Olfactory Function In Patients Research Articles

Late-term Effects of Surgery on Nasal Functions in Patients who Underwent Total Laryngectomy Surgery.

Introduction There is a common opinion that losing airway functions in total laryngectomy patients cause changes in nasal physiological rates. Studies conducted to review the subject present gaps, especially in terms of objective measurements. Objective We evaluated late-term effects of surgery on nasal functions in patients who underwent total laryngectomy surgery more than two years ago. Methods We included in the study 22 patients who had undergone total laryngectomy, as well as 24 healthy subjects with similar demographic characteristics as the control group. We performed acoustic rhinometry for intranasal volume and cross-sectional area measurements, saccharin test for measurement of nasal mucociliary clearance, and smell identification test for evaluation of olfactory function in the patient and control groups. We compared and statistically analyzed the data obtained from the groups. Results In our study, although late-term (>2 years) measurements were not statistically significant, we detected more nasal passage patency in the patient group than in the control group. In smell identification test, lower scores were obtained in the patient group. The difference between measurements in both groups was statistically significant. Conclusion We believe that since the upper respiratory tract is disabled due to tracheostomy in patients with total laryngectomy, atrophy occurs in the late term and, consequently, nasal mucociliary clearance is impaired. We also see diminished olfactory function in total laryngectomy patients.

The effect of non-diabetic chronic renal failure on olfactory function

ObjectivesIn chronic renal failure (CRF), deterioration of glomerular filtration results in accumulation of metabolites in the body which affect all organs. This study was performed to investigate the olfactory functions, and determine if hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis improves olfactory function in non-diabetic CRF patients. Materials and methodsThe olfactory functions were analyzed in CRF patients not on a dialysis program and had a creatinine level≥2mg/dL, in CRF patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, and in healthy controls. Diabetic patients were excluded since diabetes alone is a cause of olfactory dysfunction. The study group consisted of a total of 107 individuals including 38CRF patients on a hemodialysis program, 15 CRF patients on peritoneal dialysis, 30 patients with a creatinine level ≥ 2mg/dL without any need for dialysis, and 24 healthy controls with normal renal functions. Olfactory functions were analyzed with “Sniffin’ sticks” test, and the groups were compared for the test results. ResultsAll test parameters were impaired in patients with CRF. The median TDI scores of the patients with CRF and the healthy subjects were 24.75 (13–36) and 32.5 (27.75–37.75), respectively, with a statistically significant difference in between (P<0.001). The olfactory functions for the dialysis patients were better than those for the CRF patients not on a dialysis program (P=0.020). ConclusionNon-diabetic CRF affects olfactory functions negatively. Dialysis improves olfactory functions in those patients.

The effect of intranasal sodium citrate on olfaction in post-infectious loss: results from a prospective, placebo-controlled trial in 49 patients.

Free calcium plays an integral role in peripheral olfactory processing, including feedback inhibition. It has therefore been suggested that reduction of intranasal free calcium with buffer solutions such as sodium citrate may improve olfactory function in patients with smell impairment. Several previous studies have supported this hypothesis, particularly in post-infectious olfactory loss. We therefore aimed to determine whether treatment with intranasal sodium citrate improves olfactory function in patients with post-infectious impairment. Prospective, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Interdisciplinary Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden (tertiary referral centre). Forty-nine adult participants with post-infectious olfactory impairment (M : F = 11 : 38, mean age 58.71 ± 11.03 years). Olfactory function (odour threshold and identification) before and after treatment as determined using "Sniffin' Sticks". Patients were treated monorhinally with 1 mL sodium citrate solution. The contralateral nasal cavity was treated with 1 mL physiological sodium chloride solution, which acted as internal control. Clinical improvement was assumed where threshold or identification score increased by ≥2.5 or 3 points, respectively, or ≥5.5 points together. We demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in composite threshold + identification scores following treatment with sodium citrate, compared with placebo. This was true for all patients (mean improvement 0.87 ± 2.68 points, P = 0.04), and on subgroup analysis in those with hyposmia (mean improvement 1.15 ± 2.37 points, P = 0.02). However, the effect size did not reach clinical significance. Further basic and clinical work is required to fully delineate the effect of intranasal sodium citrate in the treatment of post-infectious olfactory loss.

Olfactory function in patients with hyposmia compared to healthy subjects - An fMRI study.

Individuals with hyposmia, or the partial loss of smell, represent a large sector (15 %) of the population that is likely to grow with the current aging population; however, our understanding to how hyposmics centrally process odors is still not clear. One popular non-invasive tool for in vivo imaging of biological activity among human brains has been function magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) which uses blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal as an indirect measurement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand differences in olfaction processing between patients with hyposmia and healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eleven hyposmic and 12 healthy, normosmic subjects were exposed to two different food-related odors (coffee and peach) during a block-designed fMRI session. Additionally, odor perception qualities were rated for each odor throughout the scanning session. The activations of the normosmic group were localized in typical olfactory areas (insula, orbitofrontal cortex [OFC], limbic system and amygdala). The hyposmic group showed similar regions of activation (insula, OFC, limbic system), however, less activation was found in the amygdala, left anterior cingulate and right OFC, but higher activation was shown in the right parahippocampal and both the left and right posterior cingulate gyrus which are assumed to play an important role in the processing and remembrance of memories. These results indicate similar central olfactory processing among groups, yet subjects with partial loss may attempt to compensate smell impairment with odor memory or higher motivation to smell.

Olfactory function in patients with hyposmia compared to healthy subjects - An fMRI study

Individuals with hyposmia, or the partial loss of smell, represent a large sector (15 %) of the population that is likely to grow with the current aging population; however, our understanding to how hyposmics centrally process odors is still not clear. One popular non-invasive tool for in vivo imaging of biological activity among human brains has been function magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) which uses blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal as an indirect measurement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand differences in olfaction processing between patients with hyposmia and healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eleven hyposmic and 12 healthy, normosmic subjects were exposed to two different food-related odors (coffee and peach) during a block-designed fMRI session. Additionally, odor perception qualities were rated for each odor throughout the scanning session. The activations of the normosmic group were localized in typical olfactory areas (insula, orbitofrontal cortex [OFC], limbic system and amygdala). The hyposmic group showed similar regions of activation (insula, OFC, limbic system), however, less activation was found in the amygdala, left anterior cingulate and right OFC, but higher activation was shown in the right parahippocampal and both the left and right posterior cingulate gyrus which are assumed to play an important role in the processing and remembrance of memories. These results indicate similar central olfactory processing among groups, yet subjects with partial loss may attempt to compensate smell impairment with odor memory or higher motivation to smell.

The effects of radioactive iodine therapy on olfactory function.

To determine the possible adverse effects of radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment on the olfactory functions of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. This prospective clinical study included 63 Turkish patients who had been diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma only to ensure homogeneity. The Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test was administered at 1 week before treatment and at the third week and the first year after treatment. Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin, and antithyroglobulin levels were measured 1 week before treatment and 2 weeks after treatment. The smell threshold test, smell identification test, and total smell scores showed statistically significant decreases after treatment when compared with the pretreatment scores (p = 0.000). No significant differences were noted between the late term and early term after RAI for either the identification score (p = 0.502) or the total score (p = 0.051). The Spearman correlation analysis indicated a significant correlation between age and RAI before and after treatment for the smell threshold test, smell identification test, and total smell scores (p < 0.05). A total of 54% of the patients displayed normosmia in the posttreatment period. A few patients had mild hyposmia before RAI, 27% had mild hyposmia in the early stage after RAI, and 29% had mild hyposmia in the late stage. The olfactory function deteriorated in almost half of the patients in the early stage after RAI. Mild and moderate hyposmia in particular occurred in the first year after RAI.

Osmophobia and olfactory functions in patients with migraine.

Olfactory dysfunction and migraine has been associated for a long time. In this study, we planned to compare olfactory functions in patients with migraine and osmophobia with patients having migraine but no osmophobia, in addition with a normal control group using "Sniffin' Sticks" test. The main distinction of this study is that all qualitative and quantitative properties of olfactory functions; threshold, discrimination and identification, are evaluated separately and jointly. Thirty healthy person aged between 16 and 56 (18 women, 12 men) and 60 migraine patients aged between 15 and 54 (39 women, 21 man) were included in the study. All patients have been inquired about osmophobia and have been assessed with Hedonic tone assessment. Osmophobia has been tested for perfume, cigarette smoke, leather, stale food, soy sauce, fish, spices and coffee smells. Olfactory functions has been assessed with "Sniffin' Sticks" smell test. Thresholds, discrimination and identification have been determined for each patient. In migraine patients with osmophobia, threshold was 7.75±2.3, in migraine patients without osmophobia threshold was 8.25±1.5 and threshold was 10.75±1.3 for the control group. Discrimination score was 6±1.2 in migraine patients with osmophobia, 9±0.8 in patients without osmophobia and was 12±1.4 in the control group. In migraine patient with or without osmophobia Threshold/Discrimination/Identification (TDI) scores were lower than the control group. The most important parameter in our study is that discrimination scores were especially lower in patients with osmophobia. We believe that this decrease in discrimination in migraine patients with osmophobia; who claim that they smell everything and they are sensitive to all smells, is significant. Further studies about smell discrimination will help better understand some conditions; especially anosmia and hyposmia after upper respiratory tract infections and parosmia.

The impacts of endoscopic sinus surgery with middle turbinate and superior turbinate resection on quality of life and olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Objective:The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of endoscopic sinus surgery(ESS) with middle turbinate and superior turbinate resection on quality of life and olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps(CRSwNP) and with dysosmia. Method:All of the 81 patients with CRSwNP and with dysosmia recieved ESS with middle turbinate and superior turbinate resection.The patients were given standardized drug treatments during the preoperative period,such as nasal irrigation,using local hormone spray,mucus decorporation agent by oral,using macrolide antibiotics according to the circumstances and so on.We used SNOT-20 to evaluate the quality of life preoperatively and postoperatively in patients;and used the T&T olfactory testing and VAS to evaluate the olfactory function of the patients.Result:The SNOT-20 test showed that "need to blow nose", "lack of a good sleep", "thick nasal discharge", "difficult to go to sleep",and "awkward" influence on the quality of life severely.The scores of all items showed decreasing tread in 2 weeks,1 month and 3 months after operation(P <0.05).Olfactory:Among the 81 patients(162 side),54 patients(108 sides) lost sense of smell completely in preoperative period and 27 patients' olfaction lost in varying degrees(10 patients are bilateral symmetry hyposmia and 17 patients are bilateral asymmetry hyposmia).Compared with the preoperative period,70 patients'(86.4%) olfactory function were improved at 3 months after the operation,in which 43 patients'(53.1%) olfactory function recovered to normal,and 27 patients'(33.3%) olfactory function improved in varying degrees;however,11 patients'(13.6%) olfactory function had not improvement at all.Sixty-one patients were followed up for more than one year.One year after operation,53 patients'(86.9%) olfactory function were improved,in which the 31 patients' (50.8%) olfactory function recovered to normal and 22 patients'(36.1%)olfactory function improved in varying degrees;8 patients'(13.1%) olfactory function had no improvement;the remaining 20 patients are being followed up.There was a significant difference between preoperative T&T olfactory testing and postoperative's(P <0.05);and so was VAS assessment(P <0.05). Conclusion: For the patients with CRSwNP and with dysosmia,the operation of ESS with middle turbinate and superior turbinate resection combined with standardized drug treatment in preoperative period can effectively improve the patients' quality of life and olfactory function.Hyperventilation and nasal dryness caused by excessive resection were not found.

An assessment of olfactory function in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease

Conclusions: The results reported here indicate that there was a statistically significant difference in the olfactory functions of laryngopharyngeal reflux patients vs the healthy group. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the olfactory function of patients diagnosed with laryngopharyngeal reflux using an objective method, 24-h pH monitoring.Objectives/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to investigate olfactory functions in laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) patients and compare the results with healthy controls.Methods: A total of 60 participants; 30 men and women with a diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux and 30 healthy controls, were included in the study. Patients in the laryngopharyngeal reflux group were evaluated by the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI), Reflux Finding Scores (RFS), and finally 24-h pH monitoring to confirm the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. The Sniffin’ Sticks olfactory test results of the laryngopharyngeal reflux and control groups were compared, and the relationship between the study findings and the olfactory parameters were evaluated.Results: The odor threshold, odor discrimination, odor identification, and TDI scores of the laryngopharyngeal reflux group were significantly lower than those of the control group. Also there was a statistically significant negative correlation detected between the olfactory test and some symptom and finding scores.

Olfactory function after total laryngectomy

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the olfactory function in patients who underwent total laryngectomy. Olfactory function assessment using the Scandinavian Odor Identification Test was carried out in 32 patients who had undergone total laryngectomy and were being followed up in Kasr El Aini ENT Outpatient Clinic. The studied cases included both men (59%) and women (41%). Their ages ranged from 50 to 70 years. The duration between operation and olfactory assessment ranged from 4.5 to 15.5 months. Results showed 75% incidence for anosmia and 25% incidence for hyposmia. Both age and sex did not correlate with either pattern of olfactory loss. The mean duration between operation and olfactory assessment was statistically significantly different between those who developed hyposmia and those who developed anosmia, being longer in the latter group. There was also a linear relation between the number of odors that could be smelled and postoperative duration. The longer the duration, the fewer the number of odors that could be smelled. The study reviewed similar studies and discussed suggested explanations. The study also recommended preoperative olfactory assessment as well as postoperative olfactory rehabilitation for such patients.

Olfactory functions in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: correlations with the severity of the disease

It is well known that psoriasis is not only limited to skin, but a systemic autoimmune disease with various comorbidities. Olfactory dysfunction, one of as a common but lesser known symptom of patients with autoimmune diseases, often presents with smell loss. The aim of this study was to assess the olfactory functions in patients with psoriasis and to compare with healthy controls. A total of 50 patients with psoriasis and 43 control subjects were included to the study. The clinical severity of psoriasis was calculated by psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). Patients were classified into two groups according to PASI score as mild (PASI≤10) and moderate-severe (PASI>10). Olfactory function was evaluated with "Sniffin'Sticks" test. Total test scores (max. 48 points) of threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) were classified as normal olfaction=normosmia (>30.3 points), decreased olfaction=hyposmia (16.5-30.3 points) and loss of olfaction=anosmia (<16.5 points). Psoriasis patients had significantly lower smell scores compared with healthy controls (p<0.001). Of the 50 psoriasis patients, 40 (80 %) were hyposmic. We found negative correlation between TDI and PASI (r=-0.34, p=0.014). The TDI scores of the patients with moderate-severe psoriasis (PASI score>10) were found to be significantly lower than the patients with mild psoriasis (PASI≤10) (p<0.001). Olfactory dysfunction in patients with psoriasis could be thought as a comorbidity as in other inflammatory disorders. Physicians should be aware of olfactory impairment when evaluating psoriasis patients in their clinical practice.

Impaired olfactory function in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder which affects 6.6% of women of child-bearing age. Although olfactory dysfunction is frequent in the population and it negatively affects quality of life, neither physicians or patients consider this important. This case-control study included 30 patients diagnosed with PCOS, and 25 healthy age-matched controls. Sniffin' sticks tests (BurghartGmbH, Wedel, Germany) were used to analyze olfactory functions, and the Beck Depression Inventory was used to evaluate depressive symptoms. The total odor score was significantly lower in the PCOS group compared to the control group (p<0.005). The Beck depression score was higher in the PCOS group (p<0.005). There was a negative correlation between the total odor score and the Beck Depression Score. Patients with PCOS have impaired olfactory function. This might be related to depressive disorders that are also observed in those patients.

Olfactory dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis

Association of changes in olfactory-related structures with olfactory function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is not well understood. We used a T&T olfactometer test kit to evaluate olfactory function in 26 patients with MS and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Then, Brain MRI were performed and olfactory-related structures were analyzed in these subjects. Olfactory detection and recognition threshold were significantly higher in the MS group, interestingly olfactory recognition threshold positively correlated with expanded disability status scale scores in these patients. Olfactory bulb (OB) volume reduced in patients with olfactory dysfunction (ODF). At the same time, reductions in gray matter (GM) volume were observed in the parahippocampal gyrus (PCG), amygdala, piriform cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus in patients with MS compared to HC. Atrophy of the PCG was more obvious in patients with ODF than patients without ODF and the PCG volume correlated with the olfactory recognition threshold, while no difference was found in fractional anisotropy values of tract-based spatial statistics analysis in the two groups. Olfactory function in patients with MS tends to become gradually more impaired with disability aggravation. Decreases in the volume of the OB and olfactory-related GM might provide valuable information about disease status in patients with MS with olfactory impairment.

The change of kinesthesia and olfactory function in patients with Parkinson's disease

position after unloading. In theDI paradigm they did not react to the unloading perturbation. Every subject executed 8 sets of 10 trials (RP 4 sets, DI 4 sets) with a pseudo-randomized order. Angular acceleration of the wrist joint was obtained by a second-order differential of wrist angular movement registered with an electro-goniometer. The damping ratio of the wrist oscillation could be obtained from the logarithmic decay (δ) between two adjacent flexion acceleration peaks (P(i) and P(i+ 1)) (Eqs. (1) and (2)). Pertaining to the degree of joint stiffness, Wd was assessed with the time interval between two flexion acceleration peaks (T(i+ 1) and T(i)) (Eq. (3)).

The Evaluation of Olfactory Function in Patients With Schizophrenia.

The aim of this study was to compare olfactory threshold, smell identification, intensity and pleasantness ratings between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, and (2) to evaluate correlations between ratings of olfactory probes and illness characteristics. Thirty one patients with schizophrenia and 31 control subjects were assessed with the olfactory n-butanol threshold test, the Iran smell identification test (Ir-SIT), and the suprathreshold amyl acetate odor intensity and odor pleasantness rating test. All olfactory tasks were performed unirhinally.Patients with schizophrenia showed disrupted olfaction in all four measures. Longer duration of schizophrenia was associated with a larger impairment of olfactory threshold or microsmic range on the Ir-SIT (P = 0.04, P = 0.05, respectively). In patients with schizophrenia, female subjects’ ratings of pleasantness followed the same trend as control subjects, whereas male patients’ ratings showed an opposite trend. Patients exhibiting high positive score on the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) performed better on the olfactory threshold test (r = 0.37, P = 0.04). The higher odor pleasantness ratings of patients were associated with presence of positive symptoms.The results suggest that both male and female patients with schizophrenia had difficulties on the olfactory threshold and smell identification tests, but appraisal of odor pleasantness was more disrupted in male patients.

Evaluations of olfactory function for myasthenia gravis patients

To explore the olfactory function of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and analyze the correlation between olfactory dysfunction and clinical characteristics. A total of 61 MG patients from March to July 2014 and 32 healthy controls (HC) received T&T olfactometer test. Their clinical data were collected. And the relationship of T&T score and clinical characteristics were analyzed. The identification threshold of T&T olfactometer test was (2.07±1.56) versus (0.31±1.25) for healthy controls. MG patients had a worse performance on olfaction test than healthy controls (t=5.50, P<0.01). By Spearman's analysis, disease course (r=0.348, P=0.006), QMG scores (r=0.393, P=0.025), ADL scores (r=0.421, P=0.01) and dosing time of pyridostigmine (r=0.295, P=0.025) were positively correlated with T&T scores. However, the dosing times of prednisone (r=0.084, P=0.053) or immunodepressants (r=0.153, P=0.251) were not correlated with T&T scores. MG patients have poor olfactory sensation.And a potential involvement of non-motor system shall attract the attention of neurologists.

The Relationship between Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Olfactory Function

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease. Objective: Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate olfactory functions in patients with AMD. Methods: A total of 69 subjects with AMD and 69 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. After a complete ophthalmic evaluation, the AMD patients were subclassified as early- and late-stage AMD. Psychophysical testing of olfactory function was performed using the validated Sniffin' Sticks test. Results: This study was carried out in 138 subjects, with a mean age of 74.3 ± 8.9 years (range 51-89). The current investigation showed the following two major findings: (1) patients with AMD had decreased olfactory abilities, especially in odor discrimination and odor identification, even at early stages compared to controls, whereas patients had decreased olfactory abilities in all subtasks of olfactory testings in advanced stages of AMD disease, and (2) as the visual acuity of AMD patients decreased, the olfactory abilities of these patients worsened. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that AMD had significant negative effects on all orthonasal olfactory tasks, particularly in advanced stages. Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, odor discrimination and identification seemed to be more affected than odor detection threshold tasks.

The relationships between the clinical and polysomnographic findings and the olfactory function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between the clinical and polysomnographic findings and the olfactory test results in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Four groups were established: non-snoring controls (group 1), non-apneic snorers (group 2), mild-moderate OSAS (group 3), and severe OSAS (group 4). The polysomnographic findings, otorhinolaryngologic findings, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test results of the four groups were compared. The relationships between the clinical data and the olfactory parameters were evaluated. Group 4 had the worst odor identification and discrimination scores. Non-apneic snorers also had worse odor parameters compared with the non-snorer controls. A significant negative correlation was found among the ESS, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), mean arterial oxygen saturation, and odor identification and discrimination. Significant negative correlations were found between the tongue and tongue base sizes and among all olfactory parameters. Our study revealed olfactory dysfunction in patients with OSAS. A strong negative correlation between the olfactory parameters and the severity of sleep apnea was also found. Olfactory tests may be used to predict the presence and severity of OSAS in the future.

Olfactory function in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease

To analyze the correlation between olfactory bulb (OB) volume with depth of olfactory sulcus (OS) and olfactory function in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). One hundred patients with IPD between January 2011 to December 2013 in Tianjin Huanhu Hospotal were compared with one hundred controls in terms of olfactory function T&T testing, OB volume and depth of OS assessed with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). One hundred IPD patients were investigated and estimated H-Y degrees, UPDRS, MMSE, MoCA. SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the data. T&T olfactory testing revealed that IPD patients (3.0 ± 0.3) had higher scores than controls (1.3 ± 0.2, t = 2.537, P < 0.01). Both men and women with IPD were affected by the same extent of olfactory loss (t = 0.893, P > 0.05). Both men and women as controls were affected by the same extent of olfactory loss(t = 1.184, P > 0.05). OB volume of left side in IPD patients was (34.25 ± 5.14) mm(3), right side was (35.79 ± 5.28)mm(3), average OB volume was (35.28 ± 5.21) mm(3); OB volume of left side in controls was (47.38 ± 6.47) mm(3), right side was (47.75 ± 6.51) mm(3), average OB volume was (47.53 ± 6.49) mm(3); OB volume were lower in IPD patients as compared to controls (t value were 2.876, 2.747, 2.798, all P < 0.01). OS depth study revealed no statistical difference between IPD patients and controls (t value were 0.914, 0.987, 0.951, all P > 0.05). Olfactory discriminate threshold was negatively correlated with average OB volume in IPD patients and controls (r value were -0.537,-0.526, both P < 0.05); was no correlated with average depth of OS (r value were -0.142, -0.157, both P > 0.05). There was relation between the average OB volume and UPDRS III, UPDRS, the degree of H-Y in IPD patients (r value were 0.312, -0.419, -0.358, all P < 0.05). However the average OB volume was not related to the course of disease (r = -0.089, P > 0.05). The OB volume is lower in IPD patients as compared to controls, the depth of OS have no significant changes in IPD patients; The OB volume is correlated with olfactory function, the depth of OS is not correlated with olfactory function; Olfactory function lower degree is accordance with serious degree in IPD patients, is not accordance with the course of disease.

Methods for evaluating of olfactory function in patients with Parkinson's disease

Olfactory disorder takes a special place among non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) as one of earliest signs of the disease. Based on literature data, authors suggest that simple and structured tests for detection of olfactory disorders should be part of diagnostic algorithm for early detection of PD) and occupy a special place in differential diagnosis of diseases of the extrapyramidal system. Literature on the methods of study of olfactory function recommended as an additional instrument for PD diagnosis is presented.