Olive Pruning Research Articles

Soluble Elements Released from Organic Wastes to Increase Available Nutrients for Soil and Crops

Member States of the European Union must ban burning arable stubble by 2023 and improve the recycling of organic waste into fertilizers and organic farming practices by 2030. The current lack of nutrients from soils and crops leads to food insecurity, human malnutrition and diseases. Consequently, innovative solutions are required, as technosols are constructed by waste. The objective of this paper is to educate on the nutrients that some pruning residues can provide. This work characterizes elemental composition, nutrients soluble fraction and physical and chemical properties of the following organic wastes: almond tree pruning, commercial peat substrate, olive tree pruning, pine needle, date palm leaf pruning, sewage sludge compost and vine pruning. The results show significant differences between macro (Na, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) content and their solubility. Sewage sludge compost, olive pruning and pine needle are the three residues with the highest presence of nutrients in their elemental composition. Nevertheless, if a farmer applies pruning residues as a nutritional supplement for crops, it will be key to finding the short-term soluble nutrient rate and synchronizing the nutritional requirement curve of a plant’s life cycle with its nutrient release. Consequently, organic waste (without composting treatment) obtains higher solubility rates, being date palm leaf residue the one with the greatest value. The solubility index of organic wastes can be significant in providing short-term nutrients to crops. Hence, our results can help in choosing the proper waste to enhance plant nutrient supply, mainly K, Ca, Mg and Na for crop nutrition, to ensure efficient biofertilization.

SUPPLY CHAINS FOR VALORIZATION OF OLIVE GROVE RESIDUES AND OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY BY-PRODUCTS: A REVIEW ON RESEARCH AND LITERATURE ON OLIVE BASED BIOECONOMY

The residual biomass produced in the olive sector is the result of the large quantity of olive groves and olive oil manufacturers that generate byproducts with a potentially high energy content. Until now, the disposal and management of pruning residues and olive oil by-products has generally represented disposal problems which lead to environmental problems rather than opportunities for additional revenue. In this context, this study aimed to define a roadmap for studies in Turkey to untap the potential of olive grove residues and olive oil industry by-products and residues, (i.e., olive tree prunings, olive leaves, olive pomace) that could be used to produce high-added value products in an integrated biorefinery or in a bioenergy power plant. This paper presents a review on recent research on the valorization of olive by-products in line with the circular economy principles and the bioeconomy strategy and presents the literature which applies to design and management of olive biomass supply chains. Main objective is to provide a conceptual framework for developing and deploying an effective bioeconomy utilizing olive prunings and olive oil industry byproducts conducting a preliminary review of the olive oil chain residues in Europe and Turkey comparatively, assessment of technical potentials, biomass supply costs and allocation of biomass collection sites and energy production facilities with different supply chain scenarios. Biomass resource assessment, biomass feedstock supply chain design and management, and logistics optimization require multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches. They need to be carried out properly in order to execute efficient projects in energy generation from biomass and/or extracting bio-commodities in biorefineries. Turkish researchers have adequate research on valorization methods for olive based biomass resources, but their studies are limited on general biomass supply chain design and particularly no research has been conducted for olive biomass resources. Taking all the aforementioned into account, the author proposes to conduct further studies on a biomass energy project including design of a supply chain network for energy valorization of olive grove residues and olive oil industry by-products in line with the common practice and being inspired by the leading countries like Spain and Italy, which will both contribute to circular business concept development and renewable energy capacity increase.

Process modelling and environmental assessment on the valorization of lignocellulosic waste to antimicrobials

The Sustainable Development Goals defined by the United Nations established a roadmap on the way to a sustainable society based on a circular economy in which the residual fractions of process streams emerge as raw materials for the provision of material goods and services. In this context, the approach of biorefineries as the technological scheme for processing integrally renewable resources stands out. Among the different target products, "bioactive" compounds have aroused great interest given their high added value. This work evaluates the environmental profile associated with the valorization of residual lignocellulosic waste streams: olive pruning and eucalyptus residues for the biotechnological production of nisin, an antimicrobial compound produced by Lactoccocus lactis with application in the food preservation and biomedical sectors. Process modelling in combination with Life Cycle Analysis allowed addressing the conceptual design and the environmental assessment of a full-scale production process. As a main conclusion, the technological feasibility of the valorization of waste fractions as sources of fermentable sugars in the biotechnological process has been demonstrated. Moreover, the integral use of the raw materials can allow not only the production of nisin as an economic driver, but also of other biotechnological products such as lactic acid and energy for the self-supply of the process. The main novelty of this manuscript is based on rethinking the valorization of lignocellulosic waste beyond energy recovery to obtain bioproducts with high added value in the market with applicability in the food sector. Although energy recovery is the most widely implemented end-of-life option, the use of lignocellulosic waste as fermentable sugars has been shown to improve sustainability and circularity outcomes.

Activated carbon from olive tree pruning residue for symmetric solid-state supercapacitor

The scientific community is focusing on developing supercapacitors with high capacitance, power and energy from waste-derived electrode materials and low-toxic aqueous electrolytes that can provide an advance in energy storage as well as the care for the environment. This work presents the development of a symmetric solid-state supercapacitor with activated carbon from olive pruning. Activated carbons were synthesized by chemical and physical methods varying their conditions. The physicochemical characterization determined that chemically activated carbons provided the highest surface areas, greater than 2000 m2 g−1. The electrochemical performance of chemically activated carbons was superior to physically activated carbons due to the high surface area and the developed pore structure that promote capacitances of up to 410 F g−1. Three symmetric solid-state supercapacitors with chemically activated carbon as electrode material and PVA-KOH hydrogel as electrolyte were assembled, and windows potential and drying time of the membrane were evaluated. An excellent performance supercapacitor was developed with electrode materials from olive pruning waste, which presented a capacitance of 1.15 F at 5 mA, a voltage of 1.2 V and equivalent series resistance of 1.42 Ω. These results present a promising way to develop competitive energy storage devices using agro-industrial waste to produce electrode materials.

Detection of Pseudophaeomoniella globosa, an Olive Trunk Pathogen, on Olive Pruning Debris.

Pseudophaeomoniella globosa has recently been identified as a pathogen contributing to olive trunk diseases in South Africa. Little is known regarding the biology and epidemiology of this pathogen. The aim of this study was to investigate whether olive pruning debris act as an inoculum source of P. globosa in established orchards. A nested species-specific PCR was developed for the detection of this pathogen on 138 samples of pruning debris collected from Paarl (40 wood pieces), Stellenbosch (42 wood pieces), and Worcester (56 pieces) in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Spore washes were made from the samples (5 to 10 cm in length), after which the nested species-specific primers were used to determine the presence of P. globosa on the wood. P. globosa was detected on 37.5% of the pruning debris collected from Paarl, 61.9% from Stellenbosch, and 39.3% from Worcester. The pruning debris that tested positive for P. globosa were evaluated visually by microscopic observations for P. globosa pycnidia. Dark-brown to black pycnidia were found. Conidia from these pycnidia were measured, cultured, and confirmed as P. globosa by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region. In this study, the pruning debris in established olive orchards were identified as inoculum sources of P. globosa. This study emphasizes the importance of additional means focused on reducing the inoculum sources of this pathogen in these orchards as an additional management strategy against olive trunk diseases.

Effects of Biochar on the Growth and Development of Tomato Seedlings and on the Response of Tomato Plants to the Infection of Systemic Viral Agents.

Biochar is a rich carbon product obtained by pyrolysis of biomass under a limited supply of oxygen. It is composed mainly of aromatic molecules, but its agronomic value is hard to evaluate and difficult to predict due to its great variable characteristics depending on the type of starting biomass and the conditions of pyrolysis. Anyway, it could be used as soil amendment because it increases the soil fertility of acidic soils, increases the agricultural productivity, and seems to provide protection against some foliar and soilborne diseases. In this study, the effects of biochar, obtained from olive pruning, have been evaluated on tomato seedlings growth and on their response to systemic agents' infection alone or added with beneficial microorganisms (Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma spp.). First, experimental data showed that biochar seems to promote the development of the tomato seedlings, especially at concentrations ranging from 1 to 20% (w/w with peat) without showing any antimicrobial effects on the beneficial soil bacteria at the tomato rhizosphere level and even improving their growth. Thus, those concentrations were used in growing tomato plants experimentally infected with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). The biochar effect was estimated by evaluating three parameters, namely, symptom expression, number of infected plants, and pathogen quantification, using RT-qPCR technique and −ΔΔCt analysis. Biochar at 10–15% and when added with Trichoderma spp. showed that it reduces the replication of PSTVd and the expression of symptoms even if it was not able to block the start of infection. The results obtained on TSWV-infected plants suggested that biochar could contribute to reducing both infection rate and virus replication. For systemic viral agents, such as PSTVd and TSWV, there are no curative control methods, and therefore, the use of prevention means, as can be assumed the use biochar, for example, in the nursery specialized in horticultural crops, can be of great help. These results can be an encouraging starting point to introduce complex biochar formulates among the sustainable managing strategies of plant systemic diseases.

Exploring cellulose nanocrystals obtained from olive tree wastes as sustainable crop protection tool against bacterial diseases

Nanomaterials in agriculture represent one of the most innovative method for protecting crops, due to possibility of being applied as nanopesticides or nanocarriers for active ingredients. Furthermore, nanotechnology could be combined with the concept of circular economy through the opportunity of obtaining highly technological nanometric materials starting from agro-industrial wastes. The present research evaluated the possibility of synthesizing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from olive pruning wastes through chemical bleaching, reusing them as sustainable tool to control the causal agent of the olive knot disease (Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi). CNCs showed an interesting in vitro effect in inhibiting bacterial growth and bacterial biofilm formation, as well as the ability of reducing bacterial epiphytic survival in a comparable way to copper sulphate on leaf surfaces, when used at 1% w/v. CNCs were at the same time investigated for their interaction with olive tree seedlings, showing no negative effects on leaf development, and a promising root uptake, indicating that CNCs could be used also as nanocarriers for active ingredients. Obtained results highlight the innovative possibility of designing sustainable plant protection strategies capable of revalorise lignocellulosic wastes, meaning a simultaneous low environmental impact thanks to reduction of traditional agrochemicals input.

Valorising Agricultural Residues through Pelletisation

The agricultural sector and its related production chains are good sources of residual biomass. Olive and vineyard pruning residues are present in high quantities in Italy. The limited bulk and energy densities of these biomass materials affect the harvesting and logistic costs, limiting energy and environmental sustainability. Pelletisation is the most efficient process for increasing bulk and energy densities. This study evaluates the pelletisation process of olive and vineyard prunings, pure, or blended with variable quantities of spruce sawdust. A 15 kW pelletisation system was chosen, in line with production at the farm level. The most important quality parameters of the produced agripellets were analyzed. The results of this investigation suggest that blending could valorize other biomass materials less suitable for pelletisation and reach the pellet quality required by Italian technical standards. The addition of pruning residues to spruce sawdust leads to an improvement in durability. Spruce sawdust pellets have a durability value of 78.4%. Adding 20% of olive prunings (S80O20) increases this value to 92.2, while adding 20% vineyard prunings (S80V20) increases this value up to 90.3. The addition of 20% of pruning residues significantly increased the length and decreased fines.

Large‐scale biomass storage for electricity generation: a comprehensive field‐test campaign in southern Spain

AbstractBiomass is a renewable energy source that, due to its strong seasonality, needs to be stored, handled, and managed under suitable conditions for its optimal use. Storage is therefore a key process in which biomass can lose many of its qualities as a fuel, but which can also serve to improve the condition of the resource. This paper presents results from a study to assess the effect of large‐scale storage on a range of different biomass resources that was carried out at an electricity generation plant located in southern Spain. It included a series of field tests carried out with different types of biomass resources, to observe the behavior of these products during storage and the changes in their main characteristics. Based on these results, recommendations have been proposed for the optimal storage management of each of the products. The testing program confirms that the initial moisture content of the biomass, particle size, and the leafy content are critical aspects to consider to avoid self‐ignition and dry matter losses. Biomass with high moisture content should therefore be stored in small stockpiles and should be consumed immediately. This is especially important in the case of olive leaves and pine prunings when they have a high initial moisture content. Stockpiles of drier biomass, such as dried olive pomace, fruit tree pruning or dried olive pruning can reach up to 1200 t and be stored for up to 6 months, under adequately controlled conditions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Homogeneous microwave-assisted carboxymethylation from totally chlorine free bleached olive tree pruning residues pulp

This study deals with a new methodology for the production of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from olive pruning residues, agricultural by-products. Cellulose was extracted by the soda?anthraquinone pulping process, and the pulp bleaching was performed using totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching. Then, CMC microwave-assisted synthesis was performed in a homogeneous media, using DMA/LiCl as a cellulose solvent. A Box?Behnken design was applied in order to evaluate which parameters of the carboxymethylation process (viz. reaction time, reaction temperature, and amount of monochloroacetic acid) affect the degree of substitution and the yield of the synthesis reaction of this cellulose derivative. Optimized conditions to yield CMC were determined based on the desirability function approach. The prepared materials under synthesis using the optimal conditions were characterized using several analytical tools, i.e., FTIR, TGA, DSC and SEM. This cellulose derivative was successfully fabricated by a fast and efficient microwave-assisted method and thus would provide many opportunities for diverse applications.

Effect of olive pruning residues on substrate temperature and production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Effect of olive pruning residues on substrate temperature and production of oyster mushroom (<i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>)

Combined effect of olive pruning residues and spent coffee grounds on Pleurotus ostreatus production, composition, and nutritional value.

No previous study assessed the combined effect of olive pruning residues (OLPR) and spent coffee grounds (SCG) on P. ostreatus production and nutritional value. The aim of this study was to determine the capacity of P. ostreatus to degrade lignocellulosic nature of combined OLPR and SCG as well as their resultant nutrient composition. A complete randomized design was adopted with five treatments: S1:100%wheat straw (WS) (control), S2:33%WS+33%SCG+33%OLPR,S3:66%WS+17%SCG+17%OLPR,S4:17%WS+66%SCG+17%OLPR, and S5:17%WS+17%SCG+66%OLPR, and ten replicates per treatment. Substrate’s and mushroom’s composition were analyzed on chemical scale, including fatty acids and heavy metals profiles, following international standards. Only S1, S2, and S3 were productive, with comparable biological yield, economical yield, and biological efficiency. Organic matter loss decreased with increasing proportions of OLPR and SCG. Percentage lignin loss was higher in S1 than in S2 and S3 (53.51, 26.25, and 46.15% respectively). Mushrooms of S3 had some enhanced nutritional attributes compared to control: decrease in fat, increase in protein, increase in monounsaturated fatty acids, and lower zinc accumulation. Lead was less accumulated in S2 than S1 mushrooms. Sodium content of mushroom decreased in S2 and S3. The latter substrates yielded mushrooms with lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and higher saturated fatty acids (SFA) contents. All mushrooms had a valuable PUFA/SFA. This study suggests using OLPR and SCG in low proportions as nutritional supplements to the commercial wheat straw.

Methodology for Olive Pruning Windrow Assessment Using 3D Time-of-Flight Camera

The management of olive pruning residue has shifted from burning to shredding, laying residues on soil, or harvesting residues for use as a derivative. The objective of this research is to develop, test, and validate a methodology to measure the dimensions, outline, and bulk volume of pruning residue windrows in olive orchards using both a manual and a 3D Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera. Trees were pruned using trunk shaker targeted pruning, from which two different branch sizes were selected to build two separate windrow treatments with the same pruning residue dose. Four windrows were built for each treatment, and four sampling points were selected along each windrow to take measurements using both manual and 3D ToF measurements. Windrow section outline could be defined using a polynomial or a triangular function, although manual measurement required processing with a polynomial function, especially for high windrow volumes. Different branch sizes provided to be significant differences for polynomial function coefficients, while no significant differences were found for windrow width. Bigger branches provided less bulk volume, which implied that these branches formed less porous windrows that smaller ones. Finally, manual and 3D ToF camera measurements were validated, giving an adequate performance for olive pruning residue windrow in-field assessment.

An Industrial Scale, Mechanical Process for Improving Pellet Quality and Biogas Production from Hazelnut and Olive Pruning

The effects of a mechanical process on the solid fuel quality and anaerobic biodegradability of hazelnut and olive pruning were determined. The feedstock was treated using a two-stage dry milling process, followed by fractionation into four different products. The coarser products from the processing of both the raw materials, named C and M, were notable for the high reduction in both the ash and nitrogen content. Therefore, for hazelnut, they met the requirement of the EN ISO 17225-2 standard for both the industrial and residential pellets, whereas C and M from olive processing met the requirements only for the industrial pellet. The raw materials and the finest products from processing, named F1 and F2, were anaerobically digested in batch reactors under mesophilic conditions. The F2 product from hazelnut processing reached a methane yield of 118.1 Nm3 tVS−1, corresponding to a +70.1% gain over the untreated substrate, whereas F2 from olive pruning processing reached 176.5 Nm3 tVS−1, corresponding to a methane yield gain of about +93.5% over the untreated raw material. These results suggest that the investigated process could be successfully used to improve the quality of pruning and establish new markets for them.

Does Biochar Alleviate Salt Stress Impact on Growth of Salt-Sensitive Crop Common Bean

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the role of biochar properties and application rate in the alleviation of negative impacts of salinity stress on the growth of salt-sensitive common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The biochar was obtained by slow pyrolysis of olive pruning at 400°C and characterized as high alkaline (9.3) and having a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) and low electrical conductivity (EC) with high porous surface morphology. Plants were grown in the greenhouse and subjected to different amounts of salt (0, 25, 50 mM NaCl) and biochar rate (0, 5, 15 t/ha). Salinity stress reduced shoot growth, biomass accumulation, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content, these parameters were ameliorated by biochar. Adverse effects of salinity on pod settings were also mitigated by biochar supplements. Salinity triggered oxidative stress monitored by increasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and cell membrane permeability of leaves were mitigated by only 5 t/ha biochar application in contrast 15 t/ha biochar extended oxidative stress level. Our results showed that biochar application may be a promising strategy to increase common bean growth under saline soils due to its specific physicochemical properties, particularly high Na+ adsorption capacity. However, the higher biochar application rate may augment the adverse effects of soil salinity for salt-sensitive bean growth due to its contribution to the cumulative EC level of the soil.

A techno-economic study of HTC processes coupled with power facilities and oxy-combustion systems

In this work, the effects on industrial plant viability of using olive pruning (OP) and off-specification compost (OSC) as HTC feedstock have been studied on 1) only HTC facilities and 2) HTC coupled to a Rankine cycle (with combustor/oxy-combustor). After the experimental tests, the best blend composition for hydrochar production in higher heating value (HHV) terms was 75% OP + 25% OSC, and the hydrochar yield was identified as a critical variable to be optimized in future research. Technical simulations revealed the inconvenience of using OP instead of the mentioned OP–OSC blend because it could increase the cost of electricity (COE) by 35.2 €/MWeh (combustion) vs. 49.5 €/MWeh (oxy-combustion). Additionally, the use of hydrochar as fuel in combustors could increase the total capital investment (TCI) by 3.5, and the COE by 171.0 €/MWeh (combustion) vs. 227.9 €/MWeh (oxy-combustion). HTC plants coupled to Rankine cycles presented a worse viability than that of hydrochar production alone, and the fuel price was identified as the most sensitive variable in terms of net present value (NPV). Finally, the best plant in terms of viability and sustainability is hydrochar production with thermal integration with a Rankine cycle, albeit with the need for an extra grant of 52.2 €/MWeh based on the study assumptions.

Assessment of wood chip combustion and emission behavior of different agricultural biomasses

The increased interest in using farm-grown biomass for energy production makes it necessary to expand and deepen knowledge on combustion of agricultural residues. The lack of data and studies on solid fuel quality, and combustion related emissions, represents an obstacle to the sustainable development of agricultural biomass industry. In the Mediterranean basin, large quantities of lignocellulosic biomass are obtained yearly from pruning operations carried out largely widespread in fruit plantations such as citrus, grapevine and olive orchards. The most common practice to eliminate this type of residue is the open burning, carried out directly on the field by farmers, without any emissions control or energy recovery. The aim of this study was to obtain a clear description of three different wood biomasses and their behavior during combustion. The physicochemical properties were studied to determine their influence on combustion emissions. Measurements were conducted in laboratory and subsequently carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), Total Organic Compounds (TOC), and particulate matter (PM) emissions were evaluated during combustion in a 30 kW boiler equipped with a multicyclone filter bags for emission abatement. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the data of biomass properties and emissions parameters in order to elucidate which feedstock features had a more determinant influence on the combustion process. Grapevine and citrus showed high N content and consequent high NOx production. Olive highlighted the best characteristics, high energetic potential and low emissions under regulation limits; in addition, olive pruning residues is the most available woodfuel in the Mediterranean area of Europe, confirming its great potential on agricultural biomass industry sustainable development.

Valorization of Olive Pruning Residues through Bioconversion into Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Ex Fr.) P. Kumm. (1871) of Improved Nutritional Value.

In several Mediterranean countries, olive pruning residues (OLPRs) are abandoned or burned leading to several environmental problems. Valorization of these agrowastes could be a challenge for the primary decomposer Pleurotus ostreatus, turning them into edible biomass. The OLPR was used alone (OLPR), or in mixtures with wheat straw (WS : OLPR 1 : 3 v/v and WS : OLPR 3 : 1 v/v). Mycelial colonization was hastened by 3.7 days in WS : OLPR 1 : 3 (v/v). Yields were comparable to control (WS) in WS : OLPR 3 : 1 (v/v). Organic matter loss decreased with increasing proportions of OLPR in substrates. The nutritional value of mushrooms was improved by lower fat and sodium contents, in WS : OLPR 1 : 3 (v/v) and WS : OLPR 3 : 1 (v/v), and higher total protein, crude fiber, iron, and total carbohydrates contents in WS : OLPR 3 : 1 (v/v), compared with those of control. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid, were the most abundant in mushrooms. Monounsaturated fatty acids increased in mushrooms of the substrates containing OLPR. A good predictive model of partial least square regression analysis showed different relationships of mushroom palmitic, oleic, linolenic, palmitoleic, and stearic acids with substrate composition. Findings suggested the use of OLPR as a supplement to commercial wheat straw and as a tool to reduce the negative impacts of their hazardous disposal on the environment.

Hydrothermal carbonization of waste biomass: An experimental comparison between process layouts

This paper contributes to the knowledge on waste biomass conversion processes occurring in the presence of hot compressed water. The experimental procedure detailed herein assesses different process schemes based on the low-temperature reaction known as hydrothermal carbonization. The performances of two lab-scale reactor configurations, with and without a downstream flash expansion step, were evaluated and compared. Each setup was tested with six different types of waste biomass. Fir, beech, and olive prunings are representative of lignocellulosic raw materials, while potato, pea, and carrot are representative of non-lignocellulosic wastes from processing in the local agro-food industry. The batch reactions (200 °C, water/solid = 7/1) were carried out for up to 120 min. The hydrochars were characterized by elemental composition, humidity, heating value, and mass and energy yields. The extent of difference between the results obtained for the two procedures varied significantly with the material treated. At a residence time of 30 min, the solid yields increased due to expansion, ranging from 10 to 36% for lignocellulosic material and 50 to 220% for agro-food industry scraps. The downstream flash expansion step causes an increase of the solid yields, especially for hydrochars from lignocellulosic materials, leading to higher energy recovered compared to the configuration without expansion. Lignocellulosic and agro-food wastes behaved dissimilarly, likely because of different hydrothermal reaction pathways. The additional expansion step can considerably increase the efficiency of energy recovery in full-scale plants, the extent of which depends on the biomass waste substrate used.

A GIS Approach to Locate a Small Size Biomass Plant Powered by Olive Pruning and to Estimate Supply Chain Costs

A GIS Approach to Locate a Small Size Biomass Plant Powered by Olive Pruning and to Estimate Supply Chain Costs