Olive Leaves Research Articles

Exploring a Sustainable Process for Polyphenol Extraction from Olive Leaves.

Olive leaves are residues from pruning and harvesting and are considered an environmental management problems. Interestingly, these residues contain high polyphenol concentrations, which can be used to treat chronic diseases. However, these compounds are a technological challenge due to their thermolability and reactivity during extraction. Thus, this study assessed the use of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with green solvents like water-ethanol and water-glycerol mixtures (0-15%) at 50 °C and 70 °C to yield polyphenol-rich antioxidant extracts with reduced glucose and fructose content. The use of 30% ethanol at 70°C presented the highest polyphenol content (15.29 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight) and antioxidant capacity, which was expressed as IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration): 5.49 mg/mL and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC): 1259 μmol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight, as well as lower sugar content (glucose: 3.75 mg/g dry weight, fructose: 5.68 mg/g dry weight) compared to water-glycerol mixtures. Interestingly, ethanol exhibits a higher degree of effectiveness in recovering flavanols, stilbenes and secoiridoids, while glycerol improves the extraction of phenolic acids and flavonols. Therefore, to enhance the efficiency of polyphenol recovery during the PLE process, it is necessary to consider its solvent composition and chemical structure.

3D-Printed Alginate/Pectin-Based Patches Loaded with Olive Leaf Extracts for Wound Healing Applications: Development, Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Biological Properties.

Traditional wound dressings may lack suitability for diverse wound types and individual patient requirements. In this context, this study aimed to innovate wound care by developing a 3D-printed patch using alginate and pectin and incorporating Olive Leaf Extract (OLE) as an active ingredient. Different polymer-to-plasticizer ratios were systematically examined to formulate a printable ink with optimal viscosity. The resultant film, enriched with OLE, exhibited a substantial polyphenolic content of 13.15 ± 0.41 mg CAE/g, showcasing significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Notably, the film demonstrated potent scavenging abilities against DPPH, ABTS, and NO radicals, with IC50 values of 0.66 ± 0.07, 0.47 ± 0.04, and 2.02 ± 0.14 mg/mL, respectively. In vitro release and diffusion studies were carried out and the release profiles revealed an almost complete release of polyphenols from the patch within 48 h. Additionally, the fabricated film exhibited the capacity to enhance cell motility and accelerate wound healing, evidenced by increased collagen I expression in BJ fibroblast cells. Structural assessments affirmed the ability of the patch to absorb exudates and maintain the optimal moisture balance, while biocompatibility studies underscored its suitability for biomedical applications. These compelling findings endorse the potential application of the developed film in advanced wound care, with the prospect of tailoring patches to individual patient needs.

Assessment of olive leaf extract–mediated chitosan–silver nanocomposites as antibacterial and biocorrosion mitigation agents

Assessment of olive leaf extract–mediated chitosan–silver nanocomposites as antibacterial and biocorrosion mitigation agents

Olive Leaf Extracts from Three Italian Olive Cultivars Exposed to Drought Stress Differentially Protect Cells against Oxidative Stress.

Olive leaves are an abundant by-product of olive oil production. Olive leaf extracts (OLEs) are rich in polyphenols, which can be used for health benefits. As polyphenols are the main antioxidant molecules in plants, plants typically increase their polyphenol content when exposed to drought stress. However, the phenolic profile of OLEs can vary in relation to the origin and variety of the plant material. In this work, olive leaf extracts from three different Italian olive cultivars (Giarraffa, Leccino, and Maurino) both exposed and not exposed to drought stress were studied in terms of antioxidant properties and profile, intestinal permeation, and protection against oxidative stress of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), since HUVECs are considered a model to study a wide range of diseases. OLEs from stressed Maurino and Giarraffa plants showed the highest increase in antioxidant capacity compared to controls. The phenolic profile of Maurino' was mainly increased by water deficit, with a large increase in the compounds oleuropein and luteolin-7-O-rutinoside. All tested extracts exposed to a water deficit protected HUVECs against oxidative stress by reducing ROS production, and this effect was more pronounced in OLEs from Giarraffa and Maurino exposed to drought stress compared to all other extracts. Finally, OLE from the stressed Giarraffa group showed a higher apparent permeability of antioxidant molecules than that of Maurino.

Olive Oil Waste as a Source of Functional Food Ingredients: Assessing Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Olive Leaves.

Around two million tons of olive oil are produced in Europe annually, with Portugal being among the top five European olive oil-producing countries. Olive oil production results in a substantial amount of waste in the form of olive leaves. These discarded olive leaves contain valuable phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, neuroprotective, and antiproliferative properties. Due to their richness in polyphenols with health-promoting properties, olive leaves can be considered a potential functional food ingredient. Thus, sustainable practices for reusing olive leaf waste are in demand. In this study, the polyphenolic content in olive leaves from different Portuguese locations was determined using HPLC-UV-Vis after defining the best fit-for-purpose liquid extraction strategy. The differences in the in vitro antioxidant activity in these samples were determined by several methodologies based on radical scavenging (against 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and peroxyl radical (ORAC)) and on reducing properties (cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and Folin-Ciocalteu assay (FC)), to unveil the relationship between the profile and quantity of polyphenols with antioxidant mechanisms and their capacity. At last, the stability of extracted compounds upon lyophilization and exposition to surrogate biological fluids was assessed, envisioning the future incorporation of olive leaves extracted compounds in food products.

The Bioactivity of a Hydroxytyrosol-Enriched Extract Originated after Direct Hydrolysis of Olive Leaves from Greek Cultivars.

Nowadays, olive leaf polyphenols have been at the center of scientific interest due to their beneficial effects on human health. The most abundant polyphenol in olive leaves is oleuropein. The biological properties of oleuropein are mainly due to the hydroxytyrosol moiety, a drastic catechol group, whose biological activity has been mentioned many times in the literature. Hence, in recent years, many nutritional supplements, food products, and cosmetics enriched in hydroxytyrosol have been developed and marketed, with unexpectedly positive results. However, the concentration levels of hydroxytyrosol in olive leaves are low, as it depends on several agricultural factors. In this study, a rapid and easy methodology for the production of hydroxytyrosol-enriched extracts from olive leaves was described. The proposed method is based on the direct acidic hydrolysis of olive leaves, where the extraction procedure and the hydrolysis of oleuropein are carried out in one step. Furthermore, we tested the in vitro bioactivity of this extract using cell-free and cell-based methods, evaluating its antioxidant and DNA-protective properties. Our results showed that the hydroxytyrosol-enriched extract produced after direct hydrolysis of olive leaves exerted significant in vitro antioxidant and geno-protective activity, and potentially these extracts could have various applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries.

Redox State Modulatory Activity and Cytotoxicity of Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) Leaves Extract Enriched in Polyphenols Using Macroporous Resin.

The food products derived from Olea europaea are a fundamental part of the Mediterranean diet, and their health-promoting effects are well known. In this study, we analyzed the phytochemical characteristics, the redox state modulatory activity, and the cytotoxic effect of an olive leaf aqueous extract enriched by macroporous resin on different tumor and normal cell lines (LNCaP, PC3, HFF-1). HPLC-DAD analysis, the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods confirmed the qualitatively and quantitatively high content of phenolic compounds (130.02 ± 2.3 mg GAE/g extract), and a DPPH assay (IC50 = 100.00 ± 1.8 μg/mL), the related antioxidant activity. The biological investigation showed a significant cytotoxic effect, highlighted by an MTT test and the evident cellular morphological changes, on two prostate cancer cell lines. Remarkably, the extract was practically non-toxic on HFF-1 at the concentrations (100, 150, 300 µg/mL) and exposure times tested. Hence, the results are selective for tumor cells. The underlying cytotoxicity was associated with the decrease in ROS production (55% PC3, 42% LNCaP) and the increase in RSH levels (>50% PC3) and an LDH release assay (50% PC3, 40% LNCaP, established necrosis as the main cell death mechanism.

Leaf Extract from European Olive (Olea europaea L.) Post-Transcriptionally Suppresses the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Sensitizes Gastric Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy.

The overall survival of patients with the advanced and recurrent gastric cancer (GC) remains unfavorable. In particular, this is due to cancer spreading and resistance to chemotherapy associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. EMT can be identified by the transcriptome profiling of GC for EMT markers. Indeed, analysis of the TCGA and GTEx databases (n = 408) and a cohort of GC patients (n = 43) revealed that expression of the CDH2 gene was significantly decreased in the tumors vs. non-tumor tissues and correlated with the overall survival of GC patients. Expression of the EMT-promoting transcription factors SNAIL and ZEB1 was significantly increased in GC. These data suggest that targeting the EMT might be an attractive therapeutic approach for patients with GC. Previously, we demonstrated a potent anti-cancer activity of the olive leaf extract (OLE). However, its effect on the EMT regulation in GC remained unknown. Here, we showed that OLE efficiently potentiated the inhibitory effect of the chemotherapeutic agents 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (Cis) on the EMT and their pro-apoptotic activity, as was demonstrated by changes in the expression of the EMT markers (E- and N-cadherins, vimentin, claudin-1) in GC cells treated with the aforementioned chemotherapeutic agents in the presence of OLE. Thus, culturing GC cells with 5-FU + OLE or Cis + OLE attenuated the invasive properties of cancer cells. Importantly, upregulation of expression of the apoptotic markers (PARP cleaved form) and increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis (annexin V-positive) were observed for GC cells treated with a combination of OLE and 5-FU or Cis. Collectively, our data illustrate that OLE efficiently interferes with the EMT in GC cells and potentiates the pro-apoptotic activity of certain chemotherapeutic agents used for GC therapy.

UV–visible spectral changes of gamma irradiated olive leaves extract

Olive leaves benefits are less well known, despite having potential health benefits that could make them a valuable addition to a daily diet, compared to olive oil, which is well known for the many benefits it provides. The antioxidant capacity of olive leaves extract (OLE) is higher than that of the most known powerful antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E or pure hydroxytyrosol. The aim of this study was first to maximize the bioactive compounds in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) by enriching it with olive leaves; the EVOO acts as an extraction solvent, and a study of the macerating period was carried out to select the best macerating period to improve the stabilization of the bioactive compounds in the olive oil matrix. Once the best macerating period was selected (7 days), OLE was gamma-irradiated with a dose of 25 kGy to assess its oxidative stability. To this end, UV–visible spectroscopy was used to perform stability and quality analysis of the OLE during a macerating period of 21 days and after irradiation. The results of this study show an extremely significant (p < 0.0001) improvement in the quality parameters (K232, K270, and ΔK) and in total carotenoids and chlorophylls, assessed by K470 and K670, among all the macerating periods of OLE compared to the control group. Regarding the irradiated OLE compared to the irradiated EVOO, there was an extremely significant (p < 0.0001) difference in ΔK. In addition, there was a significant decrease in total carotenoids and chlorophylls in the irradiated EVOO compared to the irradiated OLE. In conclusion, olive leaves extract in olive oil could be used as a free radical scavenger in food irradiation and tissue sterilization to alleviate the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation.

&lt;b&gt;Neurotoxic effects of type II-diabetes mellitus and the possible preventive effects of olive leaves supplement in male rats&lt;/b&gt;

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder with well-known serious secondary complications. It is also associated with central nervous system damage. This damage is characterized by impairments in brain functions, with neurochemical and structural abnormalities. Aim: The study was conducted to clarify the neuroprotective effects of olive leaves supplement on brain and brain histological structure of diabetic adult rats. Methods: Thirty adult male rats were allocated into three groups, The first group (CC), received an oral supplement containing olive leaves (OLS) and served as a control; another group (DM), diabetes mellitus was induced in these animals and left for 40 days; and the third group was DM+OL, which induced diabetes mellitus, then treated with oral (OLS) for 40 days. The investigation included serum glycemic index measurements, in addition, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), dopamine (DOP), acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in brain tissue, and histopathology of brain and pancreas. Results: We demonstrated a significant increase in glycemic index measurements in diabetic groups (DM, DM+OL) at the beginning of a trial, however, the same parameters were significantly decreased after treatment with OLS in only DM+OL group after 40 days. Study also showed differences in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH), in the diabetic groups, which returned to normal levels after being treated with OLS. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and dopamine (DOP) exhibited a significant decline in diabetic rats. However, OLS induced a considerable rise in these neurotransmitters after treatment with it in DM+OL group. The histopathological section of the pancreas and brain showed histopathological changes in (DM) groups, whereas, the tissue was shielded from chemical damage from DM by the (OLS) treatment in DM+OL animals. Conclusion: Overall, diabetes impairs glucose hemostasis by affecting glucose concentration, insulin level, and insulin resistance, However, olive leaves supplement restored the glucose hemostasis close to the normal in diabetic rats. Furthermore, diabetes affected neurotransmitters by increasing the level of oxidative stress in brain tissue, and brain cell damage. Nevertheless, olive leave supplements can ameliorate diabetes mellitus harmful effects by retrieving normal oxidative environment in brain.

Improving Hydroxytyrosol Derivatives Content in Virgin Olive Oil using Ultrasound-assisted Maceration with Olive Leaf Extract

Background: Olive oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and is an essential Mediterranean diet component. Many of its health benefits are associated with the presence of phenolic compounds. Several strategies for the enhancement of the phenolic content and, more specifically, the concentration of hydroxytyrosol derivatives in olive oils have been proposed, as extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) of high phenolic content is preferred by health-conscious consumers. Methods: The supplementation of EVOO with hydroxytyrosol derivatives from olive leaf extract was performed with the employment of ultrasound-assisted maceration at different concentration levels (2 g·L-1 oil and 4 g·L-1 oil), temperatures (20 and 40°C), and maceration times (20 and 40 min). The phenolic contents of enriched EVOOs were determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. In addition, the effect of supplementation on the physicochemical parameters of EVOOs, namely acidity and extinction coefficients (K232 and K270), was also studied. Results: The addition of extract slightly increased the acidity values and extinction coefficients of the samples, and at the same time, it significantly improved their phenolic composition. The use of appropriate ultrasound-assisted maceration parameters (addition of olive leaf extract at a concentration level of 2 g L-1 at 20°C for 20 min) provided EVOO with acceptable values for total acidity (&lt;0.8%), K232 (&lt;2.5), and K270 (&lt;0.22), high contents of total phenolics and flavonoids, and improved hydroxytyrosol derivative contents. Conclusion: The enrichment of EVOO with leaf extract is a promising strategy to enhance its content in hydroxytyrosol derivatives, providing premium EVOOs with respect to their bioactive composition.

The anti-aging, anti-tuberculosis and antioxidant potential benefits of Saudi Arabia Olea-Europaea Leaves extracts.

The olive leaf extract and olive leaf indicated a high potential for application in food additives and foodstuffs. It could be these bio-products useful and important in condition therapy related with oxidative stress and can use it to develop functional foods and to improve the food's shelf life. The olive leaf chemical composition of Oleaeuropaea L. grown from eljouf in Saudi Arabia, using solvents of increasing polarity cyclohexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol was determined using by GC/MS. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), anti-aging, and anti-tuberculosis of olive leaf extracts were evaluated. The results indicated that extract of Oleaeuropaea L. has a considerable contains in polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and their derivatives) regarding its antioxidant effects, the major components were detected by GC/MS in Olea dichloromethane extract are Hexadecanoic acid (15.82%), 7(4Dimethylaminophenyl)3,3,12trimethyl3,12dihydro6 Hpyrano[2,3c]acridin 6 one (11.21%), and in Olea chloroform extract are Hexatriacontane (12.68%), nTetratr iacontane (10.95%). The results concluded that the plant extract of chloroform showed no anti-aging activities and the lower anti-aging activities for cyclohexane extract, while, the Olea dichloromethane extract was the most active extract. The obtained data confirmed that the most active extract of anti-tubercolisis was for chloroform and ethyl acetate extract, while, anti-tubercolisis activity of ethanolic extract was the lower. The extract amount as well as the solvent polarity influence the inhibitory activity. A favorable connection was demonstrated inter alia the leaf extracts antioxidant activity and the content of total phenol.

Effects of Olea oleaster leaf extract and purified oleuropein on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in male Wistar rats.

Evaluating the effect of fresh Oleaster leaf extract (OLE) and purified oleuropein (OLR) on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. HPLC analysis demonstrates the presence of various polyphenol compounds such as ligstroside, luteolin derivative, oleuropein, and comselogoside. Gastric ulcer was induced by administration of ethanol by the gastric gavage route. The olive leaf extract was analyzed by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS, and OLR was purified. These two compounds were given 2 hr before gastric ulcer induction by ethanol. This study verified that OLE and purified OLR protect from ethanol-induced gastric ulceration and damage, evidenced by the significant decrease in gastric ulcer urea (by 74 and 58% respectively) and stomach mucus content (by 169 and 87% respectively). In addition, the ulcer index (UI) and curative index (CI) levels in the stomach of the rats treated with this supplement were also suppressed by 55 and 46%, respectively. OLE and OLR also decreased the gastric myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and ameliorated the nitric oxide (NO) content. OLE and OL also ingestion suppressed gastric tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6) rates. Macroscopic and histological findings revealed that OLE and OLR protect from gastric hemorrhage, severe disruption of the gastric mucosa, and neutrophil infiltration. Overall, the findings demonstrate that OLE and OLR have both promising potential with regard to the inhibition of gastric hemorrhage and lesions.

Olive leaf extract-assisted green synthesis of cd nano complex: A combined experimental and theoretical study.

Research in the synthesis of Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes using olive leaf extracts as a green reducing agent is an exciting area of study. In this research, a Schiff base ligand is created by combining 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde and amino-N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-4-benzenesulfonamide. The synthetic Schiff base is then utilized for the production of a Cd(II) nano complex for the first time with olive leaf extracts serving as the green reducing agent. The extract is obtained by harvesting, drying, and grinding the olive leaves. Various analytical techniques, including 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and conductivity studies, are employed to analyze the Schiff base and its Cd(II) complex. Quantum chemical calculations are also conducted to explore the different conformers of the Cd(II) complex and their stabilities, shedding light on the synthesis pathways of the Schiff base ligand and Cd(II) complex. Extensive DFT-based geometry optimizations and frequency calculations are carried out for 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde,amino-N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-4-benzenesulfonamide, the Schiff base ligand, and the corresponding Cd(II) complex. Experimental and theoretical analyses confirm the presence of the azomethine (-HC = N-) group in the Schiff base and validate the formation of the Cd(II) complex in a 2:1 metal-to-ligand ratio through physicochemical characterization methods, highlighting the nanoscale structure of the complex. Combining thorough physicochemical investigations with molecular modeling simulations and the sustainable synthesis of metal complexes, valuable insights into their properties and potential applications in catalysis and drug delivery are obtained.

Investigando as propriedades hepatoprotetoras do óleo de camomila e extratos de folhas de oliveira contra a hepatotoxicidade induzida por ribociclibe

Abstract A new approach to overcome or reduce these toxicities is by using antioxidants. Ribociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor used in the treatment of breast cancer, has been linked to hepatotoxicity and may contribute to the development of Hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. This Study aims to assess hepatoprotective effect of chamomile oil and olive leaf extracts against ribociclib-induced Hepatotoxicity in rats. A total of 40 adult male albino rats aged 9-10 weeks were utilized in this experiment. These rats were divided into four groups, (N=10). Group A (control) comprised normal rats administered 1 ml (10 ml/kg/day) of normal saline daily. Conversely, group B rats were administered 5 mg/kg Ribociclib (n = 10), while group C was administered 5 mg/kg Ribociclib with a 500 mg/kg/day dose of chamomile oil. Group D was given 5 mg \kg Ribociclib in combination with 200 mg/kg/day of olive leaves. After the trial, the animals were sacrificed, blood samples were collected for biochemical tests, and the liver tissue was processed for histological examination. The results of histology, and biochemistry parameter analysis, indicated that co-administration of Ribociclib and chamomile oil plays a decisive role in mitigating the hepatotoxicity result from Ribociclib-induced liver injuries in rats as demonstrated by histological and biochemical parameters.The levels of cholesterol and LDL in the blood were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) after administering chamomile oil compared to the control group. The results of the current study demonstrated that the simultaneous use of chamomile oil and olive leaf extract significantly reduced the liver damage caused by Ribociclib and improved the lipid profile in Albino rats. Additionally, the use of chamomile extract notably lowered urea levels (p &lt; 0.01), indicating a protective effect on the kidneys.

Neuroprotective effect of olive leaf extract in the mouse neuroblastoma cell line (NB2a): A good model to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of natural products

Chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, whose prevalence increases with aging, cause serious health problems with inadequate treatment options. Long-term exposure to low doses of pesticides like chlorpyrifos has been linked to an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. This study assessed the effects of olive leaf extract (OLE) on cell viability and neurite outgrowth inhibition induced by chlorpyrifos (25 µM) using the mouse NB2a neuroblastoma cell line. High concentrations of OLE as 100 to 3000 µg/ml reduced cell viability, likely due to its anticancer properties. On the other hand, lower concentrations of OLE as 3, 10, 30 and 100 µg/ml significantly reversed the inhibition of neurite outgrowth caused by chlorpyrifos exposure, demonstrating a neuroprotective effect. In conclusion, the regular consumption of OLE may effectively slow or prevent the advancement of neurodegenerative diseases linked to long-term exposure to low-dose organophosphate pesticides. Furthermore, the chlorpyrifos-induced moderate neurotoxicity model can be employed as a valuable screening method for evaluating the neuroprotective potential of natural products, including various plant extracts.

In vitro Effects of Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein) on Human Sperm Parameters and Oxidative Stress Induced by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Recently, biomolecules from natural products have paved the way for novel drug in the treatment of some diseases in vitro and in vivo models as diabetes, cancer and infertility. As such, we aimed to evaluate the capacity of Oleuropein (OLE), the major bio-phenol in olive leaf, to protect human sperm against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inducing sperm oxidative stress and defective sperm functions. The toxic effect of OLE on human sperm was firstly investigated by evaluating sperm parameters after incubation during 60 minutes with different concentrations. Determined non-toxic concentration was then used to evaluate the capacity of OLE to protect sperm against LPS oxidative damages and sperm parameters alterations. Thus, sperms were consecutively incubated with LPS (10 µg/mL) and OLE (40 µg/mL) during 60 minutes, then submitted to sperm parameters analysis and oxidative stress assessment by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl groups (CG) levels and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). A significant decrease of sperm parameters as well as a significant increase in MDA levels, CG levels, SOD and CAT activities was found after stimulation by LPS. However, a non-significant difference was shown comparing sperms treated by LPS and OLE with LPS-treated control sperms. Consequently, despite the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of OLE reported in diverse cells, this phenolic compound seems to be not appropriate to protect human sperm in vitro against induced LPS oxidative stress and seems to have a "double-edged sword" behavior.

Desirability Function Approach for the Optimization of Hydroalcoholic Solvent Extraction Conditions for Antioxidant Compounds from Olive Leaves

Desirability Function Approach for the Optimization of Hydroalcoholic Solvent Extraction Conditions for Antioxidant Compounds from Olive Leaves

Desirability Function Approach for the Optimization of Hydroalcoholic Solvent Extraction Conditions for Antioxidant Compounds from Olive Leaves.

Desirability Function Approach for the Optimization of Hydroalcoholic Solvent Extraction Conditions for Antioxidant Compounds from Olive Leaves.

Unlocking Health Benefits: The Potential of Olive Leaf Extracts in Promoting Well-being

Unlocking Health Benefits: The Potential of Olive Leaf Extracts in Promoting Well-being