For large molecules and complex mixtures, conventional mass spectra can become too complicated to interpret. New technologies including various forms of charge-detection mass spectrometry, mass photometry, and nanoelectromechanical systems are allowing researchers to ditch the complexity and measure the mass of individual molecules, complexes, and particles. Read on to learn how these technologies work and how researchers are using them. At the University of Oxford, Justin Benesch studies assemblies made between proteins called molecular chaperones and the proteins they protect in cells. These assemblies slow the formation of amyloid fibers, elongated protein structures that are a major component of cataracts and are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Such protein complexes and fibers exist not in single oligomeric states but as complex mixtures. As a mass spectrometrist studying biological systems, Benesch has long relied on native mass spectrometry—an approach that lets him look at proteins and protein complexes in their native, rather