Pepper Spray Research Articles

PSIII-13 Dietary Supplementation of Botanical Blends Modified Fecal Microbiota of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with an Enterotoxigenic E. Coli

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the fecal microbiota of weaned pigs when supplemented with different botanical blends while being experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. A total of 60 weaned pigs (7.17 ± 0.97 kg) were individually housed and randomly assigned to 1 of the 5 treatments (12 pigs/treatment): sham control (CON-), challenged control (CON+), challenged botanical blend 1 with 100 ppm (BB1_100), challenged BB2 with 50 ppm (BB2_50), and challenged BB2 with 100 ppm (BB2_100). Both botanical blends were composed of capsicum oleoresin but different garlic extract varieties. The experiment lasted for 28 d including a 7-d habituation period followed by an E. coli oral inoculation of 1010 CFU/dose for 3 consecutive days. Fecal samples were collected on d -7, 0, 5 and 21 post inoculation (PI) to perform 16S rRNA sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region. Downstream analysis was performed using QIIME2 (v. 2020.8) and R. No difference was observed among treatments throughout the experiment in alpha diversity. Bray-Curtis PCoA displayed pronounced clusters by days but also displayed overlaps when looking into day and treatment interaction. Firmicutes was more (P < 0.05) abundant in CON- than the botanical treatments while Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were more (P < 0.05) abundant in BB1_100 and BB2_50 than in CON- on d 5 PI. Firmicutes was less (P < 0.05) abundant in BB2_50 and Proteobacteria was more (P < 0.05) abundant in BB1_100 than in CON+ on d 21 PI. Lachnospiraceae was less abundant (P < 0.05) in BB2_50 than in CON- on d 5 PI and less (P < 0.05) abundant in BB1_100 than in CON- on d 21. In conclusion, the botanical treatments have modified the fecal microbiota of weaned pigs challenged with an enteropathogenic E. coli.

Development of topical gel containing Capsicum oleoresin encapsulated Tamanu nanocarrier and its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities

Capsicum oleoresin (CO), which consists capsaicin as the most effective component, has been used as a topical treatment of neuropathic pain. However, topical formulations with adequate concentrations of capsaicin, which are required to achieve effective pain relief, cause several local adverse skin reactions such as burning sensation, itching, skin redness, and pain. Tamanu oil (TO), a fatty oil containing both liquid lipids and solid lipids derived from Calophyllum inophyllum seeds, has emerged as a potential ingredient for the preparation of a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based gel formulation in order to reduce the local adverse skin reactions as well as enhance the analgesic effect of capsaicin topical. In this study, Tamanu oil-based NLC encapsulating Capsicum oleoresin (CO@TO) Gel was prepared using emulsification followed by homogenization methods. The results suggested the best formulation of the CO@TO was prepared from 20% Tamanu oil, 12% tween 80, 1% lecithin and 1.5% Capsicum oleoresin with homogenization at 20,000 rpm for 10 min. The CO@TO particles was sphere and unique with diameter of ~147 nm and zeta potential of − 76 mV. The capsaicin EE and LC of the CO@TO was ~99% and 0.15%, respectively. The CO@TO performed sustainable capsaicin release during 48 h, which fitted with Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. The skin irritation test on rabbits demonstrated that the CO@TO Gel bearing 0.1% capsaicin caused no skin irritation. Meanwhile in vivo studies on mice illustrated that the CO@TO Gel performed similar analgesic and anti-inflammation effects as the commercial drugs Paracetamol/Codeine and diclofenac, respectively. The CO@TO Gel in this study would be a potential Tamanu oil-based nanostructured lipid carrier formulations for capsaicin topical products.

Effects of Capsicum Oleoresin Supplementation on Lactation Performance, Plasma Metabolites, and Nutrient Digestibility of Heat Stressed Dairy Cow.

Simple SummaryHeat stress has significant adverse effects on the lactation performance of dairy cows. Therefore, novel feed additives that alleviate heat stress are continuously being researched and developed to deal with this predicament. On this basis, the effects of Capsicum oleoresin supplementation on the lactation performance, rectal temperature, plasma metabolites, and nutrient digestibility of dairy cows were studied. The results showed that the dietary addition of Capsicum oleoresin could improve dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk quality, and reduce the rectal temperature of dairy cows. Furthermore, Capsicum oleoresin supplementation also alters plasma metabolites. In summary, Capsicum oleoresin could effectively be used as a feed additive to relieve heat stress in dairy cows.The present study investigates the effect of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) supplementation on the dry matter intake, milk performance, plasma metabolites, and nutrient digestibility of dairy cows during the summer. Thirty-two lactating Holstein dairy cows (n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups. The CAP was dissolved in water and added to the total mixed ration with graded levels of CAP (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg of dry matter). The trial period consisted of seven days for adaptation and thirty days for sampling. Data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLM procedure SAS. The linear and quadratic effects were tested. The milk yield, milk fat, and milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with the dietary addition of CAP (p < 0.05). The dry matter intake increased linearly in the 20CAP group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat yield, and milk fat to milk protein ratio increased quadratically (p < 0.05), while the rectal temperature decreased quadratically (p < 0.05). Serum total cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids increased linearly (p < 0.05); glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate tended to increase quadratically with the dietary addition of CAP (p = 0.05). Meanwhile, CAP supplementation did not affect the milk protein yield, blood concentration of triglyceride, insulin, lipopolysaccharide, immunoglobulin G, or heat shock protein 70 expression level (p > 0.05). In addition, nutrient digestibility was comparable among groups (p > 0.05). These findings indicated that CAP supplementation could enhance the lactation performance of dairy cows during the summer.

Current Insights into the Evolution of Cameroon English: The Contribution of the ‘Anglophone Problem’

The resurgence of what is today referred to as the ‘Anglophone problem/crisis’ has led to several sociocultural, religious, political and linguistic developments which have in no little measure contributed to reshaping the linguistic landscape of Camerooon. Through the Ecolinguistic and Descriptive Statistical Approaches, this investigation delves into the linguistic fallouts and dynamics of the crisis and illustrates how through different linguistic processes like borrowing, neologisms, affixation, blending, clipping, translation and interpretation, etc., English in Cameroon is undergoing indigenisation. This paper demonstrates how the sensitive issue at stake has proffered a propitious breeding ground for the eventual enrichment of the lexical capital of the language. Thus, recurrent patterns in popular usage, viz: ambalander, aluta continua, total ghosting of towns, black cats/vipers/tigers of General Ivo, dipper wearing regime, Bui/Manyu county, royal beggars, Operation Whistle and Pepper Spray, inter alia, constitute new forms of expression as well as old forms that have been accorded novel semantic shades in order to express meaningful thought.

Physicochemical Properties of Capsicum Oleoresin Emulsions Stabilized by Gum Arabic, OSA-Modified Corn Starch, and Modified Malt

Physicochemical Properties of Capsicum Oleoresin Emulsions Stabilized by Gum Arabic, OSA-Modified Corn Starch, and Modified Malt

Traumatic Injuries From an Encounter With a North American Grizzly Bear

<h3>Introduction</h3> Estimates of grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, populations in North America include 25,000 in Canada, 30,000 in Alaska, and 1,918 in the lower-48 states.^1,2 Because of population growth due to wildlife conservation and increased outdoor recreation, bear encounters are more common in recent years, contributing to a greater incidence of human injuries.^3,4,5 Encounters are classified as "sudden," "provoked," or "predatory," with most human injuries being associated with "sudden" encounters in response to a perceived threat by the bear.^3,6,7 These encounters are likely to occur in the remote wilderness leading to a significant delay in treatment and transport to definitive care.⁸ We report a patient with injuries sustained from a "sudden" grizzly bear encounter who was treated and transported via helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) to a trauma center. <h3>Case Report</h3> After a bear encounter in a remote wilderness area, a 41-year-old male patient sustained a scalp avulsion at the right occiput above the superior nuchal line and an approximately seven-inch laceration running contralaterally from the avulsion to the left occiput. Bleeding at both injury sites was self-limiting and successfully controlled with direct pressure. Substantial bruising and abrasions to the left anterior chest were noted, along with mild abrasions to the right hip and a puncture wound to the right posterior forearm. The patient's eyes also became irritated from capsaicin exposure when a bear spray canister deployed after being punctured during the encounter. The patient was alert and oriented without respiratory distress and displayed no signs of hemodynamic instability throughout the transport. Pain was managed with fentanyl and antibiotic prophylaxis was initiated with cefazolin. The patient was delivered to the trauma team at the receiving facility in a stable condition. <h3>Discussion</h3> Bear encounter injury patterns that predominate in the literature are puncture, avulsion, and crush injuries, notably to the head, face, and scalp.^3,6 These injuries stem from a combination of the bear's jaws, teeth, and claws. Infection risk is considerable due to aerobic and anaerobic species in the oral cavity as well as contamination with foreign material from the environment.^4,9 These injuries require thorough debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy should be initiated early. Capsaicin spray has been shown to be an effective bear deterrent and its use in this case, though incidental, likely contributed to termination of the encounter.^3,10 <h3>Conclusion</h3> This case underscores the serious and potentially life-threatening injuries that can result from encounters with grizzly bears and is consistent with previously reported encounters. Patients may present with complex soft-tissue and musculoskeletal injuries and risk of infection, requiring acute trauma resuscitation and early antibiotic treatment. Additional research on bear encounter injuries and their management will help improve the care of these patients by HEMS crews that are likely to care for these patients on "scene" flights or hospital transports to higher levels of trauma care.

Capsicum Oleoresin Loaded Spray-Dried Microparticles: Stability, Cytotoxicity, and in Vitro Digestibility Studies

Capsicum Oleoresin Loaded Spray-Dried Microparticles: Stability, Cytotoxicity, and in Vitro Digestibility Studies

Anti-Gnawing, Thermo-Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride: Effect of Capsicum Oleoresin and Denatonium Benzoate

Anti-rodent polymer composites were prepared using non-toxic substances denatonium benzoate (DB) and capsicum oleroresin (CO) mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix. DB is mixed in zinc stearate (ZnSt) called DB/ZnSt, and CO, providing burning sensation, is impregnated in mesoporous silica named SiCO. There are three sets of sample: Blank, composites Set I and Set II. Set I consists of DB/ZnSt at concentration of 1.96 wt% and SiCO at concentration of 12.16 wt%, 14.47 wt%, 18.75 wt% and 23.53 wt%. Set II comprises SiCO at the same amount of Set I. The anti-rodent composites studied are anti-gnawing, surface morphology, thermo-mechanical and rheological properties. Anti-rodent testing is analyzed by one-way blocked analysis of variance (ANOVA) and compared with Tukey test with a 95% level of significance, presenting good anti-gnawing efficiency. The best rat-proof sample is II.4, consisting of SiCO 23.53 wt%, which presents percentage of weight loss from gnawing at 1.68% compared to weight loss of neat PVC at 59.74%. The addition of SiCO at concentration ranging from 12.16 to 23.53 wt% reduces tensile strength around 25–50%, elongation at break strength around 2–23%, shear storage modulus (G′) around 30%, shear loss modulus (G″) shear viscosity (η) and glass transition (Tg) around 43% compared to Blank. The increase in SiCO concentration slightly improves the thermal stability of PVC composites around 3%, but the addition of DB/ZnSt at 1.96 wt% slightly reduces those properties.

Self-Reported Violence Experienced by Swiss Prehospital Emergency Care Providers.

Background Workplace violence is a serious and increasing problem in health care. Nevertheless, only few studies were carried out concerning this topic and then mainly in English-speaking countries. The objectives were to describe the acts of violence experienced by prehospital emergency care providers (PECPs) in the western part of Switzerland between January and December 2016 and to assess the consequences for subsequent PECPs behaviors. Methods An observational cross-sectional study, carried out using an online survey, has been sent to all 416 PECPs in the Canton of Vaud, in the western, French-speaking, part of Switzerland. The survey contained items of demographic data and items to assess the type and consequence of violence sustained. This was classified as five types: verbal assault, intimidation, physical assault, sexual harassment, and sexual assault. Results 273 (65.6%) PECPs participated in the survey. During 2016, workplace violence was reported by 229 survey participants (83.9%). Most declared to be the victim of such violence between one and three times during the year. In all cases of violence described, the patient and/or a relative initiated aggressive behavior in 96% of cases. Verbal assaults were the most common (99.2% of all acts), followed by intimidation (72.8%), physical assault (69.6%), and sexual harassment (16.3%). Concerning physical assault, PECPs were predominantly victims of spitting and/or jostling (50%). After a violent event, in 50% of cases, the PECPs modified their behavior owing to the experience of workplace violence; 82% now wear protective vests, and 16% carry weapons for self-defense, such as pepper sprays. Seventy-five percent changed their intervention strategies, acting more carefully and using verbal de-escalation techniques or physical restraints for violent patients. Conclusions Workplace violence is frequent and has significant consequences for PECPs. In order to increase their own security, they increased their protection. These results illustrate their feelings of insecurity, which may have deleterious effects on work satisfaction and motivation. Trial Registration. Our article does not report the results of a health care intervention on human participants.

Efficacy of a Biopesticide and Predatory Mite to Manage Chilli Thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Strawberry

Efficacy of predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) as a biological control agent of chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, was compared to a Capsicum oleoresin extract-based biopesticide,and a conventional insecticide, spinetoram, on entire strawberry (var. ‘Radiance’) plants with 5 expanded trifoliates under greenhouse conditions. Results indicate that A. swirskii and the biopesticide can be included as effective tools for integrated pest management of S. dorsalis in strawberries.

Characterization of Capsicum oleoresin microparticles and in vivo evaluation of short-term capsaicin intake

Gum arabic, modified corn starch (EMCAP), modified malt (MALT), either blended or isolated, were assessed as encapsulating agents for Capsicum oleoresin. Capsicum oleoresin microparticles were obtained by spray drying and analysed for physicochemical properties and in vivo. Obtained powders were adequate for storage, given their low water activity (<0.150), hygroscopicity (<11.43 g/100 g), moisture (<4.76%) and high glass transition temperature (<98.3 °C). FT-IR analysis concluded that carbohydrates matrices were loaded after spray drying, with peaks around 2850 cm–1 for aromatic compounds, and bands around 1760 cm−1, pointing to the presence of capsaicin inside the microparticles. All formulations exhibited high antioxidant activity, low contact angles and great solubility in water. Any adverse effect was observed in the experimental assay, neither change on the level of hepatic aminotransferases. The intake of a High-Fat Diet (HFD) supplemented with Capsicum oleoresin microparticles decreased weight gain when compared to the HFD control.

Anti-gnawing bio-polymer composites from non-toxic substances extracted from hot chili pepper

This research studied anti-gnawing bio-polymer composites to prevent rodent destroy the plastic products. Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) used as a bio-polymer matrix incorporated with capsicum oleoresin (CO) and denatonium benzoate (DB). CO extracted form hot chili pepper provided the burning sensation to mammal and DB gave a bitterest taste as a non-toxic substance. CO liquid was impregnated in the porous of silica called SiCO. The anti-gnawing bio-polymer composites were prepared by internal mixer and formed the specimens by compression molding machine. The anti-gnawing bio-polymer composites were determined anti-gnawing properties and mechanical properties. The anti-gnawing properties was examined in term of percentage of weight loss monitoring every week for one month. The results showed that the bio-polymer composites could be able to withstand the gnawing from rats with decreasing percentage of weight loss around 16% as comparing to neat PBS; however, the increase in SiCO concentration did not significantly improve the anti-gnawing properties. The addition of SiCO did not significantly reduce mechanical properties of the bio-polymer composites; however the corporation of DB/ZnSt decreased those properties of the composites.

Optimal Extraction Process and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of High Purity Oily Capsicum Oleoresin for Pharmaceutical Applications.

Recently, plant-derived anti-inflammatory products have received an increasing attention from researchers due to their excellent in vivo activity with limited side effects. Therefore, the extraction of natural active compounds from the plant with high purity for use in anti-inflammatory formulations is required. In this study, oily Capsicum oleoresin (OCO) was extracted from Capsicum frutescens L. in ethanol by the ultrasound-assisted extraction technique, followed by a centrifugation step for a high purity OCO extract, which can be applied to develop anti-inflammatory formulations. The impact of various conditions (ethanol concentration, sonicating temperature, extraction time, solvent-to-sample ratio, and extraction repetition) on the efficiency of the extraction process was investigated. The results showed that the optimized conditions for the high yield of OCO were 95% ethanol, 50–60°C, 60 minutes, solvent-to-sample ratio of 5 : 1 ml/g, and one extraction repetition, followed by centrifuging at 5000 rpm in 2 hours. Then, the purity and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the obtained OCO was then determined by using the HPLC method and carrageenan-induced mice paw edema model, respectively. The purity of OCO was determined as 3.408 mg capsaicin per gram of Capsicum powder; meanwhile, its anti-inflammatory effect value was approximate to that of the commercial drug diclofenac after 48 hours of treatment. The high purity OCO prepared by this low-cost and ecofriendly extraction process would be a promising material for anti-inflammatory formulations.

Assessment of toxicological consequences upon acute inhalation exposure to chemically improvised nonlethal riot control combinational formulation (NCF) containing oleoresin capsicum and skatole.

Sensory irritation is an acute adverse effect leading to temporary disability posed by riot control agents in various deployable forms are utilized by defense personal in violent mob attacks but their irreversible toxic effects and risk assessment have been a matter of concern. These intimidating risks of available riot control agents have led to exploring the pulmonary toxicity profile of the oil in water emulsion formulation developed for vicious crowd controls containing an irritant oleoresin capsicum, a malodorant (skatole), and a commercial dye, followed by characterization using standard methods. Nonlethal riot control combinational formulation (NCF) has been aimed to be the best possible low-lethal alternative for riot control measures. In this study, 30min of acute inhalation exposure of NCF was given to Wistar rats and various respiratory parameters like lung dynamics, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytological assays, pro-inflammatory cytokines estimation, antioxidant activity, collagen accumulation, cytotoxicity, in vivo lung imaging, western blot, histology of lung tissue, etc. were investigated to validate its potentiality and rate of irritation reversibility as nonlethal agents. An exaggerated physiological change like sensory irritation, changes in lung functional variables, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, etc. were noticed initially without airway obstruction as the expression of nociceptive TRPV1 protein did not alter the physiological regulation of protective proteins like Nrf2 and HO-1 and also no abnormality was found in lung tissue architecture. In conclusion, it can be stated that this formulation can be explored as a nonlethal riot control agent intending to generate discomfort but with early reversibility of sensory irritation and no recurrence of toxicity.

113 Not Another Mass Casualty: Using Simulation to Increase Physician Comfort With the Unique Challenges of Protest Medicine

Sparked by the death of George Floyd, civil unrest and protest proliferated across the country in 2020. While most demonstrations were peaceful, 5% were marred by the use of tear gas, pepper spray, and rubber bullets to facilitate situation control. Many emergency physicians and residents participated in these protests and were at the front line when force was used and protesters were injured. Treating patients in this situation is dangerous and offers unique challenges that a typical residency curriculum in disaster medicine would not address.

Differentiation of oleoresin capsicum sprays based on their capsaicinoid profiles

Oleoresin capsicum (OC) sprays, often referred to as 'pepper sprays', contain a solution of active compounds, exerting an irritating effect on the human body. The active component of OC sprays are capsaicinoids, obtained by extraction from peppers. The profiles (quantitative relations) of natural capsaicinoids depend on the plant material, they were extracted from. Pepper spray is a non-lethal weapon that should only be used for self-defense but is often used by criminals to attack and incapacitate victims. Evidence related to these types of incidents, such as containers, clothes of victims or suspects, as well as traces of substances found at the scene, are submitted to the forensic laboratory. The purpose of the analysis is to identify the ingredients of the preparation (especially active components) and compare the traces found on objects from the victim or the scene of the incident with the preparation from the can or traces found on objects related to the suspect. The study aimed to investigate the possibility of differentiating OC gases based on capsaicinoid profiles recorded in GC-MS analyses. Sixty-four gases from 12 different manufacturers were purchased and tested.The likelihood ratio (LR) approach was applied to the data expressing the relative capsaicinoids contents computed by integrating GC-MS signals. Two hypotheses were assumed that stated either common or different origins of the samples. Several LR models have been developed, and their performance has been controlled by the number of false positives and false negatives as well as empirical cross entropy.The research results showed that differentiation was very successful, with more than 90% of correct responses. The results obtained show that OC sprays may be distinguished, even if they were produced by the same producer presumably if produced using different batches of pepper extract.

Effects of oregano essential oil and capsicum extract on fattening, serum constituents, and rumen fermentation of lambs

This study investigated dietary supplementation of weaned lambs with Origanum vulgare essential oil and Capsicum oleoresin (chilli pepper) extract. Thirty-six eight-week-old male and female Menemen lambs were used in this study. Three dietary treatment groups consisted of T1, an unsupplemented control group; T2, a group supplemented with 300 mg/kg oregano essential oil, and T3, a group supplemented with 300 mg/kg Capsicum oleoresin. Feed and fresh water were available to the lambs ad libitum during the 56-day experiment. No significant effects of treatment were detected on growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion. In addition, serum urea, creatine, total protein, albumin, amylase, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels did not differ among treatments on day 56 of the study. When oregano oil and capsicum extract were added to the feed, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetate (AA), propionate (PA), butyrate (BA), isobutyrate (IBA), valerate (VA), and AA to PA ratio in the rumen were decreased significantly in comparison with the control group at two hours after feeding, with the effect of T2 being greater than that of T3. Female lambs had lower levels of TVFA than male lambs. Thus, although neither additive affected fattening performance and serum constituents of the lambs, both altered the rumen fatty acid profile.

Dietary supplementation with rumen-protected capsicum during the transition period improves the metabolic status of dairy cows

In ruminants, it has been observed that capsicum oleoresin can alter insulin responses and that high-intensity artificial sweetener can increase glucose absorption from the small intestine. Because glucose metabolism and insulin responses are critical during early lactation, these supplements might have an effect on the metabolic status of dairy cows during the transition period. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected capsicum oleoresin fed alone or in combination with artificial sweetener during the transition period on lactational performance and susceptibility to subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. Fifteen primiparous and 30 multiparous Holstein cows (a total of 39 cows finished the study) were arranged in a randomized complete block design during d -21 to 60 relative to parturition. Cows within block were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: no supplement (CON), supplementation with 100 mg of rumen-protected capsicum/cow per day (RPCap), or RPCap plus 2 g of high-intensity artificial sweetener/cow per day (RPCapS). For both the RPCap and RPCapS treatments, only rumen-protected capsicum was fed during the dry period. From d 8 to 11 of lactation, intake was limited to 70% of predicted dry matter intake to induce subclinical ketosis. Production variables were recorded daily, samples for milk composition were collected on wk 2, 4, 6, and 8, and blood samples were collected on wk -2, 1, 2, and 4 of the experiment for analysis of metabolic hormones and blood cell counts. Supplementation with rumen-protected capsicum increased serum insulin and decreased β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations precalving, indicating a decrease in lipolysis. During the lactation period, RPCap was associated with a trend for increased milk production and feed efficiency following the ketosis challenge. Supplementation with RPCapS appeared to negate the response to rumen-protected capsicum. All cows developed subclinical ketosis during the challenge, and this was not affected by treatment. We conclude that treatments did not decrease susceptibility to subclinical ketosis; however, dietary supplementation with rumen-protected capsicum was effective at improving energy status precalving and tended to increased milk production and feed efficiency. The mechanism underlying these responses is unclear.

Characteristics of pepper spray-related injuries reported to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System during 2000–2020

Introduction Exposure to pepper spray may result in adverse dermal, ocular, and inhalation effects. Furthermore, pepper spray, including the more potent bear spray, was used by both law enforcement and protesters in 2020 in the protests related to racial justice and COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The objective of this study was to characterize pepper spray-related injuries treated at United States (US) emergency departments (EDs). Methods Data were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a database of consumer product-related injuries collected from approximately 100 US hospital EDs. Pepper spray-related injuries reported during 2000–2020 were identified by reviewing all records that included the letter groups “pep” or “bear” in the Narrative field and “spray” in the Narrative field or Product code 1619 in the Product_1, Product_2, or Product_3 fields. Results A total of 1112 pepper spray-related injuries were identified, resulting in a national estimate of 34,582 pepper spray-related injuries, of which 43.4% were reported during 2014–2020. Of the estimated exposures, the age distribution was 14.5% 0–5 years, 18.5% 6–12 years, 18.2% 13–19 years, 19.6% 20–29 years, 11.8% 30–39 years, 9.1% 40–49 years, and 8.3% 50 years or older; 55.9% of the patients were male. The exposure route was 52.0% ocular, 25.7% dermal, 13.6% inhalation, 2.9% ingestion/oral, and 14.1% unknown. Conclusions Patients with pepper spray-related injuries tended to be older children and young adults, and the majority of patients were male. The route of exposure of most of the injuries was ocular.

Study on the Migration of Sudan I during the Extraction Process of Active Ingredients of Pepper：Capsicum Red and Capsicum Oleoresin

In order to investigate the migration of Sudan I during the active ingredients paprika red and capsicum oleoresin extraction process, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to detect the content variation of Sudan I during the extraction process, together with the changes of color value and total capsaicinoids in raw paprika, paprika powder, paprika granule, red oleoresin, paprika red and capsicum oleoresin were examined. Results demonstrated that more than 97% of the color value and total capsaicin in paprika were retained during the extraction process. Sudan I mainly existed in paprika pericarp and it constitute 86% of Sudan I in the whole paprika. Sudan I contamination in the range of 0.08~0.22 µg/kg caused major impact on the persistence of Sudan I with the extraction processed. 70% of Sudan I was retained after the paprika was deseeded and crushed. The subsequent granulation, extraction and separation process did not cause significant changes in Sudan I transfer rate. Eventually, 67.56% of Sudan I was remained in paprika red and no Sudan I was found in capsicum oleoresin. The migration of Sudan I depends on the solubility of Sudan I, paprika red and capsicum oleoresin.