Oleifera Extract Research Articles

Extraction, Characterization, and Utilization of Moringa Oleifera Extract in Textile Wet Processes

Extraction, Characterization, and Utilization of Moringa Oleifera Extract in Textile Wet Processes

Ready-to-Drink Functional Drink Formulation of Black Mulberry (Morus Nigra) Fruit Extract with The Addition of Moringa Leaf (Moringa Oleifera) Extract Using D-Optimal Expert Design

Ready-to-Drink Functional Drink Formulation of Black Mulberry (Morus Nigra) Fruit Extract with The Addition of Moringa Leaf (Moringa Oleifera) Extract Using D-Optimal Expert Design

Validated HPTLC Method for Detection of Kaempferol in <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Leaf Extract and Investigation of its Antidiabetic Potential by <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Silico</i> Studies

Background: Exploring traditional treatments offers valuable foundations for the innovation of new pharmaceuticals for the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Validation of plant extract by suitable chromatographic techniques is a part of standardization procedures. Moringa oleifera is one such traditionally used plant to be explored. Aim: The study explores the antidiabetic potential of M. oleifera through both in vitro and in silico explorations along with HPTLC method development and validation for estimation of kaempferol in M. oleifera extract. Method: Plant extract was prepared by maceration method using ethanol: water (70:25) and followed by Soxhlet(95% ethanol). Pharmacognostical analysis was conducted. In silico and in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant studies were conducted, as well as quality control analysis was done using HPTLC method the mobile phase used was toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid: methanol: (6:3:0.3:1v/v/v/v). Results: HPTLC analysis showed the presence of kaempferol, and the method was validated as per ICH guidelines. According to reports on molecular docking studies, several phytocompounds inhibited when porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) complexed with a carbohydrate inhibitor (PDB ID: 4W93).The hydroalcoholic extract was discovered to have the ability to inhibit α-amylase, with IC50 values of 57.38588±1.92 μg/mL and 32.51564±1.59 μg/mL for standard acarbose, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, this research provides comprehensive data for the estimation of kaempferol in Moringa oleifera by HPTLC and presents valuable evidence on its antidiabetic potential both in vitro and in silico.

Microalgae separation in MP-PVC contaminated wastewater using plant-based coagulant over different extraction methods in Bauru, Brazil

This study investigates the effectiveness of coagulation-flocculation and sedimentation (CFS) for separating microalgae, focusing on the use of various Moringa oleifera extracts as natural coagulants. We examined photobioreactor effluent (PBR) both with and without microplastic PVC (MP-PVC) contamination, referred to as PBR R2 and PBR R1, respectively. Utilising response surface methodology, we identified optimal conditions for the removal of microalgae and MP-PVC. Validation tests demonstrated that the aqueous extract of delipidated Moringa oleifera powder (AEDMOP) achieved high removal efficiencies, with coagulant dosages of 630 mg L−1 for PBR R1 and 625 mg L−1 for PBR R2. Both conditions showed microalgae removal efficiencies exceeding 83% for turbidity, colour, OD540 nm, OD680 nm, and OD750 nm, and 63% for OD254 nm. Interestingly, the optimised conditions for PBR R2 required slightly less coagulant, likely due to the additional particulate matter from MP-PVC. While extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) exhibited a marginal effect on flocculation, further investigation into their role in CFS is necessary. Our findings highlight the potential of AEDMOP for efficient microalgae separation, even in the presence of microplastics.

Microstructures, optical, magnetic properties, and specific absorption rate of novel magnetite/mesoporous silica nanoparticles synthesized using green route for magnetic hyperthermia application

In this study, novel magnetite (Fe3O4)/mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) were prepared by the green synthesis method using Moringa oleifera extract with various MSN concentrations. The crystallite size of Fe3O4/MSN decreased from 10.5 to 9.0 nm with the increase of MSN concentrations. However, as shown from transmission electron microscope images, the surface modification process increases its particle size from 10.7 ± 0.1–27.8 ± 0.3 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that MSN has a porous structure, and the shape of Fe3O4/MSN was nearly spherical. The Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the functional group of Si-O-Si at 1041 cm−1, indicating a successful surface modification process. After modification using MSN, the band gap energy of the nanoparticles decreased from 3.61 to 3.27 eV. The magnetic properties analysis showed that the saturation magnetization of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/MSN was 55.32 ± 0.03 emu/g and 53.45 ± 0.04 emu/g, respectively. In contrast, the coercivity increased from 57.7 ± 0.3–149.5 ± 0.5 Oe. Additionally, the specific absorption rate (SAR) of Fe3O4/MSN to evaluate its potential for magnetic hyperthermia applications were investigated. The highest SAR values of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/MSN were 91.8 mW/g and 86.7 mW/g, which decreased with increasing MSN concentrations. Furthermore, these results proved that the green-synthesized Fe3O4/MSN was a promising candidate and potentially optimized the performance of future magnetic hyperthermia applications.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a Camellia oleifera C.Abel seed extract for use in all animal species except fin fish (NOR-FEED SAS).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a Camellia oleifera C.Abel seed extract (Cosap®) as technological feed additive for all animal species except fin fish. In the absence of adequate tolerance studies in the target species or toxicological studies with the additive under assessment, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) could not conclude on the safety of C. oleifera extract for the target species. The use of the additive in animal nutrition is not expected to cause concern for consumer safety. The additive is considered as irritant to the eyes and mucous membranes. No conclusions can be reached on the potential of the additive to be irritant to the skin or to be a dermal sensitiser. The use of the additive under the proposed conditions of use is considered safe for the terrestrial compartment. However, no conclusion can be reached on the safety of the additive for the environment when used in feed of aquatic animals other than fin fish. The Panel concluded that the additive has the potential to be efficacious as an emulsifier when used according to proposed conditions of use.

Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on D-galactose induced changes in lipid profile of aged Wistar rats

Uncontrolled hyperlipidaemia is linked to some age-related diseases like obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. To examine the blood lipid profile in wistar rats, this study employed D-galactose-induced aging as a model. The lipid profiles were analysed using standard methods. Thirty (30) male albino rats were randomly assigned into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each and fed with basal diets. Group 1 and 5 which served as the young and adult controls respectively received basal diet only while the others were administered D-galactose (150mg/kg) and Moringa oleifera extract (MOLE-200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) respectively for eight (8) weeks. At the end of the study rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. At week 0, the results of the total cholesterol concentrations (98.81 ± 6.43), TAG (69.15 ± 1.34), LDL-cholesterol (31.80 ± 4.10), VLDL-cholesterol (13.83 ± 0..27) and HDL-cholesterol (35.64 ± 2.81) in rats administered M. oleifera leaf extract, D-galactose and distilled water respectively showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference across all the groups but at week 8 treatment with high dose of MOLE resulted in a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in total serum cholesterol (112.45 ± 3.05), TAG (114.05 ± 5.47), LDL-cholesterol (19.66 ± 4.06) concentrations relative to the D-galactose only treated group. Conversely, HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) following treatment with both low (69.53 ± 1.94) and high dose (69.99 ± 2.64) of MOLE relative to the D-galactose (63.65 ± 2.54) treated group. These results suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf extract exerts an anti-hyperlipidaemic effect against D-galactose-induced toxicity and thus could confer protection against aging.

UV-Protection Effect of Nanoemulgel Formulation from Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf Extracts in Rattus novergicus

Exposure to sunlight (UV radiation) can harm the skin, leading to cancer and tissue damage. The body’s natural defense involves activating hormones that stimulate melanin synthesis to reduce cellular damage. Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves, rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, are promising UV-protection agents. This study assessed the efficacy of nanoemulgel formulations containing M. oleifera leaf extract through in vitro and in vivo assays. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups, including formulations with 2%, 3%, and 4% M. oleifera extract, a negative control, and a positive control with Azarine Sunscreen Gel SPF 45. The nanoemulsions had appropriate size and quality, with the highest SPF observed at 4% concentration (7.95±0.06). According to FDA classification, these formulations fall within the 'extra' SPF category (6<SPF<8). However, melanin scores in the nanoemulgel groups were comparable to the untreated control, and the 4% concentration (44.4±16.3) did not match the protection provided by commercial sunscreen (10.0±1.58). These findings suggest M. oleifera has potential for photoprotection, but further optimization is needed.

The Effects of Moringa Leaf Extract on the Growth and Microbial Load of Boiler

The adverse effect of microbes in poultry production, especially broiler chicken remains a major concern for poultry breeders. This study determined the effects of Moringa leaf (Moringa Oleifera) extract on the performance and microbial loads of broiler birds. A total of 25 broiler chicks were used and separated into 5 groups in an iron pen with 5 chicks in each group. Group 1 (control, with no treatment), group 2 (received a treatment of 62.5mg/L), group 3 (received a treatment of 125mg/L), group 4 (received a treatment of 250mg/L), group 5 (received a treatment of 500mg/L). After 4 weeks of treatment, the faeces from each group, the control group inclusive were collected for microbial analysis. The result showed that the Moringa Oleifera leaf extract at all doses recorded non-significant difference in the parameters analysed among the groups. It was also noticed that the disparities of the results were great. Some as much as 11.5 and 168. 37 standard error of mean. Moreover, Group 3, receiving 125mg/L, exhibited a substantial reduction in E. coli, salmonella, total bacteria count, and pseudomonas activities compared to other groups. Group 3 had the highest water consumption. Amongst the treatment group, group 3 had the highest increase in weight. In conclusion, Moringa leaf extract effectively lowered the microbial load in broiler chicks at the treatment of 125mg/L without any adverse effects. Keywords: Moringa Oleifera, Moringa leaf, microbial load, broiler birds.

Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activities on cervical cancer cell lines and aero-digestive extract of Moringa oleifera

The phytochemical screening showed that the Moringa oleifera (MO) extract contained many compounds such as polyphenols, polyterpenes, sterols, reducing sugars, and hydrolysates tannins. The MICs of MO extract for microbial strains is 0.73 mg/ml for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 7.5 mg/ml for Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and 0.5 mg/ml for Candida albicans. The MO extract has an IC50 of 3.403 mg/ml has an antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging. The cytotoxic activity of MO extract was evaluated by determining the content of lactate dehydrogenase released by the lysed cells. MO extract exhibited cytotoxic activity against HeLa and FaDu cell lines with an identical IC50 value of 25 µg/ml. We did not observe any remarkable decrease cytotoxic activity when these lines were exposed to the MO extract after 48 h. Our findings help to support the promising role of MO as anticancer agent and open a new challenge for studying DNA fragmentation.

Phytocure drug alternatives to manage antimicrobial resistance in poultry transmitted human pathogens

ABSTRACT This research aimed to explore natural, cost-effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics, focusing on Citrus sinensis peel and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. The objectives were to extract, characterize, and evaluate the antimicrobial potential of these extracts against common poultry pathogens. The proximate analysis of M. oleifera leaf powder revealed 22% protein, 10% fat, 10% ash, and 10% fiber. Phytochemical screening of both aqueous and ethanol extracts of M. oleifera and orange peel indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and total phenolics. These extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains like E. coli, S. gallinarum, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, Campylobacter, S. aureus and M. gallisepticum. In a study involving 30 broilers, those treated with M. oleifera extract showed superior antibacterial effects compared to other treatment groups. These findings suggest that M. oleifera leaf extract could serve as an effective, affordable alternative to antibiotics in broiler diets, potentially improving disease management in the poultry industry.

Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts and evaluation of their antibacterial activity

The biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles has received increasing attention in the field of food nanotechnology because of their non-toxicity, high efficiency, high antibacterial power, and decontamination features. Therefore, biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (nFe) was prepared from the leaves of some vegetables, such as cabbage (C) and turnips (T), as well as moringa leaves (M). Alcoholic extracts of these nanoparticles were also tested on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to evaluate their antibacterial activity. The results revealed that the particle sizes of the biosynthesis nanomaterials studied ranged from 12.99 to 22.72 nm, and the particles were spherical, irregular, and surrounded by black color. It also contains many functional groups and minerals. Iron nanoparticles modified with Moringa oleifera extract at a concentration of 200 ppm had the highest phenol content compared to other biosynthesis nanoparticles studied. TnFe and MnFe at 200 ppm had a maximum zone of inhibition of 25 mm and 24 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. While the minimum inhibition zone of 8.0 mm was observed at 25 ppm for nFe against Escherichia coli. Therefore, it is recommended to use these extracts of biosynthesis iron oxide nanoparticles as antibacterial agents for stored foods.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera: Implementation to Photoantimicrobial of Candida albicans with LED Light

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera (AgNPs/MO) was carried out to produce nanoscale antifungal agents which are used as photosensitizing agents in photoantimicrobial therapy. This study focused on investigating the potential of AgNPs/MO producing some toxic radical compounds that inhibit the growth of Candida albicans biofilms. The inhibition mechanism uses the principle of photoinactivation treatment which combines a photosensitizer with an LED light source at a power of 100 mW for 60 - 300 s of exposure. Quantitative data analyzed were the number of viable cells and radical compounds, formed by malondialdehyde (MDA) level. It is investigated through staining the XTT (2,3-Bis-(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide) and TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances). The results show that the maximum wavelength of AgNPs is 440 nm while the Moringa oleifera has 2 peaks at 425 and 635 nm. The maximum effect occurred in the group of photosensitizer AgNPs/MO combined LED with percentage inactivation about 76.80 % for blue LEDs and 76.20 % for red LEDs. The group of LED irradiation without photosensitizer obtained about 51.85 % for blue LEDs and 50.04 % for red LEDs. The MDA level group of AgNPs/MO combined LED also produced MDA levels of 1.772 nmol/mL for blue LED and 1.617 nmol/mL for red LED. Meanwhile, the application of photoantimicrobial using only LEDs produced MDA levels of only 1.353 nmol/mL for blue LEDs and 1.347 nmol/mL for red LEDs. This research has shown that the green synthesis of AgNPs/MO has a good potential to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans biofilms as a photosensitizer agent. HIGHLIGHTS Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) combined with Moringa oleifera (MO) extract have been shown to have potential as a photosensitizer to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans Green synthesis AgNPs/MO have a characteristic spectrum at 440 nm which is close to the blue light spectrum. Green synthesis AgNPs/MO combined with LED light irradiation energy can reduce the cell viability of Candida albicans up to 76.80 % through the XTT assay staining test method and produce 1.772 nmol/mL of Malondialdehyde that reacts with ROS compounds to cause cell damage. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Newly synthesized chitosan nanoparticles loaded with caffeine/moringa leaf extracts Halt Her2, BRCA1, and BRCA2 expressions

Breast cancer is among the highest morbidity and mortality rates in women around the world. In the present investigation we aimed to synthesis novel nanosystem combining two naturally important anticancer agents with different mechanism of action namely Moringa oleifera and caffeine. Firstly, chemical analysis of Moringa oleifera extract and caffeine was done by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) in order to assess the main chemical compounds present and correlate between them and the possible anticancer effect. The novel nanosystem was characterized through dynamic light scattering techniques which revealed the stability and homogeneity of the prepared M. oleifera leaves extract/Caffeine loaded chitosan nanoparticles, while FTIR and transmission electron microscope (TEM) proved the shape and the successful incorporation of M. oleifera leaves extract/Caffeine onto the nanochitosan carrier. Our initial step was to assess the anticancer effect in vitro in cancer cell line MCF-7 which proved the significant enhanced effect of M. oleifera leaves extract/Caffeine nanosystem compared to M. oleifera leaves extract or caffeine loaded nanoparticles. Further studies were conducted in vivo namely tumor biomarkers, tumor volume, bioluminescence imaging, molecular and histopathological investigations. The present study proved the potent anticancer effect of the synthesized M. oleifera leaves extract/Caffeine loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Mo/Caf/CsNPs exhibited a large number of apoptotic cells within the tumor mass while the adipose tissue regeneration was higher compared to the positive control. The prepared nanoparticles downregulated the expression of Her2, BRCA1 and BRCA2 while mTOR expression was upregulated. The aforementioned data demonstrated the successful synergistic impact of Moringa and caffeine in decreasing the carcinoma grade.

Assessment of cytoprotective and genoprotective effects of Moringa oleifera and Tinospora cordifolia extracts in vitro.

Moringa oleifera and Tinospora cordifolia is extensively used as an ingredient of food and in traditional medicine for the management of a variety of diseases. The extracts of leaf of Moringa oleifera and stem of Tinospora cordifolia were assessed to examine their ability to inhibit the oxidative DNA damage (by DNA protection assay), cytoprotective and genoprotective potential (by Comet assay) in V79 cells individually and in combinations. It was found that these extracts could significantly inhibit the OH-dependent damage of pUC18 plasmid DNA. M. oleifera extract (160 and 320μg/mL) and Tinospora cordifolia extract (640, 1,280 and 2,560μg/mL) individually showed higher DNA protection activity. M. oleifera (1,280μg/mL) combined with Tinospora cordifolia (640μg/mL) showed best cytoprotective and genoprotective activities among different concentration combinations and various concentrations of individual plants in V79 cell line against hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. This study demonstrates the cytoprotective and genoprotective activity of M. oleifera and Tinospora cordifolia individually or in combination.

Restraint of Starch-hydrolyzing Enzyme in the Management of Postprandial Blood Glucose Level: An Alternative Approach

Background: Diabetes is a multifaceted metabolic condition defined by postprandial hyperglycemia with perturbances in the majority of the metabolic systems in the human body. α-amylase is a key enzyme present in pancreatic juice and saliva that converts one of the common food sources i.e., starch molecules into absorbable molecules and raises plasma glucose levels. Reducing starch digestion by the inhibitors of starch hydrolyzing enzymes could be an intriguing strategy for improved postprandial hyperglycemia management. Objective: The present research work was undertaken to evaluate the inhibition potential of natural inhibitors of α-amylase from Trichosanthes dioica (pointed gourd) and Moringa oleifera (moringa leaves) extracts in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo cytotoxicity assessment was also conducted through brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Methods: Different organic solvents (namely acetone, ethanol, and methanol) were used to isolate plant extracts. DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) was used to conduct the α-amylase inhibition assay. The safety of the natural inhibitors was determined by the most common technique i.e, brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Results: Among all the different organic solvent extracts, pointed gourd and its peel exhibited the highest α-amylase inhibition activity (64.03 ± 7.33–69.40 ± 9.38%) which is very close to standard α-amylase inhibitor acarbose (72.34 ± 4.23%) whereas moringa leaves showed moderate inhibition activities (59.10 ± 5.25–62.03 ± 1.77%). The cytotoxicity of pointed gourd and its peel was higher while moringa leaves demonstrated lower toxicity. Conclusion: Considering the inhibition rate and cytotoxicity, pointed gourd ethanol extract (Inhibition: 67.43 ± 11.80%; Cytotoxicity: 209.98 μg/mL) would be the best candidate for managing postprandial hyperglycemia.

Effectiveness Of Moringa Oleifera And Ginger Extract On The Intensity Of Dysmenorrhea In Adolescent Girls

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological problems experienced by adolescence girls. Introduction to non-pharmacological treatment of dysmenorrhea in adolescence girls is required to reduce the risks arising from dysmenorrhea with pharmacology that has side effects on the body. Moringa Oleifera and Ginger Extracts are non-pharmacological therapies that have analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits. To find out the comparison of the effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera and Ginger Extracts against the intensity of dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls. The research methodology was a Study Case Literature Review of dysmenorrhea with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and after the intervention. There was a decrease in the intensity of dysmenorrhea in the two respondents. The comparison result was that Ginger Extract was more effective (83.3%) than Moringa Oleifera Extract (50%) in reducing the intensity of dysmenorrhea. We expected that Moringa Oleifera and Ginger Extracts could be an alternative in handling both prevention and non-pharmacological treatment of dysmenorrhea.

Evaluating the anti-yeast, anti-diabetic, wound healing activities of Moringa oleifera extracted at different conditions of pressure via supercritical fluid extraction

Plants represent a great source of medicines, and for their components to be discovered, extraction processes must be developed, especially methods based on green technology. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was employed as a green method for Moringa oleifera extraction in the present investigation. The maximum yield of extraction was obtained at 25 MPa. Moreover, the extraction at 25 MPa induced the release of various phenols and flavonoids, as analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography. The investigation revealed the concentrations of chlorogenic, gallic, rosmarinic, and coumaric acids to be 150.59, 89.90, 44.75, and 29.41 µg/mL, respectively at 25 MPa. However, their concentrations were 0.73, 1.53, 0.24, and 0.04 µg/mL, respectively at 15 MPa; vs. 4.73, 2.62, 1.06, and 0.50 at 35 MPa, respectively. Totals of saponin, flavonoid, phenolic, tannins, and alkaloid were recorded in maximum yield at 25 MPa. Moringa oleifera extracted at 35 MPa reflected highest inhibition zones of 27 ± 0.1, 30 ± 0.2, and 30 ± 0.1 mm against C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. albicans, correspondingly. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase activities were greatly suppressed by the M. oleifera extract at 25 MPa with less IC50 (12.97 µg/mL and 6.0 µg/mL), than the IC50 (53.46 and 22.02 µg/mL) at 15 MPa, compared with acarbose IC50 (5.52 and 2.64 µg/mL), correspondingly.

Dermatoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on sodium valproate-induced skin damage in rats

Valproic acid is an antiepileptic drug associated with skin-related issues like excessive hair growth, hair loss, and skin rashes. In contrast, Moringa oleifera, rich in nutrients and antioxidants, is gaining popularity worldwide for its medicinal properties. The protective properties of M. oleifera extract against skin-related side effects caused by valproic acid were investigated. Female rats were divided into control groups and experimental groups such as moringa, sodium valproate, and sodium valproate + moringa groups. A 70% ethanolic extract of moringa (0.3 g/kg/day) was given to moringa groups, and a single dose of sodium valproate (0.5 g/kg/day) was given to valproate groups for 15 days. In the skin samples, antioxidant parameters (such as glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity), as well as oxidant parameters representing oxidative stress (i.e. lipid peroxidation, sialic acid, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and total oxidant capacity), were examined. Additionally, boron, hydroxyproline, sodium-potassium ATPase, and tissue factor values were determined. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was also carried out for protein analysis in the skin samples. The results showed that moringa could increase glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, sodium-potassium ATPase, and boron levels, while decreasing lipid peroxidation, sialic acid, nitric oxide, total oxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species, hydroxyproline, and tissue factor levels. These findings imply that moringa possesses the potential to mitigate dermatological side effects.

Effect of herbal irrigants on surface roughness of intraradicular dentin using quantitative method of 3D surface texture analysis

Replacing the conventional endodontic irrigants with herbal agents could avoid complications associated with using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Endodontic irrigants alter the surface roughness of the dentinal wall surface, which affects sealer mechanical retention. This study aimed to assess the effect of experimental herbal Moringa oleifera and orange peel extract irrigant on intraradicular dentin (IRD) surface roughness using quantitative 3D surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) regarding the smear layer assessment. Sixty human root sections were divided into four groups (n = 15): NaOCl combined with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); negative control (saline); moringa extract (MO); and orange oil (OO). SEM images were assessed quantitatively for surface roughness (Ra) in the coronal, middle, and apical IRD. The data were analysed by Kruskal–Wallis, Friedman, and Dunn’s tests. All groups showed statistically significant differences (P = 0.007). MO exhibited significantly greater Ra values at the coronal, middle, and apical root levels than OO (P = 0.007, 0.009, and 0.046, respectively). There was no significant change in Ra values at various root levels within each group at P = 0.091, 0.819, 0.819, and 0.549 for the EDTA, saline, MO, and OO groups. Considerable (IRD) surface roughness analysis makes Moringa extract a promising herbal endodontic irrigant alternative to the NaOCl plus EDTA regimen.