Oleic Acid Group Research Articles

Effect of oleic acid-induced acute lung injury and conventional mechanical ventilation on renal function in piglets.

Animal models that demonstrate changes of renal function in response to acute lung injury (ALI) and mechanical ventilation (MV) are few. The present study was performed to examine the effect of ALI induced by oleic acid (OA) in combination with conventional MV strategy on renal function in piglets. Twelve Chinese mini-piglets were randomly divided into two groups: the OA group (n = 6), animals were ventilated with a conventional MV strategy of 12 ml/kg and suffered an ALI induced by administration of OA, and the control group (n = 6), animals were ventilated with a protective MV strategy of 6 ml/kg and received the same amount of sterile saline. Six hours after OA injection a severe lung injury and a mild-moderate degree of renal histopathological injury were seen, while no apparent histological abnormalities were observed in the control group. Although we observed an increase in the plasma concentrations of creatinine and urea after ALI, there was no significant difference compared with the control group. Plasma concentrations of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C increased (5.6 ± 1.3) and (7.4 ± 1.5) times in the OA group compared to baseline values, and were significantly higher than the values in the control group. OA injection in combination with conventional MV strategy resulted in a dramatic aggravation of hemodynamic and blood gas exchange parameters, while these parameters remained stable during the experiment in the control group. The plasma expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in the OA group were significantly higher than that in the control group. Compared with high expression in the lung and renal tissue in the OA group, TNF-α and IL-6 were too low to be detected in the lung and renal tissue in the control group. OA injection in combination with conventional MV strategy not only resulted in a severe lung injury but also an apparent renal injury. The potential mechanisms involved a cytokine response of TNF-α and IL-6 in plasma, lung and renal tissues.

Lipoxin A4Activates Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel, Na,K-ATPase, and Increases Alveolar Fluid Clearance

Edema fluid resorption is critical for gas exchange, and both alveolar epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and Na,K-ATPase are accredited with key roles in the resolution of pulmonary edema. Alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) was measured in in situ ventilated lungs by instilling isosmolar 5% BSA solution with Evans Blue-labeled albumin tracer (5 ml/kg) and measuring the change in Evans Blue-labeled albumin concentration over time. Treatment with lipoxin A4 and lipoxin receptor agonist (5(S), 6(R)-7-trihydroxymethyl 17 heptanoate) significantly stimulated AFC in oleic acid (OA)-induced lung injury, with the outcome of decreased pulmonary edema. Lipoxin A4 and 5(S), 6(R)-7-trihydroxymethyl 17 heptanoate not only up-regulated the ENaC α and ENaC γ subunits protein expression, but also increased Na,K-ATPase α1 subunit protein expression and Na,K-ATPase activity in lung tissues. There was no significant difference of intracellular cAMP level between the lipoxin A4 treatment and OA group. However, the intracellular cGMP level was significantly decreased after lipoxin A4 treatment. The beneficial effects of lipoxin A4 were abrogated by butoxycarbonyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Ph (lipoxin A4 receptor antagonist) in OA-induced lung injury. In primary rat alveolar type II epithelial cells stimulated with LPS, lipoxin A4 increased ENaC α and ENaC γ subunits protein expression and Na,K-ATPase activity. Lipoxin A4 stimulated AFC through activation of alveolar epithelial ENaC and Na,K-ATPase.

Effects of lycopene on the model of oleic acid-induced acute lung injury

This study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of lycopene in lung injury rat model. Twenty eight Wistar rats were enrolled into the study. Control group (n= 7) were applied PBS + ethanol (9/1). A single dose of 100 mg/kg oleic acid (OA) intravenously was administrated to OA group (n= 7). One mL of corn oil was given daily to corn oil + OA group (n= 7) by gavage for five weeks. Lycopene was given by gavage to lycopene + OA group (n= 7) for five weeks. At the end of the 5th weeks, OA were given. Four hour after OA administration, lung tissue, blood samples were taken. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-peroxidase, catalase levels were determined. Malondialdehyde levels of serum, lung tissues were increased in OA, corn oil + OA groups than control, where as decreased to controls levels in lycopene + OA group (p< 0.05). Superoxide dismutase, glutathione-peroxidase activities of serum, tissue increased moderetaly or they were closed with control values. There was significant increase in lycopene + OA group values. Histopathological examination of control group was normal. OA, cornoil + OA groups had perivascular, alveolar edema, hemorrage, prominent neutrophil infiltration, destruction in alveolar structure. Lycopene + OA group had less neutrophilic infiltration, perivascular, alveolar edema. Lycopene rich diet may have an important role preventing damages in lungs.

Variation in oil content and fatty acid composition of the seed oil of Acacia species collected from the northwest zone of India

The oil content and fatty acid composition of the mature seeds of Acacia species collected from natural habitat of the northwest zone of the Indian subcontinent (Rajasthan) were analyzed in order to determine their potential for human or animal consumption. Oil content varied between 40 and 102 g kg⁻¹. The highest oil content was obtained in Acacia bivenosa DC. (102 g kg⁻¹) among the nine Acacia species. The fatty acid composition showed higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (~757.7 g kg⁻¹ in A. bivenosa), oleic acid (~525.0 g kg⁻¹ in A. nubica) and dominant saturated fatty acids were found to be 192.5 g kg⁻¹ palmitic acid and 275.6 g kg⁻¹ stearic acid in A. leucophloea and A. nubica respectively. Seed oils of Acacia species can thus be classified in the linoleic-oleic acid group. Significant variations were observed in oil content and fatty acid composition of Acacia species. The present study revealed that the seed oil of Acacia species could be a new source of high linoleic-oleic acid-rich edible oil and its full potential should be exploited. The use of oil from Acacia seed is of potential economic benefit to the poor native population of the areas where it is cultivated. The fatty acid composition of Acacia seed oils is very similar to that reported for commercially available edible vegetable oils like soybean, mustard, sunflower, groundnut and olive. Hence the seed oil of Acacia species could be a new source of edible vegetable oil after toxicological studies.

Effects of hydrogen sulfide on the expressions of nuclear factor-κB and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in pulmonary tissue of rats with acute lung injury

To explore the potential effects of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in lung tissue with oleic acid (OA)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats. Forty-two rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (n = 6), OA (n = 18) and OA + NaHS (n = 18). Rats in the OA group received an intra-tail vein injection of oleic acid 0.1 ml/kg while those in the OA + NaHS group an intraperitoneal injection of NaHS 56 µmol/kg at 30 mins before OA injection. The OA and OA + NaHS groups were subdivided into 3 subgroups depending on the therapeutic duration: 2 h (n = 6), 4 h (n = 6) and 6 h (n = 6). Rats in the control group received an intra-tail vein injection of normal saline 0.1 ml/kg. Bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and the leucocytic differential count of sediment examined. The extent of lung injury was evaluated by the index of quantitative assessment (IQA). The H(2)S level in lung tissue was measured by sensitive sulphur electrode. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the expression of ICAM-1 in alveolar epithelial cells were measured by immunohistochemical staining. Compared with the control group, the BALF percentage of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell was significantly higher at 2, 4 and 6 h in the OA-treated rats [(74.5 ± 3.0)%, (80.2 ± 2.0)%, (87.2 ± 2.7)% vs (3.1 ± 1.6)%, all P < 0.01]. And the value of IQA increased significantly versus those at 2, 4 and 6 h in the control group (5.2 ± 0.8, 6.4 ± 0.6, 6.8 ± 0.8 vs 0.4 ± 0.6, all P < 0.01). And the levels of H(2)S in lung tissue decreased at 2, 4 and 6 h [(21.20 ± 0.38) µmol/g, (20.80 ± 0.53) µmol/g, (18.92 ± 0.75) µmol/g vs (26.81 ± 0.65) µmol/g, all P < 0.01]. Moreover, the nuclear expression of NF-κB and the membranous expression of ICAM-1 in the alveolar epithelial cells in OA group rats was significantly higher than those of the control group (all P < 0.05). After the dosing of H(2)S donor (NaHS), the BALF percentage of PMN cell and the lung IQA decreased in the three subgroup rats (2, 4 and 6 h) versus the OA group. And the concentration of H(2)S increased significantly in the 4 h and 6 h subgroups versus the OA group at the corresponding time points. Simultaneously, the nuclear expression of NF-κB and the membranous expression of ICAM-1 in alveolar epithelial cells were significantly lower than that of the OA group at 4 h and 6 h subgroups (all P < 0.05). H(2)S may play a protective role in the ALI rats through the suppression of lung inflammation. And the inhibited expression of alveolar epithelial cell NF-κB mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of H(2)S.

Long-Term Simvastatin Attenuates Lung Injury and Oxidative Stress in Murine Acute Lung Injury Models Induced by Oleic Acid and Endotoxin

3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have several pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory properties, and are reported to improve endothelial functions. Pathophysiologically, acute lung injury (ALI) is caused by a severe inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction. To investigate the effects of simvastatin (an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) on oxidative stress and lung histopathology in 2 murine models of ALI, induced by oleic acid and endotoxin. The mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: one received 2 mg/kg/d intraperitoneal simvastatin for 15 days. Then the groups were further divided into 3, which received saline, oleic acid, or endotoxin. Four hours after inducing ALI we obtained lung samples for histopathology analysis, myeloperoxidase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde measurement, and blood samples for malondialdehyde measurement. Endotoxin and oleic acid lung injury increased tissue myeloperoxidase (P = .009 for both), decreased tissue glutathione (P = .02 and P = .009, respectively), and increased tissue malondialdehyde (P = .009 for both), compared to the control group. Simvastatin decreased myeloperoxidase only in the oleic acid group (P = .01). Simvastatin increased glutathione (P = .005 and P = .003, respectively) and lowered malondialdehyde in both the endotoxin and oleic acid groups (P = .003 for both). Histopathology revealed that simvastatin protected the lung tissue in both ALI models, but the protection was greater in the endotoxin group. Pretreatment with simvastatin decreased the severity of ALI in oleic acid and endotoxin ALI models, by decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Antitubercular Activity of New Dithiocarbamate Sugar Derivatives.

AbstractOptimization of the anti‐tubercular activity of the previously synthesized lead compound (VIb) includes the replacement of the N,N‐dimethyldithiocarbamate group by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and the acetyl group at C—2 by hydrogen or propyl, butyl, benzyl and oleic acid groups.

Short‐Term Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Muscle Lipid Composition and Serum Acylcarnitine Profile in Human Subjects

In cultured cells, palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA) confer distinct metabolic effects, yet, unclear, is whether changes in dietary fat intake impact cellular fatty acid (FA) composition. We hypothesized that short-term increases in dietary PA or OA would result in corresponding changes in the FA composition of skeletal muscle diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerol (TAG) and/or the specific FA selected for β-oxidation. Healthy males (N = 12) and females (N = 12) ingested a low-PA diet for 7 days. After fasting measurements of the serum acylcarnitine (AC) profile, subjects were randomized to either high-PA (HI PA) or low-PA/high-OA (HI OA) diets. After 7 days, the fasting AC measurement was repeated and a muscle/fat biopsy obtained. FA composition of intramyocellular DAG and TAG and serum AC was measured. HI PA increased, whereas HI OA decreased, serum concentration of 16:0 AC (P < 0.001). HI OA increased 18:1 AC (P = 0.005). HI PA was associated with a higher PA/OA ratio in muscle DAG and TAG (DAG: 1.03 ± 0.24 vs. 0.46 ± 0.08, P = 0.04; TAG: 0.63 ± 0.07 vs. 0.41 ± 0.03, P = 0.01). The PA concentration in the adipose tissue DAG (µg/mg adipose tissue) was 0.17 ± 0.02 in those receiving the HI PA diet (n = 6), compared to 0.11 ± 0.02 in the HI OA group (n = 4) (P = 0.067). The relative PA concentration in muscle DAG and TAG and the serum palmitoylcarnitine concentration was higher in those fed the high-PA diet.

Synthesis and evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of new dithiocarbamate sugar derivatives

The present study was undertaken to optimize the anti-tubercular activity of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate (OCT313, Glc-NAc-DMDC), a lead compound previously reported by us. Structural modifications of OCT313 included the replacements of the DMDC group at C-1 by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and the acetyl group at C-2 by either propyl, butyl, benzyl or oleic acid groups. The antimycobacterial activities of these derivatives were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Glc-NAc-pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (OCT313HK, Glc-NAc-PDTC) exhibited the most potent anti-tubercular activity with the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25-12.5 μg/ml. The antibacterial activity of OCT313HK was highly specific to MTB and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, but not against Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. Importantly, OCT313HK was also effective against MTB clinical isolates, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains. Interestingly, OCT313HK was exerted the primary bactericidal activity, and it was also exhibited the bacteriolytic activity at high concentrations. We next investigated whether the mycobacterial monooxygenase EthA, a common activator of thiocarbamide-containing anti-tubercular drugs, also activated OCT313HK. Contrary to our expectations, the anti-tubercular activity of dithiocarbamate sugar derivatives and dithiocarbamates were not dependent on ethA expression, in contrast to thiocarbamide-containing drugs. Overall, this study presents OCT313HK as a novel and potent compound against MTB, particularly promising to overcome drug resistance.

COMPARATIVE LABORATORY STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN TYPES OF LIPIDS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF PLASMA TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (TC) AND HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL-C) IN HAMSTER

The experiment was applied on /128/ healthy male hamsters divided into four groups. Each group had laboratorial diet, freely, during the period of the experiment:Domestic Ghee Group were dosed domestic ghee 8g/kg of the body weight daily; Olive Oil Group were dosed olive oil 8g/kg of the body weight; Olive Oil+ Oleic Acid Group were dosed olive oil supplemented by 10% of oleic acid 8g/kg of the body weight daily andControl Group which had laboratorial diet that made maintenance ration. Four blood samples were collected during the experiment for 16 weeks. The results showed a significant increase (P=0.0002) of the HDL-C concentration in the domestic ghee group in comparison with the group treated with oleic acid in four weeks of treatment, but HDL-C/TC ratio was significantly increased (P=0.0000) approximately 28% for the group treated with oleic acid in comparison with the groups of domestic ghee and olive oil. There was a significant increase in concentration of HDL-C olive oil group in comparison with the group treated with oleic acid and domestic ghee group in /8/ weeks, but HDL-C/TC ratio was significantly increased (P=0.0000) in the group treated with oleic acid in comparison with the groups of domestic ghee and olive oil. This significant increase remained in /12/ and /16/ weeks of treatment. There was no significant increase (P>0.05) in HDL-C/TC ratio of olive oil group in comparison with domestic ghee group in /4/ weeks of treatment, but this increase became significant (P=0.0000) after that. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in TC concentration between the control and oleic acid groups and also domestic ghee and olive oil groups (P>0.05) in /8/ weeks of treatment. At /16/ weeks of treatment, TC concentration of oleic acid group decreased significantly (P=0.0000) in comparison with control group, while there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the domestic ghee and olive oil groups

Ventilator-Associated Lung Injury Superposed to Oleic Acid Infusion or Surfactant Depletion: Histopathological Characteristics of Two Porcine Models of Acute Lung Injury

Background: The pathophysiological concept of acute lung injury (ALI) in combination with ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI) is still unclear. We characterized the histopathological features of intravenous injection of oleic acid (OAI) and lung lavage (LAV) combined with VALI. Methods: Pigs were randomized to the control, LAV or OAI group and ventilated by pressure-controlled ventilation. Measurements included: haemodynamics, spirometry, blood gas analysis, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D), total protein content in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung pathological description and scoring. Results: Five hours after lung injury induction, gas exchange was significantly impaired in both the OAI and the LAV groups. Compared to controls, we found an increase in W/D and histopathological total injury scores in both the LAV and OAI groups and an increase in BALF total protein content in the OAI group. In contrast to the LAV group, the OAI group showed septal necrosis and alveolar oedema. Both groups exhibited dorsal and caudal atelectasis and interstitial oedema. In addition, the OAI group demonstrated a propensity to dorsal necrosis and congestion whereas the LAV group tended to develop ventral overdistension and barotrauma. Conclusions: This study presents a comparison of porcine OAI and LAV models combined with VALI, providing information for study design in research on ALI.

Effects of central administration of distinct fatty acids on hypothalamic neuropeptide expression and energy metabolism

To investigate the differential effects of acute central administration of distinct fatty acids (FA) on food intake, body weight and energy metabolism. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with bolus intracerebroventricular injections of control hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPB) or HPB complexed with 30 nmol of saturated palmitic acid (PA), monounsaturated oleic acid (OA) or polyunsaturated ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Food intake, body weight, neuropeptide expression and various serum parameters were assessed. When compared with controls, rats injected with either OA or DHA had significantly reduced food intake and body weight for 48 h following injections. No significant changes in food intake or body weight were observed in the PA group. In conjunction with reduced food intake, hypothalamic anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression was significantly augmented in the OA and DHA groups, with essentially no changes observed in the PA group. Changes in serum measures of energy metabolism also changed coinciding with the observed differences in food intake. Moreover, central administration of SHU9119, a melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) antagonist, completely abolished the anorexigenic actions of OA, suggesting a role for OA-induced augmentation of hypothalamic POMC expression in mediating its central inhibition of food intake. The hypothalamus differentially senses FA and, specifically, that OA and DHA, but not PA, reduce food intake and body weight, which may be mediated through POMC/MC4R signaling.

The dynamic alteration in Gq/11 protein expression in multiple organs during acute respiratory distress syndrome in rat

To observe the dynamic alteration in Gq/11 protein expression in the lung, brain, heart, kidney, liver and small intestine of rats suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and to explore the pathophysiological mechanism of ARDS in terms of signal transduction. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into oleic acid (OA) groups (n=32) and control group (n=8). OA groups included four subgroups: 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes (each n=8). An ARDS model in rats was reproduced by intravenous injection of OA 0.2 ml/kg in 2 minutes, and control group was given normal saline by the same way. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the plasma and the above-mentioned organs were measured. G alpha q/11 protein expression in these organs was examined by Western blotting. Compared with control group, LDH activity in the plasma and the heart 30 minutes after injection of OA gradually increased [plasma (kU/L): 9.69+/-1.66 vs. 6.27+/-1.70, heart (kU/g): 0.81+/-0.12 vs. 0.59+/-0.09], and in the lung, brain, kidney, and small intestine 60 minutes after injection of OA also gradually increased [lung (kU/g): 1.15+/-0.19 vs. 0.87+/-0.11, brain (kU/g): 2.27+/-0.37 vs. 1.53+/-0.61, kidney (kU/g): 1.13+/-0.26 vs. 0.64+/-0.09, small intestine (kU/g): 0.72+/-0.10 vs. 0.60+/-0.13], and in the liver (kU/g) 90 minutes after injection of OA gradually increased (0.50+/-0.14 vs. 0.39+/-0.05, P<0.05 or P<0.01). MDA concentration in the heart (micromol/g) 30 minutes after injection of OA gradually increased (2.20+/-0.47 vs. 1.45+/-0.27), and in the plasma, lung and kidney 60 minutes after injection of OA gradually increased [ plasma (micromol/L): 3.10+/-0.58 vs. 2.33+/-0.35, lung (micromol/g): 5.56+/-1.30 vs. 2.05+/-0.52, kidney (micromol/g): 1.61+/-0.27 vs. 0.98+/-0.42], and in the brain, liver and small intestine 90 minutes after injection of OA gradually increased [brain (micromol/g): 6.78+/-1.38 vs. 5.83+/-1.58, liver (micromol/g): 2.58+/-0.68 vs. 2.11+/-0.42, small intestine (micromol/g): 2.14+/-0.51 vs. 0.81+/- 0.26, P<0.05 or P<0.01]. ACE activity was reduced in the plasma and lung 60 minutes after injection of OA [ plasma (micromolxmin(-1)xL(-1)): 15.47+/-1.68 vs. 19.87+/- 3.11, lung(micromolxmin(-1)xg(-1)): 20.61+/-1.81 vs. 26.26+/-1.93], but in the kidney (micromolxmin(-1)xg(-1)) it was gradually increased (15.92+/-1.20 vs. 13.67+/-2.26), and in the small intestine (micromolxmin(-1)xg(-1)) 90 minutes after injection of OA it gradually increased (4.42+/-0.34 vs. 3.29+/-0.24, all P<0.01). G alpha q/11 protein expression in the lung and small intestine obviously increased 30 minutes after injection of OA [lung: (119.24+/-2.38)% vs. (100.00+/-18.74)%, small intestine: (138.91+/-23.03)% vs. (100.00+/-19.43)%], and in the brain, heart and kidney increased 60 minutes after injection of OA [brain: (141.85+/-33.82)% vs. (100.00+/-16.81)%, heart: (124.72+/-24.05)% vs. (100.00+/-16.04)%, kidney: (123.98+/-25.74)% vs. (100.00+/-8.50)%], and in the liver increased 90 minutes after injection of OA [(134.34+/-19.14)% vs. (100.00+/-13.04)%, P<0.05 or P<0.01]. A positive correlation between the change in G alpha q/11 protein expression and LDH in these organs (r=0.584, P<0.05) was found. Up-regulation of Gq/11 protein expression in the lung, brain, heart, kidney, liver and small intestine may induce abnormal activity of phosphatidyl inositol signal transduction and thus plays a role in the production of multiple organ injury during ARDS.

Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on the acute lung injury induced by oleic acid in rats

To explore the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on acute lung injury (ALI) induced by oleic acid (OA) in rats. Eighty healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups. In OA group (n=30), ALI was produced by injection of OA 0.15 ml/kg through tail vein. Ten rats were randomly selected and sacrificed after injection of OA at the time of 4 hours, 3 days, and 7 days, respectively. In OA plus HBO group (n=20), rats received HBO intervention in a special box with oxygen of 2.5 atm (1 atm=101.325 kPa) for 90 minutes. Ten rats were randomly respectively sacrificed at 3 days and 7 days. In simple HBO group, 20 rats were sacrificed at 3 days and 7 days of HBO intervention, respectively. Other 10 rats were assigned as control group. Blood, lung specimens were collected after sacrifice. Serum contents of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and IL-6 were measured. Gross changes and pathological findings of the left lung were recorded. The wet to the dry weigh (W/D) of the right lung was determined. Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2, mm Hg, 1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) fell from 107.70+/-5.37 to 57.40+/-2.63 in OA group. Congestion, bleeding and edema could be seen grossly. They could also be found under microscope with disappearance of normal structure, and accumulation of fluid in interstitium with inflammatory cell infiltration and hyaline membrane formation were also found. Lung W/D ratio was increased as compared with the control group (6.94+/-0.44 vs. 4.59+/-0.44, P<0.05). A marked increase was found in serum TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 levels [TNF-alpha (microg/L): 18.52+/-1.20 vs. 5.27+/-0.61, IL-1 beta (microg/L): 13.73+/-1.37 vs. 6.13+/-1.51, IL-6 (microg/L): 14.51+/-1.21 vs. 11.14+/-0.89]. After HBO therapy for 3 days and 7 days, PaO2 (mm Hg, 3 days: 79.20+/-1.68 vs. 59.00+/-2.70, 7 days: 94.30+/-3.77 vs. 74.00+/-3.85) and lung W/D (3 day: 7.43+/-0.73 vs. 9.82+/-0.99, 7 days : 6.75+/-1.14 vs. 8.77+/-1.60) of HBO group were ameliorated to varying degrees compared with OA model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). HBO therapy for 3 days could lower levels of IL-1 beta (microg/L) in the serum (6.46+/-1.99 vs. 9.09+/-1.09, P<0.05). It is suggested that HBO treatment for ALI in rats had effects of improving arterial blood gases and the lung water transport, and inhibiting inflammatory mediators production.

Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of fatty acids on food intake and body weight regulation

Nutrient sensing within the hypothalamus plays a critical role in the complex network of signals controlling energy metabolism. We used intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of the saturated palmitic acid (PA), monounsaturated oleic acid (OA), and polyunsaturated omega‐3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to investigate the effects of various fatty acids on food intake, body weight, and the hypothalamic melanocortin system in rats. Both the OA and DHA groups experienced significant decreases in food intake and body weight when compared to controls. PA injections produced no changes in either food intake or body weight. Expression of POMC, a prominent anorectic neuropeptide, was found to be significantly increased in the OA and DHA groups, whereas POMC expression was essentially unaltered in the PA group. Central administration of a melanocortin receptor antagonist, SHU9119, blocked the effects of OA on food intake and body weight, thus implicating a central role for POMC in mediating the effects of fatty acids. Delineating the mechanisms and signaling pathways through which different fatty acids alter central control of energy metabolism may provide future opportunities for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. This work was supported by the Minnesota Obesity Center.

The value of computed tomography in early diagnosis in rabbits with acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by oleic acid

Objective To investigate the clinical value of computed tomography(CT)in early diagnosis by comparison of the changes of different defrees of aeratation in lung compartments of rabbits with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)induced by oleic acid.Method Twenty white rabbits were randomly(random number)divided into control group and oleic acid group.Oleic acid(0.1 mL/kg)was given intravenously to induce ARDS in cr room.Arterial blood gas analysis was determined every 15 rain.All rabbits underwent chest X-my and lung spiral cr scans examinations at basal state(T_0),200 mmHg＜OI＜300 mmHg(T_1)and OI＜200 mmHg(T_2).The percentages of different degrees aeratation in different aerated lung compartments were measured by CT software at the same time.Changes in different lung compartments,chest images,and the correlation between lung volume and OI were investigated.Moreover,the wet/dry ratio and pathological changes in lung were examined.Data were evaluated by two-sample t-test and repeated measutement data analysis of variance,and Spearman raak correlation was used to analyze the correlation between two variables.Results(1)The percentages of non-aerated,poorly aerated and normally aerated compartment were significantly different at different intervals in the oleic add group (P＜0.01),and the percentages of non-aerated compartment were(19.30±2.34)%at T_1 and)26.47±1.89)%at T_2,and those of the poorly aerted compartment were(28.08±2.70)%at T_1 and(37.40±1.78)%at T_2 which were higber than those in control group(P＜0.01).While the percentages of normally aerated compartment were(47.38±3.19)%at T_1 and(30.82±3.25)%at T_2 which were lower than those in control group [(79.12±1.25)%at T_1 and(78.23±1.84)%at T_2](P＜0.01),there were no significant differences in percentages of hyperinflated compartment between two groups(P＞0.05).(2)There was a negative correlation in respect of OI between non-aerated and poorly aerated compartments(-0.745～-0.636)while the percentages of normally aerated compartment positively correlated(0.742～0.842)with the oxygenation index at different intervals in oleic aeid group(P＜0.05).(3)Compared with chest X-ray,the imaging findings were found earlier and significantly more prominent in oleic acid group at all intervals.(4)The ratio of W/D of lung in oleic acid group was higher than that in the control gToup[(6.25±0.32)vs.(4.89±0.30)](P＜0.01).Condusions The imaging findings of CT show earlier and more noticeable in comparison with chest X-ray in rabbits with ARDS induced by oleic acid.The different percentages of lung compartments with different degrees of aeratation in CT can quantify the severity of ARDS,contributing to the early diagnosis of ARDS. Key words: Computed tomography; X-my; Oleic acid; Rabbit; Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Oxygenation index; Lung volume; Pathological change; Early diagnosis

Effect of fatty acids added to the milk replacer on white scour and excretion of fatty acids in Holstein calves

In order to examine the relationship between white scour and fatty acids, we added fatty acids to the milk replacer. Twenty healthy Holstein calves were divided into 4 groups, five calves per group; a control group with no fortified fatty acid, and 3 groups fed either with oleic, stearic, or palmitic acid, respectively. The calves were fed milk replacer (5% of the calf's body weight) twice a day but the fatty acids (2 wt % of milk replacer) were added only once. The fecal and blood samples were obtained at 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after feeding of the acids. All five calves in the palmitic acid group, and 3 out of 5 calves each in the stealic and the oleic acid groups had whitish feces after feeding fatty acid. The stearic acid group had a significantly elevated stearic acid concentration in the feces during 24-36 h compared to the pre-feeding level. The fecal concentration of palmitic acid increased significantly at 24-36 h in the palmitic acid group. We concluded that the long-chain saturated fatty acids are one of the causes of white scour in calves.

Effects of oleic acid on the tissue factor activity, blood lipids, antioxidant and oxidant parameters of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats fed a high-cholesterol diet

Ecological studies have suggested an inverse association between monounsaturated fat intake and total mortality, as well as with coronary heart diseases death. Whether the beneficial effects of olive oil on the cardiovascular system are exclusively due to oleic acid remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oleic acid consumption for three months on lipid profile, oxidant-antioxidant status and tissue factor (TF) activities in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Forty rats were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats each as control (C), STZ induced diabetic controls (DC); high-cholesterol fed hyperlipidemic controls (HC); diabetic rats fed a high cholesterol diet (Diabetic-Hyperlipidemic, DH) and diabetic-hyperlipidemic + oleic acid (DHO) group. Blood samples were used to evaluate lipid profile, hemostatic parameters, glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); tissue samples were used for the determination of TF activities. Oleic acid consumption beneficially affected serum total lipid, triacylglycerol and GSH levels and decreased TF activities of brain and kidney in DHO group compared with the DH group. Oleic acid may have protective effects against cardiovascular complications of diabetes since GSH, total lipid and TG levels were beneficially affected. The decreased TF activity in DHO group may protect these tissues from the risk of thrombosis. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms that lead to the changes in the TF activity of tissues due to oleic acid consumption.

An arachidonic acid-enriched diet does not result in more colonic inflammation as compared with fish oil- or oleic acid-enriched diets in mice with experimental colitis

Fish oils (FO) - rich in EPA and DHA - may protect against colitis development. Moreover, inflammatory bowel disease patients have elevated colonic arachidonic acid (AA) proportions. So far, effects of dietary AA v. FO on colitis have never been examined. We therefore designed three isoenergetic diets, which were fed to mice for 6 weeks preceding and during 7 d dextran sodium sulfate colitis induction. The control diet was rich in oleic acid (OA). For the other two diets, 1.0 % (w/w) OA was exchanged for EPA+DHA (FO group) or AA. At 7 d after colitis induction, the AA group had gained weight (0.46 (sem 0.54) g), whereas the FO and OA groups had lost weight (- 0.98 (SEM 0.81) g and - 0.79 (SEM 1.05) g, respectively; P < 0.01 v. AA). The AA group had less diarrhoea than the FO and OA groups (P < 0.05). Weight and length of the colon, histological scores and cytokine concentrations in colon homogenates showed no differences. Myeloperoxidase concentrations in plasma and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration in colon were decreased in the FO group as compared with the OA group. We conclude that in this mice model an AA-enriched diet increased colonic AA content, but did not result in more colonic inflammation as compared with FO- and OA-enriched diets. As we only examined effects after 7 d and because the time point for evaluating effects seems to be important, the present results should be regarded as preliminary. Future studies should further elucidate differential effects of fatty acids on colitis development in time.

Recombinant human activated protein C ameliorates oleic acid-induced lung injury in awake sheep

IntroductionAcute lung injury (ALI) may arise both after sepsis and non-septic inflammatory conditions and is often associated with the release of fatty acids, including oleic acid (OA). Infusion of OA has been used extensively to mimic ALI. Recent research has revealed that intravenously administered recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) is able to counteract ALI. Our aim was to find out whether rhAPC dampens OA-induced ALI in sheep.MethodsTwenty-two yearling sheep underwent instrumentation. After 2 days of recovery, animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) an OA+rhAPC group (n = 8) receiving OA 0.06 mL/kg infused over the course of 30 minutes in parallel with an intravenous infusion of rhAPC 24 mg/kg per hour over the course of 2 hours, (b) an OA group (n = 8) receiving OA as above, or (c) a sham-operated group (n = 6). After 2 hours, sheep were sacrificed. Hemodynamics was assessed by catheters in the pulmonary artery and the aorta, and extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) was determined with the single transpulmonary thermodilution technique. Gas exchange was evaluated at baseline and at cessation of the experiment. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance; a P value of less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.ResultsOA induced profound hypoxemia, increased right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures and EVLWI markedly, and decreased cardiac index. rhAPC counteracted the OA-induced changes in EVLWI and arterial oxygenation and reduced the OA-induced increments in right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures.ConclusionsIn ovine OA-induced lung injury, rhAPC dampens the increase in pulmonary artery pressure and counteracts the development of lung edema and the derangement of arterial oxygenation.