Olive Oil Wastewater Research Articles

Valorization of Different Clays Used in the Treatment of Oily Wastewater in the Development of Construction Products

AbstractThe aim of this research is to study the feasibility of using clays used in the decontamination of wastewater containing olive oil wastewater (OOW), new lubricating oil (NOW) or motor oil (MOW) in the manufacture of ceramic bricks. Three types of clays were used for filtration, kaolinite type clay (KT), smectite type clay (CT) both from Tunisia and illitic chloritic clay (CS) from Jaén (Spain). These clays containing different types of oils, as well as the control clays, were used in the manufacture of bricks fired at 900 °C. These bricks were characterized by physical, mechanical and thermal tests. The sintered microstructure’s evolution was followed by tracked through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The results indicate that the specific type of clay used influences the technological characteristics of the bricks. The use of CT clay gives rise to increase bulk density, greater compressive strength, and reduced apparent porosity and water absorption. The use of clays used in the decontamination of water containing oils produced a decrease in bulk density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity and leads to an increase in apparent porosity and water absorption in the order OOW > NOW > MOW according to the total organic carbon content (TOC). Therefore, the use of clays used in the filtration of water that contain different oils can represent a promising way of valorizing this waste, which can alleviate the environmental impact and represents economic savings for the industry of construction materials with properties of thermal insulation, getting closer to a circular economy.

From Waste to Health: Olive Mill Wastewater for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention.

Waste from the agri-food chain represents a valuable reservoir of organic compounds with health-promoting properties. Momast Plus 30 Bio (MP30B) is a derivative obtained from olive-oil wastewater. Its enrichment in hydroxytyrosol (HT) via a patented technique has paved the way for its potential application as a dietary supplement in preventing cardiovascular diseases. MP30B demonstrates no significant alteration in cardiac and vascular parameters in "ex vivo" studies. However, it exhibits a strong ability to remove reactive oxygen species and exerts anti-inflammatory effects, notably reducing the concentration of iNOS and mitigating heart infections in "in vitro" experiments. Furthermore, MP30B slightly decreases the stiffness of the "ex vivo" thoracic aorta, potentially resulting in lowered arterial pressure and enhanced energy transfer to a normal ventricle. Based on these findings, we posit MP30B as a promising extract for cardiovascular disease prevention, and its specific antibacterial properties suggest its utility in preventing cardiac infections.

Oczyszczanie i waloryzacja ścieków z wytłoczyn z oliwek

Wastewater generated during the production of pomace olive oil is complex and highly variable due to different cultivation and processing characteristics. It has a high toxic organic load, low pH, and high chemical and biological demands. To reduce the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phenolic compounds (TPh) in pomace olive oil wastewater, several treatment processes have been studied. These include: (i) coagulation/flocculation, (ii) electrocoagulation, (iii) peroxy-electrocoagulation, (iv) electrochemical peroxidation, (v) Fenton, (vi) electro-Fenton, (vii) photo-Fenton, and (viii) adsorption. Coagulation/flocculation and electrocoagulation resulted in a maximum COD removal of 16%, while techniques involving the addition of hydrogen peroxide (iii-vii) had an average of 78% TPh removal but only 20% COD removal. Adsorption resulted in a maximum of 29% COD and 75% TPh removal. None of the tested techniques were able to remove more than 50% of COD, indicating the difficulty of removing organic matter in this effluent. However, advanced oxidation techniques were effective in degrading phenolic compounds, although they required relatively high dosages of oxidant.

A STUDY OF PHYSICO CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WASTE WATER OF OLIVE OIL REFINERY, LUNKARANSAR, BIKANER, RAJASTHAN, INDIA

The olive oil refinery is situated at Lunkaransar tehsil of Bikaner. The cold press method is used for oil extraction, which generates 20 to 25% olive oil and 75 to 80% waste water and solid waste. This waste water and solid waste has spread out in nearby agriculture land. So, to find out whether this waste water is useful or not, we have made an attempt to analyze the waste water. For this purpose, we have analyzed the physico-chemical parameters like pH, EC, Turbidity, BOD, COD, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2 of olive oil waste water. The samples were collected from the origin site of refinery. The analyses of pH, EC were determined by Potentiometric method. BOD, COD were analyzed by titrimetric method. Metal ions Ca+2, Mg+2 were determined by EDTA titrimetric method and Na+, K+ by flame photometer. The results showed that pH of sample is very acidic (3.7 to 4.1 range). EC value is quite higher. Metal ions like Na+, K+ are present in large quantities.

From antiquity to contemporary times: how olive oil by-products and waste water can contribute to health.

Since antiquity, numerous advantages of olive oil and its by-products have been recognized in various domains, including cooking, skincare, and healthcare. Extra virgin olive oil is a crucial component of the Mediterranean diet; several of its compounds exert antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects against a variety of cancers, and also affect cellular metabolism, targeting cancer cells through their metabolic derangements. Numerous olive tree parts, including leaves, can contribute metabolites useful to human health. Olive mill waste water (OMWW), a dark and pungent liquid residue produced in vast amounts during olive oil extraction, contains high organic matter concentrations that may seriously contaminate the soil and surrounding waters if not managed properly. However, OMWW is a rich source of phytochemicals with various health benefits. In ancient Rome, the farmers would employ what was known as amurca, a mulch-like by-product of olive oil production, for many purposes and applications. Several studies have investigated anti-angiogenic and chemopreventive activities of OMWW extracts. The most prevalent polyphenol in OMWW extracts is hydroxytyrosol (HT). Verbascoside and oleuperin are also abundant. We assessed the impact of one such extract, A009, on endothelial cells (HUVEC) and cancer cells. A009 was anti-angiogenic in several in vitro assays (growth, migration, adhesion) and inhibited angiogenesis in vivo, outperforming HT alone. A009 inhibited cells from several tumors in vitro and in vivo and showed potential cardioprotective effects mitigating cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapy drugs, commonly used in cancer treatment, and reducing up-regulation of pro-inflammatory markers in cardiomyocytes. Extracts from OMWW and other olive by-products have been evaluated for biological activities by various international research teams. The results obtained make them promising candidates for further development as nutraceutical and cosmeceutical agents or dietary supplement, especially in cancer prevention or even in co-treatments with anti-cancer drugs. Furthermore, their potential to offer cardioprotective benefits opens up avenues for application in the field of cardio-oncology.

Zeytinyağı Üretim Atıklarının Yün Boyamacılığında Kullanım Olanaklarının Araştırılması

In this research, the dyeability of wool fabrics by using olive oil production waste was investigated. In this study, olive oil wastes were separated into two components as olive oil wastewater and pomace by filtration method. 100 % wool fabrics were dyed with conventional method with olive oil wastewater. In addition, the pre-mordanting method was preferred as the mordanting method. Alum, ferrous sulphate, tannic acid and tartaric acid were used as mordant materials, and various mordant concentrations and different mordant durations were studied. In dyeing, 100 % olive oil wastewater was used as dyeing liquor and all dyes were dyed in 1:20 liquor ratio. Color analyses of dyed fabrics were made, CIEL*a*b* and K/S values were examined. In addition, the coloring agents in olive oil wastewater were investigated by HPLC analysis. Light fastness, washing fastness, wet and dry rubbing fastness, acidic and alkaline perspiration fastness and water stain fastness were investigated.

Investigation of the usage of waste materials and By-Products as grinding aids in calcite grinding

Along with the increasing importance of water worldwide, it is thought that developments in fine grinding processes performed by dry grinding and using grinding aids are too essential to be ignored. Indeed, grinding chemicals in the form of pure or commercial mixtures are intensively used in mineral processing plants in dry grinding systems to micronized sizes, e.g., dry grinding of calcite to micronized sizes. This study investigated the usage of olive pomace oil (OPO) and olive waste water (OWW), waste/by-products of the olive oil industry, as grinding aids in the dry grinding of calcite to micronized sizes using a laboratory-scale stirred ball mill and compared them with pure and commercial grinding aids. The test results were evaluated in terms of product fineness, powder flowability, color factor, surface adsorption characteristics, and agglomeration behavior. The study revealed that using any of the grinding aids tested improved the grinding process in comparison with the no aid condition. It was understood from the experiments and analyses that using OPO and OWW as grinding aids positively affected grinding performance. Particularly, the particle size analyses showed that the product fineness obtained in dry grinding tests was close to that obtained with commercial and pure grinding aids. Considering all the investigated grinding aids (except for OWW), powder flowability increased with the increasing concentration of the grinding aid. Remarkably, the OWW results demonstrated that the increase in dosage was not beneficial in terms of the ffp index. However, the enhancement of particle size was obvious. When evaluated in terms of product quality, four types of grinding aids increased total color differences with respect to feeding material and no aid test. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) conducted to determine the interaction between particle surfaces and grinding aids indicated that the grinding aids used in this study were adsorbed on the calcite surfaces by their non-polar, polar functional group and hydroxyl group. The analysis, in which the agglomeration phenomenon was examined with SEM (scanning electron microscopy) images, revealed that using grinding aids reduced the formation of agglomerates in comparison with the no grinding aid condition.

Abstract 4044: An extract of olive oil wastewater enhances chemotherapy effects on breast cancer cells without exacerbating cardiovascular toxicity

Abstract Background: In cancer patients receiving chemotherapeutic agents, cardiovascular toxicities still remains one of the most undesirable side effects. One of the best known cardiotoxic agents is doxorubicin, a very powerful chemotherapeutic molecules for breast cancer. Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is rich in cancer preventive polyphenols endowed with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant activities which could exert protective effects on heart cells. A very interesting derivative of EVOO preparation is represented by purified extracts from olive mill waste waters (OMWW) rich in polyphenols. Here, we have investigated the anti-cancer activity of a OMWW preparation, named A009, on breast cancer cells when combined with chemotherapeutics, as well as its potential cardioprotective activities. We had previously reported additive effects with cisplatin in prostate cancer cells. In previous studies we have shown that the combination of A009 with cisplatin or 5-FU was effective in decreasing prostate and colon cancer cell growth, while it did not further reduce growth of rat cardiomyocytes also treated with cisplatin or 5-FU. Here we used 5-fluorouracil as comparison. Methods: Combination of A009 and chemotherapy was investigated in vitro on human breast cancer cell lines BT459, MDA-MB-234. The cardioprotective effects of the A009 extract were tested on H9C2 (cardiomyocytes) cells co-exposed to doxorubicin or 5-fluorouracil and in zebrafish embryos. Results: Adding A009 to doxorubicin or 5-FU was effective in decreasing breast cancer cell growth in monolayer. Breast tumor spheroids morphologically appeared less stable and with reduced diameter when treated with A009 extracts and with the chemotherapeutic agents 5-FU or Doxo, additive effects were observed. A009 mitigated toxicity of doxorubicin or 5-FU on rat cardiomyocytes cells H9C2. Cardioprotective effects were observed by the combination of OMWW extracts with Doxorubicin in Zebrafish embryos. In human cardiomyocytes, we observed 5-FU induced upregulation of the proinflammatory IL6 mRNA, which was reduced by OMWW treatment. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the polyphenol rich purified A009 extracts enhance the effect of chemotherapy of doxorubicin and 5-FU on breast cancer cells but mitigates chemotherapy adverse effects on heart in vivo and on cardiomyocytes, appearing as a potential cardio-oncological prevenzion agent. Citation Format: Adriana Albini, Marco M. Festa, Denisa Baci, Nadia Benedetto, Karolina Gutmanska, Nicoletta Macrì, Giovanna Finzi, Fausto Sessa, Serena Zacchigna, Antonino Bruno, Douglas M. Noonan. An extract of olive oil wastewater enhances chemotherapy effects on breast cancer cells without exacerbating cardiovascular toxicity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 4044.

Zeytinyağı Üretim Atıklarının Biyolojik Aktiviteleri ve Gıdalarda Kullanım Potansiyeli

During the production of olive oil two types of waste are generated: wastewater and olive pomace. Since these wastes have high biochemical and chemical oxygen needs, they have harmful effects on the environment. However, in addition to these damages, many bioactive compounds in olive are transferred to wastewater and pomace during oil processing. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein are bioactive components that are dominantly found in both olive oil wastewater and pomace, and these compounds have many bioactivities that positively affect human health. As a result of scientific studies, it has been proven that hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein compounds exhibit various bioactivities such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effect, cardioprotective effect, neuroprotective effect, chemoprevention properties, antidiabetic effect, antimicrobial and antiviral effect. These wastes are recycled in various sectors such as food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals due to the bioactive components they contain. It has been reported by scientific studies that wastewater and pomace contain phenolic compounds, pectic polysaccharides and fibers. These can be used as natural preservatives, antioxidants, food enrichers, packaging materials in the food industry. In this review, the production methods, chemical and biological properties of olive oil wastewater and pomace and studies investigating the use potential of these wastes in the food sector are compiled.

Sustainable vs. Conventional Approach for Olive Oil Wastewater Management: A Review of the State of the Art

The main goal of this review is to collect and analyze the recently published research concerning the conventional and sustainable treatment processes for olive mill wastewater (OMW). In the conventional treatment processes, it is noticed that the main objective is to meet the environmental regulations for remediated wastewater without considering the economical values of its valuable constituents such as polyphenols. These substances have many important environmental values and could be used in many vital applications. Conversely, sustainable treatment processes aim to recover the valuable constituents through different processes and then treat the residual wastewater. Both approaches’ operational and design parameters were analyzed to generalize their advantages and possible applications. A valorization-treatment approach for OMW is expected to make it a sustainable resource for ingredients of high economical value that could lead to a profitable business. In addition, inclusion of a recovery process will detoxify the residual OMW, simplify its management treatment, and allow the possible reuse of the vast amounts of processed water. In a nutshell, the proposed approach led to zero waste with a closed water cycle development.

Potential of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater as a Source of Polyphenols for the Treatment of Skin Disorders: A Review.

Current trends toward naturally occurring compounds of therapeutic interest have contributed to an increasing number of studies on olive oil phenolics in the treatment of diseases with oxidative and inflammatory origins. Recent focus has been on olive oil wastewater, which is richer in phenolic compounds than olive oil itself. In this review, we present findings demonstrating the potential use of olive mill wastewater in dermatology. Particular attention is given to compounds with proven benefits in topical pharmacology: caffeic and ferulic acids, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, and oleuropein. The review is divided into different sections: inflammatory skin diseases, microbial effects, wound healing in addition to the antimelanoma properties of olive mill waste phenolics, and their potential in sun protection agents. There is strong evidence to support further studies into the valorization of this abundant and sustainable source of phenolic compounds for use in dermatology and dermo-cosmetic preparations.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Presents Multiple Vital Changes in Its Proteome in the Presence of 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, a Promising Antimicrobial Agent.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a widely distributed opportunistic pathogen, is an important threat to human health for causing serious infections worldwide. Due to its antibiotic resistance and virulence factors, it is so difficult to combat this bacterium; thus, new antimicrobial agents are in search. 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPAA), which is a phenolic acid mostly found in olive oil wastewater, can be a promising candidate with its dose-dependent antimicrobial properties. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of action is crucial for future examinations and the presentation of 3-HPAA as a new agent. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of 3-HPAA on P. aeruginosa and its action mechanism was investigated via shot-gun proteomics. The data, which are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD016243, were examined by STRING analysis to determine the interaction networks of proteins. KEGG Pathway enrichment analysis via the DAVID bioinformatics tool was also performed to investigate the metabolic pathways that undetected and newly detected groups of the proteins. The results displayed remarkable changes after 3-HPAA exposure in the protein profile of P. aeruginosa related to DNA replication and repair, RNA modifications, ribosomes and proteins, cell envelope, oxidative stress, as well as nutrient availability. 3-HPAA showed its antimicrobial action on P. aeruginosa by affecting multiple bacterial processes; hence, it could be categorized as a multitarget antimicrobial agent.

Utilization of Olive Oil Processing Waste Composts in Organic Tomato Seedling Production

Olive oil byproducts show differences according to the olive oil extraction systems, which are called olive mill solid wastes, olive oil wastewater and olive oil wastewater sludge. Three different kinds of composts, including two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes, and olive oil wastewater sludge were produced with separated dairy manure, poultry manure, and straw. The composts obtained from two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes and olive oil wastewater sludge were named as two-phase, three-phase, and water sludge composts, respectively. They were separately enriched by rock phosphate and potassium salt. These composts were mixed with peat in a ratio of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (v/v). Tomato seeds were sown in all mixtures on 3 February 2016. All the seeds were sown into 2 trays and each plug included 2 replicates. The trays were left in a germination room for 3 days, then moved to a heated greenhouse which is specialized for growing seedlings, and the seedlings were grown there for 3 weeks. The results showed that increasing compost ratios in the growing medium and also the enrichment of the growing medium increased organic matter content, electrical conductivity, and macro and micro nutrient concentrations. The germination period lasted longer with increasing compost ratios. The shoot length was lower at a compost ratio of over 50% excluding water sludge compost, which reacted to over 75%. The highest plant dry weights were obtained in the plants grown on the media with compost ratios of 50%, 25%, and 25% for water sludge compost, enriched two-phase compost, and enriched three-phase compost, respectively. We concluded that the composts obtained from two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes and olive oil waste water sludge can be used without any need of enrichment and a ratio of 25% was found appropriate in most of the measured properties.

Potential of the bivalve Corbicula fluminea for the remediation of olive oil wastewaters

Abstract Bioremediation has been arising as a successful wastewater treatment concerning contamination events. Olive oil mill wastewaters (OOMW) are amongst the most concerning industrial wastewaters in the Mediterranean region mainly due to its seasonally intense production volumes, leading to numerous problems in recipient freshwater systems and soils. Bivalves present one of the most attractive solutions to integrate remediation strategies owing to their notable filtration capabilities and often their extensive tolerance to several chemical contaminants. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of Corbicula fluminea, a freshwater invasive bivalve, as a bioremediation agent towards OOMW. In this way, C. fluminea was exposed to a sample of this wastewater, and untreated and biotreated fractions were compared in terms of (i) their chemical composition; (ii) bioaccumulation in bivalve soft tissues and shells; and, finally, (iii) ecotoxicity, using standard organisms (bacteria, microalgae, macrophytes and cladocerans). The clam operated significant removal from OOMW of compounds holding OH and NH groups (e.g. phenols and amides) or C O, C C and C N groups (e.g. protein contents), as well as aliphatic compounds by more than half of the initial levels, as read by FTIR analysis. Corresponding transference into clams’ soft tissues can be suggested especially regarding proteins and phosphate groups, with metabolic transformation possibly explaining inconsistencies to some extent; the clam shells were also enriched in compounds bearing carboxyl, hydroxyl and phenol groups, to a lower extent in aliphatic compounds, proteins and polysaccharides, supporting that soft tissues and shells are proper recipients for the olive oil contaminants. Consistently, COD content was reduced by 89% and OOMW toxicity was generally reduced with the biotreatment, remarkably in tests with Lemna minor, where growth rate inhibition decreased from 100% to 60%. Overall, this study presents the first approach linking OOMW with C. fluminea as a potential bioremediation agent, with promising results regarding the use of this bivalve in remediation strategies.

Evaluation of enrichment with antioxidants from olive oil mill wastes in hydrophilic model system

Agro food industry generates significant amounts of by-products, as olive oil mill waste waters (OMWW), which could be valorize for their extraordinary content of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant stability of a hydrophilic model system with the possibility to create a functional beverage. The study was divided into different steps: extraction of phenolic compounds (PCs) from olive oil waste waters, formulation of enriched water fortified with phenolic extract (PE) (50 and 100 mg tyrosol/L), and evaluation of its physicochemical and antioxidant parameters during storage. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography was used for the evaluation of single phenols present in the extract, and the highest content was observed for tyrosol (12.9 g/L). The results of this study showed that antioxidant capacity measured by diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ABTS assays is relatively stable during the storage in the samples enriched with lower concentration of PE (50 mg tyrosol/L). Practical applications The olive oil industry generates huge quantities of waste, with shown significant amounts of by-products that are discarded and can be a serious environmental problem. This food by-products are an extraordinary source of bioactive compounds, which can be recovered in order to produce valuable metabolites via chemical and biotechnological processes. The study demonstrated that the OMWW have a high concentration of PC and antioxidant activity. These antioxidant compounds can be used in the food industry for the production of beverages and/or enriched foods.

Degradation of olive mill wastewater by different methods and antioxidant activity of olive mill wastewater extraction

Olive wastewater (OMW) is an important environmental problem due to the high phenol level and contains organic substances such as sugars, organic acids, polyalcohols, pectins, colloids, tannins, and lipids. Removing OMW is difficult because of the high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand, and phenolic compounds. In this study, we concentrated on the degradation of OMW to solve this problem. The degradation of OMW at high pressure and temperature (with H2O2 and without H2O2), at room temperature and atmospheric pressure with H2O2, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure with O3, and with ultrasound-assisted ozonation, was investigated by means of COD, phenolic compounds, and sulfur analyses. The results showed that the method of high pressure and temperature with H2O2 was the most successful. H2O2 at high pressure (O2) and temperature removed 89.2% of COD, 91.5% of phenolic compounds, and color of OMW. With this result, we showed that the use of O2 atmosphere instead of N2 is important for degradation and also especially for color removing. In addition, the antioxidant property of OMW was also examined. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of the extracts revealed vibration bands corresponding to acid, alcohol, and ketone groups. The results showed that high pressure and temperature treatment is very effective for removing phenolic compounds from olive oil wastewater. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging potential of OMW in the Cukurova area of Turkey was studied and the IC50 value of OMW was determined to be 118 µg/mL.

Assessment of technology modification for olive oil sector through mass balance: A case study for Turkey

Abstract Olive oil production plays an important role in the economies of Mediterranean countries. However, the environmental impact of the sector is significant due to highly recalcitrant and polluted characteristics of its wastewater. In this study, mass balance equations were formulated to estimate water consumption, olive oil yield, and wastewater and pomace generation. The mass balance equations indicated that a two-phase production process with 4,000 tons of olives revealed a water consumption by 1,360 m3 and a generation of wastewater by 1,120 m3 and of pomace by 3,280 tons; while a three-phase production process with 4,000 tons of olives revealed a water consumption by 3,760 m3 and a generation of wastewater by 4,776 m3 and of pomace by 2,036 tons. It is predicted that a switch from three-phase to two-phase processing technology in Turkey will result in a water usage decrease by 59%, a wastewater generation decrease by 70% and a COD load reduction by 98.7%, while increasing the pomace generation by 36%. The estimated total cost of the technology switch from a three-phase operation with a capacity of 4,000 tons of olives/season varies from €50,000 to €150,000 depending on the decanter technology used. The overall cost of switching to the two-phase technology for the entire sector in Turkey is estimated to range from 17 million Euros to 25 million Euros. The calculation method developed in this study may help olive oil producers to determine an optimal production process.

Genotoxic effects of olive oil wastewater on sunflower

The aim of this study is to determine in detail the genotoxic effects of Olive Oil Wastewater (OOWW) on sunflower. For this reason, different concentrations of OOWW (1/1,1/10,1/100) were applied as irrigation water to sunflowers at different times (3-day, 5-day, 10-day). In the plants taken during these times, RAPD-based genomic template stability (GTS) assays and gene expression (transcriptomic) levels of different free radical scavenging enzyme genes (SOD, CAT, SOD2, GST, GPX, APX), protein repair/chaperoning genes (HSP26, HSP70, HSP83), N metabolism gene (GS) and apoptotic genes (BAX, BCL2, BCLXL, CYT-C, XIAP) were compared to the those of the control (OOWW-free) group. As a result; The GTS rates seemed to be fairly lower than the control and therefore the OOWW was likely to cause significant damage to the DNA's nucleotide and genomic structure, and the GTS value increased inversely proportional when the OOWW concentration was reduced from 1/1 to 1/10, and after a 10-day application, it seemed to be partly healing. In transcriptomic analysis; all OOWW experiments caused a free radical threat, and especially in 5-day OOWW applications, this raised significantly almost all expressions of antioxidants, protein repair, N metabolism, and apoptotic genes. So, the damages of 5-day OOWW treatments were found to be relatively more than those of 3-day treatments. Regarding 10-day transcriptomic data; a partial repair was found. Additionally, it was determined that the values of B, F, Al, Mn, Ni, Cr, As, Se, Cd, Pb and total polyphenols were high in OOWW. Our findings were also supported by plant images and various heavy metals’ and OOWW polyphenols’ toxicity results. Our results pointed to key findings in OOWW genotoxicology.

Effect of phenols extracted from a by-product of the oil mill on the shelf-life of raw and cooked fresh pork sausages in the absence of chemical additives

Replacing chemical additives in meat preparations with natural compounds is a matter of great interest today, both to consumers and to the food sector. The effect of an extract rich in phenols obtained from olive vegetation water (an agricultural by-product) on the pH, weight loss after cooking, diacylglycerols (DAGs), peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) of raw and cooked fresh pork sausages prepared without chemical additives was evaluated before and after aerobic storage at 2 ± 2 °C for 14 d. Adding the extract at concentrations of 0.075 and 0.15 g/100 g resulted in a decrease in pH, DAGs, POV, TBARS and COPs; notably, the COPs levels were 4- and 17-fold lower in raw and cooked sausages, respectively. Sensory analysis revealed significant differences between control samples and those enriched with the extract, but the enriched samples were never considered unpleasant by the panellists. Storing the raw sausages for 14 d and subsequently cooking them led to 58% and 49% decreases in phenols, respectively. The purified phenols from olive oil wastewater proved to be an effective antioxidant, thus demonstrating themselves to be a potential ingredient to ensure the quality and safety of meat preparations.

Effects of composts obtained from olive oil production wastes on organic tomato seedling production

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate by-products of olive oil production in compost production and to test them in different rates as tomato ('Melis') seedling growing medium. Therefore, three different types of olive oil production wastes (two-phase and three phase olive mill wastes and olive oil waste water sludge) were composted with separated dairy manure, poultry manure, and straw using aerated static pile composting methods to obtain three different types of composts separately. Additionally, each compost was enriched with cotton seed meal, potassium salt, and rock phosphate. In the experiments, different rates (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of six different composts were added to peat which is locally available. Seeds were sown on July 21, 2015. Each treatment had 4 replicates and each replicate included 64 plants in a tray. Seedlings were fertilized by liquid composted farmyard manure and seedlings were ready for transplanting after a month. Some physical and chemical properties of each growing medium, germination rate of seeds and seedling vigor were determined. Germination period extended with the increase of compost rates in peat. Compost materials obtained from the mixture of olive oil production wastes were found to be appropriate in composting without a need of enrichment and their performances were close each other due to the changes in terms of their effects on tested characteristics. However, results were promising in order to be able to evaluate the olive oil wastes in seedling production and a rate of 25% could be proposed.