7.0, and 14.0 dS/m] for 122 days. Olive seedlings varied in their response to salinity. In all treatments, NB had the highest root; stem and leaf dry weights had among the highest total plant dry weights, specific stem length (SSL) and relative water content (RWC). NB seedlings maintained the highest stomatal conductance at 7.0 dS/m and highest chlorophyll index at 14.0 dS/m. Olive seedlings that tolerated salt tolerance developed mechanisms of nutrient acquisition and distribution in the organs, by storing minimal amounts of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) in the stems and loading the most in the leaves and roots.

Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling fatty acid composition in olive

Fatty acids are the main components of the olive oil and their composition has a critical influence on the oil quality. However, oil quality evaluation has not been frequently included in the selection of new bred cultivars. This can be due to the difficulties in analyzing oil quality in large set of genotypes and also to the long juvenile period of olive seedlings. Therefore, the identification of molecular markers associated to olive oil quality traits could facilitate their selection in breeding programs of this species. In the present work, the identification of the first QTLs for fatty acids on olive oil is reported. They have been located in a linkage map of a ‘Picual’ × ‘Arbequina’ progeny of the olive breeding program of Cordoba. Correlations among fatty acids are in agreement with previous reports of breeding progenies. QTLs found for oleic and linoleic acids explained 41.1 and 69.7% of the total variability, respectively, and were co-localized in the same linkage groups. In the same region, QTLs for monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and oleic/linoleic ratio were also identified. In other linkage groups, three QTLs for linolenic and one for palmitoleic acid were also located explaining 15.0–28.0% of the total variability. These results could be useful to increase the efficiency of breeding programs aimed at selecting new cultivars with high oleic acid content, and, therefore, with enhanced nutritional properties and oxidative stability of the olive oil.

Identification and characterization of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot of olive tree (Olea europaea) in Turkey

During 2015, 2016 surveys, unusual leaf spot symptoms were observed on Gemlik and Ayvalık varieties of olive trees in various orchards in Antalya province in the western Mediterranean region of Turkey. The symptoms appeared as powdery or mycelium-like spots with diameters ranging from 3 to 7 mm on the leaves and stems. The symptoms were observed only in the inner portion of the olive leaves or branches of the older trees, but found on every portion of the leaves of younger trees. The fungus was successfully isolated from the leaves and cultured in vitro. The colonies were white-grey airy mycelium with the mixture of green; and light dark brown inner zones which change to light dark brown; green in the later period of growth. Dark brown conidia in chains ranged from 7 to 45.9 μm in length were observed under microscopic examination. Molecularly, the isolates were subjected to both conventional and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using AaltFor/AaltRev, AAF2/AAR3 and ITS2/ITS4 primers which produced approximately 184, 346 and 560 bp, respectively for conventional PCR. The isolates also tested positive with SYBR Green dye and AaltFor/AaltRev primer pair in the Real-time PCR test. The isolates showed high similarity based on the ITS region sequence and the beta tubulin gene among the monophyletic clade of the A. alternata in the inner group and that of those of GenBank, ranged from 95 to 100% for all the three primers tested. The prevalence of the disease was estimated between 40 and 80% in three of the orchards. Pathogenicity of the fungus also produced a positive result on the two-year-old Gemlik and Ayvalık olive seedling varieties, confirming their pathogenic status. This is the first report implicating A. alternata as the causal agent of leaf spot disease of olive trees in Turkey.

Xylella fastidiosa Does Not Occur in Lebanon

AbstractXylella fastidiosa has been reported as responsible for a devastating disease on olive trees in Apulia region (south‐eastern Italy), characterized by a quick decline syndrome. In Lebanon, the pathogen was recently associated with leaf scorch symptoms on oleander, and reports on leaf scorch and dieback of olive trees branches by technicians and farmers have shown an increasing trend in the main agricultural areas. To assess the occurrence and distribution of the pathogen in Lebanon, samples of twigs from olive trees (82), olive seedlings (26), grapevine (30), oleander (32) and ornamentals imported from Italy (48) were analysed by isolation on four agarized media, serological techniques (ELISA and DTBIA) using Xylella fastidiosa‐specific antibodies and by PCR, using three specific sets of primers. Results unequivocally demonstrated that all the collected samples were free from the pathogen. As well, both detection protocols and attempts at isolating the pathogen on agarized media demonstrated that oleander samples gathered from American University campus in Beirut, where X. fastidiosa was previously reported, were not infected. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring and rigorous control measures of propagative materials are necessary to prevent the introduction of Xylella fastidiosa in Lebanon.

Crescimento vegetativo e teores de nutrientes em mudas de oliveira em competição com plantas daninhas

Olive tree has improved yield and production area in Brazil. However, little is known about the weeds impact on olive tree growth and nutrition. The study was carried out to evaluate the vegetative growth and nutrient contents in olive tree seedlings in competition with different weed species. The 2x5 factorial scheme was used, being the factors a combination of two olive cultivars (‘Arbequina’ and ‘Ascolano’) and four competing plant species, Brachiaria brizantha, Amaranthus retroflexus, Bidens pilosa, Cenchrus echinatus and one control treatment (without competition), distributed in a completely randomized design with four replications and the evaluations were carried out at 45 and 90 days after weed emergence. For each specie, the density of one competing plant per pot was established and the thinning was done immediately after weed emergence. The period of coexistence between olive cultivars and competing plants was 90 days after weed emergence. Weed competiton affectedolive seedlings growth, dry mass and nutrient accumulation.. ‘Ascolano’ was more tolerant to weed competition and A. retroflexus and B. pilosa were the species with the greater potential to competition with olive seedlings.

Reflexions on some aspects of the interactions among ROS, RNS, and Ca2+ in response to a mycorrhizal or a pathogenic fungus

In vivo redox activities in the apoplast of axenically cultured intact seedling roots (superoxide anion generation, and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities) in contact with the compatible arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) were clearly attenuated in comparison with those in contact with the pathogenic fungus (PF) or treated with MeJA, even at the early stages of treatment. Contact of roots with the AMF did not enhance the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoid glycosides), while contact with the PF significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of all phenolic fractions. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species both seemed to be involved in these responses from the first moments of contact, but the fluorescence imaging of roots showed that ROS were mainly accumulated in the apoplast while NO was mainly stored in the cytosol. In conclusion, intact olive seedling roots clearly differentiated between AMF and PF.

Plasticity in Vegetative Growth over Contrasted Growing Sites of an F1 Olive Tree Progeny during Its Juvenile Phase.

Climatic changes impact fruit tree growth and severely limit their production. Investigating the tree ability to cope with environmental variations is thus necessary to adapt breeding and management strategies in order to ensure sustainable production. In this study, we assessed the genetic parameters and genotype by environment interaction (GxE) during the early tree growth. One hundred and twenty olive seedlings derived from the cross ‘Olivière’ x ‘Arbequina’ were examined across two sites with contrasted environments, accounting for ontogenetic trends over three years. Models including the year of growth, branching order, environment, genotype effects, and their interactions were built with variance function and covariance structure of residuals when necessary. After selection of a model, broad sense heritabilities were estimated. Despite strong environmental effect on most traits, no GxE was found. Moreover, the internal structure of traits co-variation was similar in both sites. Ontogenetic growth variation, related to (i) the overall tree form and (ii) the growth and branching habit at growth unit scale, was not altered by the environment. Finally, a moderate to strong genetic control was identified for traits at the whole tree scale and at internode scale. Among all studied traits, the maximal internode length exhibited the highest heritability (H2 = 0.74). Considering the determinant role of this trait in tree architecture and its stability across environments, this study consolidates its relevance for breeding.

Effect of some nutrients in Olive seedlings growth that grown in desert lands

A study was conducted in one of the olive orchard at Al-Forat governorate in Heet city of Al-anbar province during the season 2014 to investigate the effect ofapplying the industrial chicken manure the Orgevit (P) and spraying the Reef PlantCare (V) on some vegetative growth traits of olive seedlings Ashrasi cultivar. Thirty sex identical seedlings as possible were chosen at age of two years with interspace of 6x6 m. The Orgevit was applied in the middle of March, while the Reef PlantCare was at monthly intervals, starting from the 1st of April to October the 1st . A factorial experiment was carried out in R.C.B.D. design (3×4) included 12 treatments repeated three times, using one tree for each experimental unit, The first factor (Orgevit) was used in three levels ( 0 , 0.5 and 1 kg.seedling-1 ), whereas the second factor was spraying with the Reef PlantCare in four levels (0 , 1 , 1.5 and 2 ml.l-1 ) . The results showed the Orgevit manure was significantly affected in growth of olive seedlings Ashrasi cultivar, especially the highest level used (P2) which showed the best values for all the studied traits (average of high increment, average of branches number increment, average of a new branches length, average of leaves number increment and branches dry matter percentage) which reached (11.7 cm, 11.83 branch.seedling-1 , 13.5 cm, 56.4 leaf.seedling-1 and 67.29%) respectively, only the average increment of stem diameter didn't show any significant difference. Treatment of spraying Reef PlantCare at the highest level (V3) was the best by giving the highest significant effect for the two traits (average of branches number increment and branches dry matter percentage) that reached 11.00 branch.seeedling-1 and 65.03%, respectively. Treatment V2 was came after and showed significant effect on traits (average of high increment, average of a new branches length and average of leaves number increment) that reached 11.8 cm, 13.4 cm and 54.7 leaf.seeedling-1, respectively. The interaction combinations gave a significant level for the all studied traits, the highest effects for most traits was for the interaction treatment P2V2