Olive Cuttings Research Articles

Effect of Various Preparations for Plant Rooting on Olive Cuttings

The effect of different rooting agents on the propagation of olive plant by means of cuttings was investigated in a comparative manner. Experimental research works were carried out in the greenhouse complex of the Absheron Experimental Station. Olive plant cuttings from different varieties were taken as the object of the study. Rooters (IST and naphthenic acids) were used to influence the rapid rooting of cuttings and the increase in the number of lateral roots. During the conducted experiments, different results were obtained in different variants. It was observed that indolyl acetic acid and naphthenic acid were more effective on olive cuttings in comparison with the control option. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that rooting of cuttings was accelerated as a result of the effect of rooters. Results were more successful in the indolyl acetic acid variant than in the other variants. So, under the influence of 100 cuttings IST, 96 cuttings in Agbaba variety, 87 in Jigirina variety, 93 in Pikvales variety, and 89 cuttings in Azerbaijani olive were observed. Under the influence of naphthenic acid, rooting occurred in 92 of 100 cuttings of Agbaba variety, 87 of Jigirina variety, 85 of Pikwales variety, and 91 of Azerbaijani olives. As a result, it was determined that for the rapid development of the olive plant, cuttings should be taken from healthy and well-nourished trees and indolyl acetic acid should be used as a rooting solution.

Investigation of the Effect of Indolyl Acetic Acid and Naphthenic Acid on the Root Development of Olive Cuttings

The influence of growth factors on the development of callus and roots in the biennial cuttings of the olive plants were investigated in a comparative manner. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the Absheron Experimental Station. One-year and two-year cuttings of the olive plant were taken as the object of the study. Growth agents (indolyl acetic acid and Na+-salt of naphthenic acid) were used to influence the rapid rooting of shoots. During the conducted experiments, different results were obtained in different options. In comparison with the control variant, the positive effect of indolyl acetic acid and Na+-salt of naphthenic acid on olive cuttings were observed. According to the conducted studies, it was found that the rooting of the cuttings was accelerated as a result of the effect of growth substances. The number of rooting and callus was higher in two-year cuttings than in one-year cuttings. Thus, 49 out of 60 (81%) two-year cuttings were rooted by using of indolyl acetic acid, and 50 were rooted (83%) when callus was exposed to the Na+-salt of naphthenic acid, in 9 were observed having callus, only in 1 wasn’t observed development. The Na+-salt of Naphthenic acid had a better effect on rooting and the number of calluses among growth substances. As a result, it was determined that for the rapid development of the olive plant, cuttings should be taken from healthy and well-nourished trees and Naphthenic acid Na+-salt should be kept for a specified time (12 hours) and concentration (0.005%)

Machine learning unveils the action of different endogenous phenolic compounds present or formed along the rooting development in olive stem cuttings

Changes in the endogenous phenolic content of plant rooting could be influenced by genotype, hormones, or the interaction of both factors, thus modifying the plant rooting capacity/ability along the rooting development. In this study, the combined effects of IBA treatment and cultivar capacity on the rooting development of olive cuttings were modeled by the temporary assessment of simple and total phenolic content (TPC). Rooting ability and phenolic profile were monitored. Results indicated the lowest cumulative rooting in `Lechin-de-Sevilla´, and the highest rooting speed during the first days of the trial in high-rooting cultivars (‘Verdial-de-Huévar’ and ‘Arbequina’). A total of 14 phenolic compounds comprising phenolic acids and aldehyde (8), flavonoids (5), and a glycosylated seco-iridoid were quantified in rooted olive cuttings. Most of the phenolics presented a significant higher concentration in the ‘Lechin-de-Sevilla’ cultivar, except for the ferulic acid and luteolin, as well the TPC that varied as did the rooting parameter. At the end of the rooting trial (60 days), luteolin in `Verdial de Huévar’ and `Gordal sevillana’ cultivars and ferulic acid in `Lechin de Sevilla’ were the phenolics exclusively found in the highest concentrations. Time did not affect vanillin and oleuropein, although in the case of high-rooting cultivars, values for these compounds were almost constant, while in low- or medium-rooting cultivars, by general, increased or decreased, respectively. The Random Forest algorithm allowed to predict from a complex number of variables, which affected the rooting ability of olive cuttings independently of the cultivar and auxin treatment, finding that luteolin was the best indicator over time.

Biochar as a Possible New Alternative in the Propagation Medium of Olive Cuttings

Biochar as a Possible New Alternative in the Propagation Medium of Olive Cuttings

Effect of Indole Butyric Acid and Zinc Sulphate in Different Media on Rooting of Olive Cuttings

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an oil fruit crop with the physiological potential to survive and produce in rain-fed areas. In Pakistan, it is grown in upper Punjab and Baluchistan due to their climate suitability for better production. Due to the increasing trend of olive oil, peoples show more interest in planting disease-free plants for better oil production. The successful nursery of olives mainly depends on growth substrates with rooting hormones like Indole butyric acid. A recent study was conducted to observe the influence of growing substrate and combination of IBA with zinc sulphate during the vegetative stage of two cultivars of olive. Semi-hardwood olive cuttings were treated with indole butyric acid (IBA) at a level of 3000 ppm with zinc sulphate at 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm and cultured on various types of soil in pots under plastic tunnel conditions under completely randomized design with three factors and each treatment replicated thrice. Both varieties with all treatments significantly affect all traits. The maximum number of shoots were recorded in the media that contain sugarcane press mud with 3000ppm IBA and 3000ppm zinc sulphate that showed the maximum number of shoots (5. 66), branches (6. 66), shoot length (17. 01), number of roots (5. 33), root diameter (0. 23), plant survival percentage (73. 66) and root length (16. 86). In contrast, the minimum number of shoots (1. 0), branches (1. 00), shoot length (3. 77), number of roots (1. 00) root diameter (0. 01), plant survival percentage (44. 33), root length (4. 92) were observed in control media in cultivar Ottobrattica with the treatment of IBA at 3000 ppm+ zinc sulphate 2000 ppm. Results from all treatments revealed a favorable correlation between medium and IBA when combined with zinc sulphate for all measured growth parameters. The 50% sugarcane press mud, 50% silt soil with IBA 3000 ppm+ zinc sulphate 2000 ppm proved to be the best approach for better germination of olive cuttings in pots. The resulting outcomes play a significant role in the better germination percentage under dry climatic conditions. Analysis of variance was used to examine the data obtained (Statistix 8.1). The least significant test (LSD) was used to compare significant means at a 5% probability level.

Stock plant etiolation reduces rooting of sub-terminal olive cuttings by reducing total sugars, IAA, indole/phenol ratio, and IAA/GA ratio

Adventitious root formation is the key to successful propagation of olives through cuttings. Etiolation, as an eco-friendly practice, can modulate the plant’s endogenous phytohormone, which plays an important role in stimulation of rooting of cuttings. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of etiolation on the rooting behavior of both ‘Manzanillo’ and ‘Picual’ olive cuttings (terminal and sub-terminal) treated with IBA (0, 4000 ppm). The results indicated that sub-terminal cuttings in both cultivars were more effective in olive propagation than terminal cuttings as they recorded increased leaves number, C/N ratio, total carbohydrates, total indoles, IAA, IAA/GA ratio, and total phenols. Etiolation of both olive cultivars for both terminal and sub-terminal cuttings significantly decreased rooting percent, roots number, IAA, and IAA/GA ratio; while, it increased GA and GA/IAA. Moreover, etiolation decreased total sugars, IAA, IAA/GA ratio, and indole/phenol ratio in both sub-terminal cuttings. Terminal ‘Manzanillo’ cuttings achieved a higher rooting percent than terminal ‘Picual’ cuttings by 5.83% and 202.2% as mean of both seasons for untreated and IBA-treated cuttings, which was accompanied by significant increase in vascular bundle%, total phenol, phenol/indole ratio, IAA, and IAA/GA ratio by 21.48%, 49.2%, 44.72%, 12.9%, and 22.9%, respectively. Also, terminal ‘Manzanillo’ cuttings recorded lower GA by 7.98% and GA/IAA ratio by 18.21% and pith by 6.13% than terminal ‘Picual’ cuttings. This study proved that olive plants need exposure to full sunlight to propagate easily by cuttings since etiolation had negative effects on IBA-treated cuttings.

Improving the adventitious rooting ability of hard-to-root olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar cuttings through inhibiting strigolactone biosynthesis

Strigolactones (SLs) are synthesized in roots and control plant development. As phytohormones, SLs regulate plant architecture, including roots. Recently, the inhibiting effects of SLs on adventitious rooting have been identified. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is consumed for oil and table in Mediterranean countries and is an economically important crop. Turkey is one of the countries with the highest olive production. Olive has mostly propagated asexually via cuttings, however, the rooting capacities of some agriculturally important olive cultivars are very low. Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) is commonly used to promote the rooting of olive cuttings, however, it can be inadequate. Ayvalık is an easy-to-root cultivar and one of the most common cultivars grown for oil production and Domat is a hard-to-root cultivar in which IBA is insufficient for inducing rooting. In our study, the effects of synthetic SLs rac-GR24 and SLs biosynthesis inhibitor TIS108 on the rooting ability of olive cuttings were investigated. As a result, the adventitious rooting ability was increased when a hard-to-root cultivar was treated with TIS108, indicating a promising future for olive-cutting rooting. Therefore, our study will provide potentially new tools for propagation strategies using SLs in fruit trees.

Effects of anatomical structures and phenolic compound deposition on the rooting of olive cuttings

Olive tree is propagated vegetatively, which requires good adventitious rooting. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the presence of anatomical structures and of phenolic compound deposition on the rooting of stem cuttings of olive. Semihardwood cuttings from olive cultivars Maria da Fé, Santa Catalina, Ascolano 315 and Grappolo 541, treated with indole-3-butyric acid solution at a concentration of 3000 mg L−1, were studied. During the rooting period of the experiment, which totaled 60 days, the origin of the root primordia, the changes in the anatomical structures of the wounded region and the presence of phenolic compounds and lignin in this region were analyzed and at the end of 60 days the phytotechnical parameters such as rooting percentage and calloused cuttings were evaluated. Cuttings with a high percentage of callogenesis were less likely to root. Phenolic compounds were detected in cambial cells, confirming the accumulation of these compounds in the regeneration zone of the cuttings. The sclerenchyma ring, like the phloem and cortical tissue, was a structure that did not prevent the adventitious rooting of olive cuttings but represented a structural obstacle to the emission of adventitious roots. The presence of phenolic compounds in the cambial region raises the possibility that they influence adventitious rooting, since they have close relationships with enzymes involved in the metabolism and transport of auxin.

Rooting ability of Olive genotypes softwood cuttings under various rooting media

Rooting ability of Olive genotypes softwood cuttings under various rooting media

Leonardites Rich in Humic and Fulvic Acids Had Little Effect on Tissue Elemental Composition and Dry Matter Yield in Pot-Grown Olive Cuttings

The use of humic substances in agriculture has increased in recent years, and leonardite has been an important raw material in the manufacture of commercial products rich in humic and fulvic acids. Leonardite-based products have been used to improve soil properties and to help plants cope with abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, the effects of two commercial leonardites and an organic compost, in addition to a control treatment, were assessed for pot-grown olive plants over a period of fourteen months on soil properties, tissue elemental composition and dry matter yield (DMY). Three organic amendments were applied at single and double rates of that set by the manufacturer. The study was arranged in two experiments: one containing the seven treatments mentioned above and the other containing the same treatments supplemented with mineral nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization. Overall, organic compost increased soil organic carbon by ~8% over the control. In the experiment without NPK supplementation, N concentrations in shoots and P in roots were the highest for the compost application (leaf N 12% and root P 32% higher than in the control), while in the experiment with NPK supplementation, no significant differences were observed between treatments. Total DMY was ~10% higher in the set of treatments with NPK in comparison to treatments without NPK. Leonardites did not affect significantly any measured variables in comparison to the control. In this study, a good management of the majority of environmental variables affecting plant growth may have reduced the possibility of obtaining a positive effect on plant nutritional status and growth from the use of commercial leonardites. The leonardites seemed to have caused a slight effect on biological N immobilization. This is not necessarily an advantage or a drawback; it is rather a feature that must be understood to help farmers make better use of these products.

Numerical Simulation and Measurement of Air Temperature and Relative Humidity in an Olive Cuttings Tunnel Greenhouse

Understanding the environment of olive tree cuttings is a key factor in improving these plants’ rooting rate and survival. This study aims to develop a three-dimensional (3-D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for numerically assessing air temperature and relative humidity in an olive cuttings greenhouse under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The results are deduced from a steady-state simulation performed with recorded boundary conditions at 10:00 am, 12:00 pm, 02:00 pm, 04:00 pm, and 06:00 pm at different observation points. The calculations were validated using experimental data. The simulation errors of the air temperature were -0.8°C to 4.55°C, and errors of the leaf temperature were 0.07°C to 2.42°C, for the air relative humidity was -33.84% to -1.64%, and -10.1% to -13.54% for the relative humidity of the leaf air. Contour maps were obtained from the 3-D CFD simulations to evaluate the distribution of humidity and air temperature inside the greenhouse and the vicinity of the plant canopy. This study suggests that the developed 3-D CFD model can be a helpful tool to understand and optimize greenhouse operation for better crop quality.

Impacto de alguns extratos naturais no desempenho de enraizamento de estacas de oliveira coratina

Abstract Stimulating root formation is the key to successful cutting propagation. Natural root stimulators are eco-friendly, biodegradable and sustainable tools that prevent the environment from pollution. Horticulturists have given the role of sol-vents in natural extracts little attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the effect of three extract solutions (aqueous, vinegary and ethanol) for ten natural extracts (humic, licorice roots, ginger roots, cinnamon bark, garlic bulbs, bread yeast, moringa leaves, willow leaves, willow shoots and control at a concentration of 20% on rooting of Coratina hardwood olive cuttings. Regarding the effect of solvent on rooting performance of Coratina olive cuttings, both ethanol and vinegar as a sol-vent improved the efficiency of the natural extract in rooting behavior compared to the water as solvent. Regarding the effect of the natural extracts, ginger extracts generally recorded the highest root charcgters compared to the other natural ex-tracts. As for the interaction effect, licorice vinegar extract recorded the highest root-ing percent (25%, 32.77%) followed by both humic ethanolic (27.07%, 24.67%) and vinegary (25.03%, 19.67%) extract then ginger vinegar extract (20.83%, 18%) for both seasons, respectively. According to organic farm regulation, ginger vinegar extract can be recommended followed by licorice vinegar extract.

Effects of Anatomical Structures and Phenolic Compound Deposition on the Rooting of Olive Cuttings

Effects of Anatomical Structures and Phenolic Compound Deposition on the Rooting of Olive Cuttings

Effect of Cultivars, Date, Iba And Their Interaction on Rooting of Semi-hardwood Olive Cutting Cvs. 'shami ' And ' Qaisi

This research was conducted during the growing season. (2016) in Bakrajo Nursery Station/ Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Uniform and healthy olive (Olea europaea L.) Shami and Qaisi cuttings were used four concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm), three dates (15/3, 1/4, and 15/4) were used to investigate root growth of semi-hardwood olive cuttings cvs 'Shami' and 'Qaisi'. The following is a summary of the findings: The IBA hormone treatment had a considerable impact on most root growth. On the majority of the root growth, Shami cv. significantly dominated than the Qaisi cvs. Most root growth characteristics were strongly impacted by interactions between date, IBA, and cv. Shami.    

Antioxidant Procedure Improve Olive Cuttings Rooting During The Cool Season

Antioxidant Procedure Improve Olive Cuttings Rooting During The Cool Season

Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency of Olive Cultivars

Maximizing nitrogen uptake efficiency is a sustainable objective to reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizers applied in olive orchards. Many factors affect this parameter, but nothing is known about whether there are differences among cultivars related to nitrogen uptake efficiency in the olive, and if there are interactions with soil type. To clarify these questions, two groups of experiments were conducted. In the first group, four experiments were carried out in which 20 olive cultivars were compared. In the second group, three experiments were carried out to study the interaction with the type of soil. In all experiments, mist-rooted olive cuttings were growing in 1.1 L pots containing a mixture of sand and peat (2:1 by volume). Depending on the experiment, plants were placed in a shadehouse or in growth chambers at 25/15 °C (day/night) with a 14 h photoperiod and 70% humidity. Plants received weekly applications of 100 ppm N throughout the irrigation water, alternating with one or two applications of 150 mL of tap water. Some plants of each cultivar did not receive nitrogen and served as a control for NUE calculation. A nutrient solution without nitrogen was applied every four weeks to prevent nutritional deficiencies. Results indicated that there are differences among cultivars in the efficiency of uptake nitrogen. The Spanish cultivars ‘Picual’, ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’, together with the Greek cultivar ‘Koroneiki’ and the Italian ‘Frantoio’, were the cultivars with high NUE in this work. Soil type did not affect NUE, and no interaction between soil type and cultivar was observed.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation Reduced the Growth of Pre-Rooted Olive Cuttings in a Greenhouse

The effect of commercial mycorrhizal fungi on pre-rooted olive cuttings was assessed. The study consisted of two experiments, the first arranged as a factorial design with three cultivars (Cobrançosa, Madural, and Verdeal Transmontana) and three soil treatments (commercial mycorrhizal fungi, zeolites, and control) and the second as a completely randomized design with three treatments (commercial mycorrhizal fungi, sterilized soil, and control). Cobrançosa grew better than the other cultivars, showing good rooting and initial growth features. Mycorrhizal plants showed reduced growth in comparison to those of the untreated control. This result was explained by competition for photosynthates between plant growth and the expansion of fungi hyphae. Cuttings of reduced leaf area and a twin-wall polycarbonate cover of the greenhouse, somewhat opaque to photosynthetic active radiation, may also have contributed to limit the maximum photosynthetic rate and delay the growth of the inoculated plants. Accordingly, in the mycorrhizal pots, the soil organic carbon (C) increased, probably due to the presence of fungi hyphae in soil samples. Zeolites reduced plant dry matter (DM) yield and tissue phosphorus (P) concentration compared to the control, while increasing the availability in the soil of the cations present in their initial composition. Soil sterilization seems to have reduced soil P bioavailability by inactivating soil enzymes. This study showed that the inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi of pre-rooted cuttings can delay their initial growth. Although these plants may be better prepared to grow in the field, in the short term, their lower development can be a problem for the nurseryman.

Shoot Girdling Improves Rooting Performance of Kalamata Olive Cuttings by Upregulating Carbohydrates, Polyamines and Phenolic Compounds

Girdling (a ring of bark approximately 5 mm wide) was applied on olive mother plants to investigate its effect on the rooting ability of cuttings. Treatment was applied in autumn and in spring. The cuttings were then immersed for 5 s into 2000 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in a 45% v/v ethanolic solution. Thirty days after girdling, cuttings were taken from girdled and control shoots from the part just above the girdle zone (basal), as well as from the part right above (middle). The base of the cuttings was collected, and the concentration of polyamines, phenolic compounds and soluble carbohydrates was determined. Girdling enhanced the rooting performance of the cuttings, while autumn proved to be a better season for rooting compared to spring. Girdling positively affected the concentration of all the measured parameters. The main characteristics of autumn cuttings were the high levels of glucose, mannitol, free and total polyamines, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, verbascoside, oleuropein, quercetin and luteolin. The cuttings taken from the middle part of the girdled shoot exhibited high sucrose, glucose, mannitol, free polyamines, hydroxytyrosol, luteolin-7-glucoside, total phenols and flavanol concentrations. Nonetheless, further research is needed in order to draw conclusions on the overall efficiency of girdling on inducing rooting of olive cuttings.

Olive Cuttings as Affected by Different Concentrations of Indole Butyric Acid

Olive Cuttings as Affected by Different Concentrations of Indole Butyric Acid

Memecik Zeytin Çeliklerinin Köklenmesi Üzerine Etilenin Etkisi

Bu çalışmada, Memecik zeytin çeliklerinin köklenmesi üzerine etilenin etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 10 farklı bitki büyüme düzenleyici madde kombinasyonu uygulamasında her uygulamada 3 tekerrür, her tekerrürde 30’ar adet olmak üzere toplam 900 adet zeytin yarı odun çeliği kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda en yüksek köklenme oranı %44.4 ile 0 etilen+6000 ppm IBA uygulamasından elde edilirken, bunu %42.2 ile 0 etilen+8000 ppm IBA uygulaması izlemiştir. En düşük köklenme oranı %2.2 ile 0 etilen+0 ppm IBA (kontrol) ve 150 etilen+4000 ppm IBA (dikimden 10 gün sonra) uygulamalarında gözlenmiştir. Çeliklerin dikimden itibaren farklı günlerde yapılan bitki büyümeyi düzenleyici maddeleri uygulamalarında en yüksek kallus oranı (% 44.7) 150 etilen+4000 ppm IBA (20.gün)’da, en fazla kök sayısı (13.3 adet) 0 etilen+6000 ppm IBA’da, en fazla kök uzunluğu (7.0 cm) 50 etilen+4000 ppm IBA (10.gün)’da ve en fazla kök çapı (3.0 mm) 150 etilen+4000 ppm IBA (10.gün)’da elde edilmiştir. Sürgün uzunluğu, çapı ve sayısı bakımından uygulamalar arasındaki farklılık önemli bulunmamıştır. Artan etilen dozları Memecik yarı odun çeliklerinin köklenmesini azalttığı için 50 ppm’den daha düşük etilen dozlarının denenmesi tavsiye edilmektedir.