Older Latinos Research Articles

Specific cultural traits of the precarity of older Latinos living alone with cognitive impairment in the San Francisco Bay Area

Objectives Latinos are about twice as likely to develop cognitive impairment. Culturally, filial support and familismo are expected within Latino families. Yet approximately twenty percent of Latinos live alone in the United States. The purpose of this study is to explore the concerns and priorities of older Latinos living alone with cognitive impairment, using a precarity framework. Method We conducted 22 in-home interviews with older Latinos living alone with cognitive impairment, and we supplemented the interviews with interviews with members of the older adults’ social circle and providers. Themes influencing the precarity of Latino older adults living alone were organized through the major areas of the precarity lens; 1) Limited awareness of cognitive impairment; 2) Self-management of cognitive impairment; and 3) Lacking tailored services for cognitive impairment. Results Latino culture permeated and intersected across the lived experiences of participants living alone with cognitive impairment. Precarity was prevalent in all participants’ lives and was exacerbated by familismo combined with cognitive impairment. Conclusion Findings showed precarity in the experiences the participants shared. Participant narratives reveal how the Latino culture intersects with the experience of precarity while living alone with cognitive impairment, especially in reference to the role that family plays through the expectation of familismo. However, given the difficult demands of employment and raising their own families, familismo can become more like a goal than a practice. Further research is needed to better understand how to bridge the gap between the needs of these older Latino adults living alone with cognitive impairment, their families, and formal services.

A - 76 Associations between Proportion of Life Spent in the U.S. and Cognitive Performance in Spanish-Speaking Older Latino Immigrants: Preliminary Findings from the Boston Latino Aging Study

Abstract Objective Latinos represent the largest immigrant demographic in the U.S. and are the second-fastest growing minority group. Older Latinos face an increased risk of dementia compared to their non-Hispanic white counterparts. However, there is a notable scarcity of research examining how immigration-related factors among Latinos influence their vulnerability to cognitive decline and dementia. We explored the associations between the proportion of life spent in the U.S. and cognitive performance in older Latino immigrants. Method 116 Spanish-speaking participants (mean age: 68.8 ± 8.6, educational attainment: 10.5 ± 4.8, 79% female, MMSE: 25.4 ± 3.8) from the Boston Latino Aging Study were included. The adapted Preclinical Alzheimer’s Cognitive Composite-5 (PACC5), comprising the Mini-Mental State Examination-MMSE, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, NEUROPSI-Historias, Free-and-Cued-Selective-Reminding-Test, and Semantic Fluency was used to assess cognition. Spearman’s correlations examined the association between the proportion of life spent in the U.S. (number of years in the U.S./age) and cognition, controlling for age and education. Results The proportion of life spent in the U.S. (mean: 41.6 ± 22.7 years) did not significantly correlate with PACC5 performance (ρ = 0.02, p > 0.05). Nonetheless, there was a significant association with global cognitive function (MMSE ρ = 0.19, p = 0.04). Conclusions Our initial results did not reveal a correlation between the duration of time spent in the U.S. and the PACC5. However, a higher percentage of years lived in the U.S. correlated with better global cognition. Future studies utilizing larger cohorts are necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of cognitive health in elderly Latinos, including investigating the effects of immigration-related factors.

Barriers to Timely Dementia Diagnosis in Older Latinos With Limited English Proficiency: An Integrative Review.

Timely diagnosis is critical for persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) to ensure they receive adequate services; however, timely diagnosis may be prevented by a person's English language skills. The purpose of this integrative review was to understand how limited English proficiency (LEP) impacts older Latino's ability to access a timely ADRD diagnosis. Whittemore and Knafl's methodological approach guided the review. Searches in five databases yielded 12 articles for inclusion. Lack of culturally congruent health care systems, health care providers, and knowledge of ADRD resulted in delays in obtaining a timely ADRD diagnosis among older Latinos with LEP. Latinos with LEP and risk for ADRD benefit from language assistance and support in navigating the health care system. Nurses must be advocates, even when a language barrier is present, and recognize that interpreters are not a single source solution.

Overcoming Barriers to Latino Participation in Alzheimer's Disease Research.

There is a critical need to increase Latino participation in research on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD). Applying principles of community-based participatory research, we convened a community advisory board (CAB) to identify barriers and recommend strategies to increase participation of older Latinos in a longitudinal observational research study of ADRD at the Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Six major barriers were identified and programmatic changes to overcome them were implemented. Changes resulted in a nearly three-fold increase in the number of Latino individuals recruited, with the proportion of all newly recruited participants who were Latino increasing from 12.2% to 57.4%. Newer Latino recruits were more representative of the elderly Latino population in San Diego County than those recruited pre-CAB and remained highly agreeable to blood draw and neuroimaging, though less so to lumbar puncture and autopsy. Results demonstrate the value of CAB involvement in enhancing diversity in ADRD research.

Preventing Cognitive Decline in Older Latino Adults With HIV Through a Culturally Tailored Health Promotion Intervention: Protocol for a Single-Arm Pilot Trial.

Older Latino adults with HIV are at increased risk for mild cognitive impairment and earlier onset of aging-related cognitive decline. Improvements in cognitive functioning and cognitive outcomes are possible among people with HIV who adopt health promotion behaviors. However, health promotion interventions for older Latino adults with HIV have not been extensively used or widely recognized as viable treatment options. Happy Older Latinos are Active (HOLA) is a multicomponent, health promotion intervention that is uniquely tailored for older Latino adults with HIV. This study aims to (1) determine the feasibility and acceptability of an adapted version of HOLA aimed at improving cognitive functioning among older Latino adults with HIV; (2) explore whether HOLA will produce changes in cognitive functioning; (3) explore whether HOLA will produce changes in activity, psychosocial functioning, or biomarkers of cognition; and (4) explore whether changes in activity, psychosocial functioning or cognitive biomarkers correlate with changes in cognition, while accounting for genetic risk for dementia. A single-arm pilot trial with 30 Latino (aged 50 years and older) men and women with HIV was conducted to assess feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects on cognition. Participants were assessed at 2 time points (baseline and postintervention) on measures of neurocognitive and psychosocial functioning. In addition, blood samples were collected to determine biomarkers of cognition at baseline and postintervention. Successful recruitment was defined as meeting 100% of the targeted sample (N=30), with 20% (n=6) or less of eligible participants refusing to participate. Adequate retention was defined as 85% (n=25) or more of participants completing the postintervention assessment and acceptability was defined as 80% (n=38) or more of sessions attended by participants. Participant recruitment began on February 22, 2022, and was completed on August 15, 2022. The last study visit took place on February 20, 2023. Data analysis is currently ongoing. Encouraging findings from this exploratory study may provide a blueprint for scaling up the HOLA intervention to a larger cohort of older Latino adults with HIV who may be currently experiencing or are at risk for HIV-related cognitive challenges. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04791709; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04791709. DERR1-10.2196/55507.

Empowering Potential of the My Assistive Technology Guide: Exploring Experiences and User Perspectives.

The use of assistive technology (AT) devices enhances older adults' function in daily activities. However, the lack of awareness of AT among potential AT users has been identified as a major barrier to its adoption. This study aimed to assess the quality of the Mi Guía de Asistencia Tecnológica (MGAT) web app, which provides information on AT, from the perspective of older Latinos with physical disabilities, and to explore their experience using the MGAT. We employed a convergent parallel mixed-method design involving 12 older Latinos living in Puerto Rico. In Phase I, the researchers trained the participants in the use of the MGAT. In Phase II, participants were encouraged to use it for 30 days. In Phase III, the participants completed the User Mobile Application Rating Scale and individual interviews, analyzed with descriptive statistics and a directed thematic content analysis. The quality of the MGAT was rated high in both the objective (mean = 3.99; SD = 0.7) and subjective (mean = 4.13; SD = 1.1) domains. Qualitative data revealed the MGAT was accessible, usable, desirable, credible, useful, and valuable to increasing older Latinos' AT knowledge, function, and autonomy. The MGAT has the potential to increase AT awareness and adoption among older adults.

Enhancing End-of-Life Care Knowledge Among Older Spanish-Speaking Adults: Results From a Pilot Educational Intervention on Advance Care Planning and Care Options.

Disparities in advance care planning (ACP) among older Latinos necessitate targeted interventions to enhance engagement and knowledge in end-of-life care. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a resource-efficient, culturally tailored educational intervention in improving ACP readiness and knowledge among older Latino adults in the community. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used to assess the impact of the intervention. The study involved community-dwelling older Latinos (aged 61-94) in the U.S. attending community wellness centers. Measures included participants' knowledge of ACP, care options, familiarity with hospice and palliative care, and attitudes toward hospice, assessed using pre- and post-intervention surveys. Statistically significant improvements were observed in ACP knowledge, understanding of care options, and attitudes towards hospice and palliative care post-intervention. Demographic factors influenced knowledge scores, with no significant gender differences in the intervention's efficacy. The educational intervention effectively enhanced end-of-life care planning readiness and knowledge among older Latinos. The study highlights the potential for sustainable, accessible, and culturally sensitive educational strategies to reduce disparities in ACP knowledge and possibly engagement.

193 Beyond Independence: The Empowering Potential of an Assistive Technology Web App to Enrich the Lives of Older Latinos with Functional Disabilities

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The use of assistive technology (AT) devices is known to improve older adults’ independence in daily activities. However, little is known about the impact of using an AT web app in older Latinos’ life. This study aims to evaluate the value and usefulness of the My Assistive Technology Guide web app among older Latinos with physical function disabilities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We employed a convergent parallel mixed-method design with 12 community-living older Latinos from Puerto Rico. Researchers provided training in the use of My Assistive Technology Guide, a Spanish evidence-based web app with detailed information on 97 AT devices and videos of older people using them. Participants were encouraged to use it for 30 days. Afterward, we collected quantitative data using the subjective quality domain of the User Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS), followed by qualitative data through individual interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and qualitative data with thematic content analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: My Assistive Technology Guide web app received high ratings in the uMARS subjective quality domain (mean 4.5 [SD 0.5] out of 5), indicating that participants highly valued the usefulness of the web app. Qualitative data fell into four main categories: functional health, meaningful participation, autonomy, and personal growth. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The findings suggest that the AT knowledge provided by the My Assistive Technology Guide web app has the potential to enhance the quality of life of older Latinos in the face of the challenges posed by physical function disabilities as people age.

Isotemporal Substitution of Sedentary Time With Physical Activity Among Middle-Aged and Older Latinos: Effects on Episodic Memory.

To examine the estimated effects of substituting 30min of sedentary time with low-light physical activity (LLPA) and high-light physical activity (HLPA) on episodic memory, executive functioning, and working memory among middle-aged and older Latinos. A cross-sectional study. Chicago and Chicagoland suburbs. Middle-aged and older Latinos (n = 61). Accelerometer-assessed physical activity. A cognitive battery was administered to assess episodic memory, executive function, and working memory. Isotemporal substitution analyses were conducted, where unstandardized coefficients from linear regression models were used to examine the substitution effect of replacing sedentary time with LLPA and HLPA. Substitution of sedentary time with LLPA was associated with better episodic memory (Immediate recall, B = .947, P = .008; Delayed recall, B = .857, P = .013). No other significant substitution effects were present. Middle-aged and older Latinos who replace sedentary time with LLPA may have better episodic memory. Future studies may target light physical activity to address cognition disparities and can inform the development of physical activity interventions that are appealing and accessible for Latinos.

Identifying Factors That Influence Physical Activity and Healthy Aging Among Older Latino Adults.

For older Latinos, some benefits of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) include enhanced cognitive functioning, decreased loneliness, and reduced premature mortality. Despite LTPA benefits, adults ≥50 years are one of the most inactive age groups in the United States. This qualitative study aimed to add to the limited evidence of LTPA in older Latino adults by exploring the barriers and facilitators for fitness class uptake and park use. Guided by a Social-Ecological Model of Health and Social Determinants of Health theoretical and a phenomenological research design, qualitative research data were collected via 27 personal interviews with Latino adults using a semistructured interview guide. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling strategies in collaboration with community partners. Bicultural data collectors conducted the semistructured interviews over Zoom. Thematic analysis was performed using Dedoose, following an inductive and deductive approach. The main barriers to fitness class attendance and park use were family and/or work commitments, perceived safety, and perceived discrimination. Conversely, the critical facilitators for participation were socialization into a group, social connectedness with group members, fitness instructor characteristics, and exercise history. Findings from this study hold important implications for the design of fitness programming and park-based recreation, including the need to increase the cultural diversity of recreation staff and culturally relevant programming. Future research is needed on time poverty related to family/work commitments and whether discriminatory practices at fitness centers, like ageism and race/ethnicity, influence physical activity behavior.

Paying the Price: The Cost of Caregiving for Older Latinos Enrolled in Medicare and Medicaid.

Paying the Price: The Cost of Caregiving for Older Latinos Enrolled in Medicare and Medicaid.

SHAPING COVID-19 INTERVENTIONS THAT ADDRESS SOCIAL BARRIERS AMONG OLDER LATINOS IN ASSISTED LIVING FACILITIES

Abstract COVID-19 has exposed severe gaps in our understanding of preventing infectious diseases, particularly in congregate living facilities. While the medical and public health communities developed clear insights into preventing or limiting the spread of infection, our understanding of barriers to adopting these measures has lagged, particularly in minority communities. The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected older Latino adults, particularly those living in assisted living facilities. Among this vulnerable population, older Latinos face unique social barriers such as language and communication difficulties, lack of culturally competent care, and socioeconomic disadvantages that contribute to their increased susceptibility to COVID-19 transmission and which can lead to more severe outcomes. While initial intervention strategies focused on medical interventions to mitigate the virus’s effects, there has been a gradual recognition that barriers to prevention have increasingly shifted from medical to social domains. This paper aims to document the existing knowledge and identify knowledge gaps concerning effectively managing these social barriers. Culturally sensitive approaches must consider salient features of Latino family dynamics such as allocentrism, familismo, respeto, and expected gender roles. In addition, there are often barriers related to external factors, such as a lack of Spanish language resources, community engagement, stereotypes, and racism. Prevention approaches need to identify and address these barriers to safeguard the well-being of older Latinos in assisted living facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review will explore our current understanding of these social barriers, provide insights into potential strategies to mitigate their impact and identify continuing gaps in our knowledge.

HEALTH AND AGING AMONG LATIN AMERICAN OLDER ADULTS: FINDINGS FROM STUDIES IN BRAZIL, CHILE, COLOMBIA, AND MEXICO

Abstract Aging in Latin America is occurring rapidly, in a context of high levels of poverty, low education and limited knowledge on the health conditions of older adults. This symposium is focused on heath-disparities found in some of Latin America’s largest middle-income countries, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. The symposium explores various health-related topics associated with aging, that may have significant implications for longevity, overall health, and disease risk. The papers in this symposium examine a variety of health-related dimensions and disparities among older Latinos that include major chronic health conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cognition. Using data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging, Farina examines the relationship between childhood conditions and older adult health. Using the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) and the Health and Retirement study (HRS), Cantu compares cognitive measures and their association with gender in Mexico and the US. Using mortality data, Sandoval studies how healthy life expectancy varies among the largest indigenous group in Chile compared to non-indigenous populations. Lastly, Osuna uses data from the Colombian Survey of Health, Well-Being, and Aging to examine how diseased life expectancy varies from self-reported data compared to measured data among older Colombians. Results underline what populations in Latin American have increased risk of experiencing poorer health outcomes and disparities that may exist. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the conditions under which Latin American older adults are aging and the implications this can have in the future.

HEALTH PROMOTION TO PREVENT AND REDUCE COGNITIVE DECLINE IN LATINOS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS

Abstract Older Latinos living with HIV (LWH) are at increased risk for earlier onset of aging-related cognitive decline. HIV-related cognitive impairments are observed in several domains including memory, reasoning/executive functioning, and speed of processing. Depression, a known neurocognitive risk, has been reported at five times the level among older Latinos LWH than in the general population, and older Latinos LWH are more likely to be sedentary, and not as actively engaged in pursuing changes in physical activity compared to their non-Latino White counterparts. Thus, this is a population that is particularly vulnerable to cognitive decline due to multiple risk factors. The aim of this study is to assess feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary intervention effects on cognition of the Happy Older Latinos are Active (HOLA) health promotion intervention. Thirty Latinos living with HIV with a mean age of 61.6 years (SD=6.1) were enrolled in a pilot single-arm trial. Participants were assessed at two time points on measures of cognitive and psychosocial functioning as well as biomarkers of cognition. In 7 months, we met our enrollment target with <5% of eligible participants refusing participation. Participants attended over 70% of sessions and 3 participants were lost to follow up. These results indicate that HOLA is an innovative health promotion program that is uniquely tailored to address the multiple concerns that are prevalent in this community in a non-stigmatizing and culturally acceptable manner.

Associations among depressive symptoms, hippocampal volume and cognition in community‐dwelling older Latinos

AbstractBackgroundLatinos are the fastest growing subpopulation of older adults in the U.S. and have a higher risk for dementia than non‐Latino Whites. Depressive symptoms are prevalent among US Latinos. However, these symptoms often go undiagnosed and are undertreated. Depressive symptoms may be early manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) before the onset of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. It’s unclear whether depressive symptoms in the presence of incipient neurodegeneration are associated with cognitive function in older Latino adults. Here, we examined the associations among depressive symptoms, cognition and hippocampal volume in older Latinos.MethodA total of 65 Spanish‐speaking Latinos enrolled in the Boston Latino Aging Study (BLAST) and the Harvard Aging Brain Study (HABS) were included. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the 30‐item‐Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and cognition with the Preclinical Alzheimer’s Cognitive Composite (PACC5), which includes the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Digit Symbol Coding, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, Category Fluency (animals) and Logical Memory Delayed Recall (NEUROPSI Stories for BLAST participants). A subset of 34 participants also underwent a structural brain MRI on a 3T scanner. Spearman correlations were used to determine cross‐sectional associations among depressive symptoms, hippocampal volume, and cognition. Models were adjusted for age and education.ResultsParticipants had a mean age of 66 +/‐ 7.2 years, a mean education of 12.9 +/‐ 5.1 years, and 74% were female. They had a mean MMSE score of 26.7 +/‐ 2.8, a mean GDS score of 6.1 +/‐ 5.5 and a mean adjusted hippocampal volume of 7836.5 +/ = 630.9 mm3. Correlation analyses revealed that higher depressive symptoms were associated with lower years of education (r = ‐0.39, p<0.001), worse performance on cognitive measures (r = ‐0.33, p = 0.009) and smaller hippocampal volume (r = ‐0.61, p = <0.001).ConclusionsPreliminary results of this ongoing biomarker study suggest that depressive symptoms in older Latinos are associated with markers of neurodegeneration (i.e., hippocampal volume) and worse cognition. Future work will focus on investigating predictors of long‐term emotional and cognitive functioning in Spanish‐speaking, older Latino populations.

Genomics and Biomarkers in older Latinos: Challenges and Opportunities

AbstractThere are fundamental knowledge gaps about normal aging, cognitive decline, and the roles of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) biomarkers in the Latino population. Previous studies report, ethno‐racial differences in amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) biomarkers and genetics of AD. However, most studies including Latino populations consider those as a monolithic group while ignoring the genetic and environmental diversity of this group. Latinos are racially and ethnically diverse, and often reflect a mix of culture, environment, and genetic ancestries drawn from African, Amerindian, and European backgrounds. Research suggest that Latinos are both less likely to carry an APOE‐ε4 allele and have less of a risk for AD due to the ε4 allele than White non‐Latinos. Further, epidemiology, biomarker, and neuroimaging data suggest that vascular risk factors are prevalent in Latinos and may increase risk in midlife, thus impacting dementia rates later in life. The interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the development and progression of AD is complex in Latinos due to the influence of different levels of education, acculturation, socioeconomic conditions, immigration, language proficiency, and bilingualism, among others. In this session, the US Consortium of Aging, Dementia & Latino Studies (CADLAS) Genomics and Biomarkers Special Interest Group (SIG) will discuss recent developments, current challenges and opportunities in this area of research. The SIG was created in 2022 with the main goal of promoting collaborations among investigators to accelerate research and discovery of biomarkers and new diagnostics that work for US Latino populations. Research priorities include validation of biomarkers of proteinopathies and neurodegeneration, as well as vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementias, and development of novel and most sensitive biomarkers. Explorations of the unique genomic ancestry of diverse Latinos will also be considered as they are likely to provide new insights into cognitive decline and dementia in this population.

Acculturation in Context and Brain Health in Older Latino Adults: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.

Latinos are at higher risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease than non-Latino Whites. Acculturation factors may influence this risk, yet there are few studies that have examined associations of acculturation, particularly in the context of socioenvironmental and familial factors, and brain health in older Latinos. To examine potential associations between acculturation in context and brain health in older Latinos. Using three previously established composites of acculturation-in-context, (acculturation-related: nativity status, language preference, acculturation scores; contextually-related socioenvironmental: perceived discrimination, loneliness/social isolation, social network size; and familism), and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI), associations with white matter structural integrity were examined in 92 Latino adults without dementia participating in one of three epidemiological studies of aging. Linear regression models were used to test associations with DTI-derived metrics (fractional anisotropy, FA; trace) as separate outcomes and acculturation composite scores as individual predictors, while adjusting for age, sex, education, scanner, and white matter hyperintensities (voxelwise and total volumes normalized by intracranial volume). Higher scores on the socioenvironmental composite were associated with lower FA in two clusters of left-hemisphere connections. Cluster 1 was dominated by both short association pathways connecting frontal regions and projection pathways connecting frontal regions with the thalamus. Cluster 2 was dominated by long association pathways connecting parietal, frontal, and temporal regions. This study of older Latino adults demonstrated an association between reduced brain white matter integrity and contextually related socioenvironmental experiences known to increase risk of MCI and Alzheimer's disease.

H - 07 Associations among Cardiovascular Factors, Mood, and Cognition in Older Latinos: Preliminary Results from the Boston Latino Aging Study.

Cardiovascular risk factors and depression are prevalent in Latino populations and have been associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Adults with depressive symptoms also have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Understanding the link between these factors and how they impact dementia risk among Latino cohorts is critical for the development of preventative interventions. We examined the associations among cardiovascular risk factors, depression, and cognitive status in older Latinos living in Massachusetts. A total of 42 participants enrolled in the Boston Latino Aging Study (BLAST; n = 28, mean age = 65.36, SD = 7.35) and the Harvard Aging Brain Study Latino cohort (LHABS) (n = 14, mean age = 71.43, SD = 6.89) were included in the analyses. Participants completed a screening evaluation that included the Telephone Interview Cognitive Screen (TICS), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), blood sampling to assess cholesterol, fasting glucose, and triglyceride levels, and systolic/diastolic blood pressure measurements. Spearman correlations were used to determine associations among cardiovascular risk factors, depression (GDS), and cognitive status (TICS). We found that triglycerides (r = -0.424, p = 0.005) and glucose (r = -0.317, p = 0.041) were negatively correlated with TICS. Systolic blood pressure (r = 0.325, p = 0.036) and fasting glucose (r = 0.327, p = 0.034) were positively correlated with GDS scores. Preliminary results suggest a link between cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., elevated triglycerides and glucose) and worse cognitive status. Additionally, findings suggest cardiovascular risk factors may be related to depressive symptoms in older Latinos. Further work with larger samples of Latino participants is needed to confirm our findings and examine relevant associations with other risk factors.

The Impact of Culture on Health Perceptions and Help-Seeking Behaviors Among Older Latinos with Co-occurring Diabetes and Depression: A Literature Review

The Impact of Culture on Health Perceptions and Help-Seeking Behaviors Among Older Latinos with Co-occurring Diabetes and Depression: A Literature Review

Resilience of Older Latinos and Mexicans Before and During the Pandemic.

This article introduces the special issue on Aging and Resilience in the Americas: Mexico and the United States. The article overviews the role that the annual International Conference on Aging in the Americas (ICAA) has played in the development of scholarship on aging of Latinos in the United States and older persons in Latin America and the Caribbean. A brief overview of the aging literature reveals a growing interest on the resiliency of older Latino and Latin American populations in the United States and more broadly the Americas. The article provides a short description of each of the five articles included in this special issue.