Oldenburg Burnout Inventory Research Articles

Coping Through COVID-19: A Mixed Method Approach to Understand How Palliative Care Teams Managed the COVID-19 Pandemic.

While previous work documented a substantial increase in patient mortality consultations and workload for palliative teams, little is known about how these team members managed their mental and physical health during the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated how job resources (coworker and supervisor support) and personal resources (coping strategies) reduced perceptions of burnout and increased perceptions of well-being. An anonymous electronic survey was sent to all members (N = 64) of the palliative medical team among 14 hospitals of a New York State health system. Data were collected between September 2020 to October 2020. Measures included validated scales for burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory), coping strategies (Cybernetic Coping Scale), subjective well-being (BBC Subjective Well-being scale), and coworker/supervisor support (7 items from Yang et al). Results indicated devaluation coping tactics were used to reduce perceptions of burnout and to increase perceptions of physical health. Higher burnout was identified when using avoidance coping techniques. Furthermore, coworkers and supervisor(s) support significantly reduced disengagement when compared to coworker support alone. COVID-19 exacerbated burnout experienced by palliative care teams, yet the use of coping behaviors (devaluation/avoidance) and external resources (coworker and supervisor support) utilized by these teams were found to have positive effects. Further research should investigate these antagonizing factors to help preventing and addressing burn out during times of crises and in the everyday of palliative care teams.

“Psychological Resilience, Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Doctors in Covid-19 pandemic”

Pakistan is among the countries affected during the period of Covid-19 pandemic. A high prevalence of psychological distress was observed among the general population as well as doctors in this outbreak. Aims & Objectives: This research was conducted to study the relationship of psychological resilience, burnout and secondary traumatic stress among doctors in COVID-19 pandemic. It also identified the mediating effect of burnout between the relationship of psychological resilience and secondary traumatic stress. Patients and Method: It is a descriptive study with purposive sampling strategy and correlational research design. The sample comprised of 100 doctors from two hospitals of Lahore between September 2020 to February 2021. Participants age range was between 25-40 years. Data was collected by using the following tools, The Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008), Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (Bride et al., 2004), and Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (Halbesleben & Demerouti, 2005). Results: Results have signified a negative relationship of psychological resilience with secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Burnout has a significant positive relationship with secondary traumatic stress. Moreover, both subscales of burnout (i.e. disengagement and exhaustion) emerged as mediators in the relationship between one subscale of secondary traumatic stress (i.e. intrusion) and psychological resilience. Conclusion: It is concluded that psychological resilience has a significant negative relationship with burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Future researches can design emotional coping strategies and should try to promote programs that can help doctors to enhance resilience so it helps them combat their stress and burnout. Keywords: Psychological resilience, Covid-19, Secondary traumatic stress, burnout

Workplace bullying, occupational burnout, work-life imbalance and perceived medical errors among nurses in Oman: A cluster analysis.

To explore whether different profiles exist in a cohort of nurses regarding demographic and occupational outcomes. Nurses will face many occupational problems, including workplace bullying, work-life imbalance, burnout and medical errors. A cross-sectional study included 232 nurses working in a hospital in Oman. Data were collected from December 2018 to April 2019 using convenience sampling. Instruments included work-life balance questions, the Negative Acts questionnaire-revised questionnaire, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory and Stanford Professional Fulfillment Index. Cluster analysis, t test, chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used for data analysis. Cluster 1 (n = 108) was characterized as 'low-risk on medical error, burnout and workplace bullying but high-risk in work-life imbalance' group. Cluster 2 (n = 124) was labelled as 'high-risk on medical error, work-life imbalance, burnout and workplace buying' group. Two groups of nurses in Oman are facing occupational problems differently. Nurses in Cluster 1 need attention to work-life imbalance. However, nurses in Cluster 2 need attention on all occupational problems. Findings call on the nursing stakeholders in Oman to identify factors related to occupational problems, to provide consultation services to reduce inter-personnel conflicts, and to review nurses' working hours to avoid burnout and resume a balanced work-life.

Psychological well-being and burnout amongst medical students in India: a report from a nationally accessible survey

BackgroundMedical students in India face multiple challenges and sources of stress during their training. No nationally representative survey has yet been undertaken. We undertook a cross-sectional national survey to assess substance use, psychological well-being, and burnout using CAGE, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), and the short General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The survey was open to all medical students in India. Descriptive statistics along with chi square tests and Spearman’s correlation were performed.ResultsBurnout was reported by 86% of respondents for disengagement and 80% for exhaustion. Seventy percent had a score of more than 2 on the GHQ-12, indicating caseness.ConclusionsThis study reveals that medical students are going through exceptional stress when compared to their age-matched peers. More nationally representative studies must be conducted on a large scale to quantify the problem and to help design new interventions.

Association of Characteristics of the Learning Environment and US Medical Student Burnout, Empathy, and Career Regret

Previous studies have shown that medical student mistreatment and burnout are common. However, few longitudinal data exist to describe how mistreatment and other learning environment experiences are associated with subsequent burnout and other student characteristics. To examine the association between mistreatment and perceptions of the learning environment with subsequent burnout, empathy, and career regret among US medical students. This cohort study analyzed data from the 2014-2016 Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Medical School Year 2 Questionnaire (Y2Q) and 2016-2018 AAMC Graduation Questionnaire (GQ). Medical students from 140 allopathic medical schools who responded to both AAMC surveys were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed from December 1, 2019, to January 11, 2021. Self-reported medical student mistreatment (eg, experiences of negative behaviors and discrimination related to sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation) and perceptions of the learning environment (Medical School Learning Environment Survey subscales for faculty, emotional climate, and student-student interactions). Burnout, empathy, and career regret as measured by Oldenburg Burnout Inventory data for burnout, Interpersonal Reactivity Index scores for empathy, and a single item assessing career regret. Data from 14 126 medical students were analyzed; 52.0% were women, and the mean (SD) age was 27.7 (2.9) years at graduation. Mistreatment was reported by 22.9% of respondents on the Y2Q. In multivariable analysis adjusted for Y2Q measures, mistreatment reported on the Y2Q was associated with a higher exhaustion score (1.81 [95% CI, 1.60-2.02]), a higher disengagement score (0.71 [95% CI, 0.58-0.84]), and higher likelihood of career regret on the GQ (186 of 989 [18.8%]; all P < .001). A more positive emotional climate reported on the Y2Q was associated with a lower exhaustion score (for each 1-point increase, -0.05 [95% CI, -0.08 to -0.02]; P = .001) and lower disengagement score (for each 1-point increase, -0.04 [95% CI, -0.06 to -0.02]; P < .001) on the GQ. More positive faculty interactions on the Y2Q were associated with higher empathy score on the GQ (for each 1-point increase, 0.02 [95% CI, 0.01-0.05]; P = .04). Better student-student interactions were associated with lower odds of career regret during year 4 of medical school (odds ratio for each 1-point increase, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.95-1.00]; P = .04). The findings of this cohort study suggest that medical students who experienced mistreatment and perceived the learning environment less favorably were more likely to develop higher levels of exhaustion and disengagement, lower levels of empathy, and career regret compared with medical students with more positive experiences. Strategies to improve student well-being, empathy, and experience should include approaches to eliminate mistreatment and improve the learning environment.

Psychological resilience and secondary traumatic stress in nurses working with terminally ill patients-The mediating role of job burnout.

Working with terminally ill patients is regarded as a stressful or traumatic event and may lead to negative outcomes, including job burnout and secondary traumatic stress (STS). Psychological resilience might protect employees from the negative consequences of stress. The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of job burnout in the relationship between psychological resilience and STS. The study included 72 nurses aged from 22 to 72 years old (M = 46.01, SD = 10.69), working with terminally ill patients. The recipients completed 3 questionnaires: the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, and the Resilience Measurement. The results reveal negative associations between resilience, job burnout, and secondary traumatic stress, and a positive correlation between secondary traumatic stress and job burnout. Mediation analysis showed that job burnout plays a mediating role in the relationship between psychological resilience and secondary traumatic stress. Our findings highlight the role played by job burnout in the manifestation of STS. Professional and nonprofessional interventions for individuals experiencing work-related traumatic stress would benefit from interventions that build personal resources. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

JOB BURNOUT AND PERFORMANCE OF STAFF NURSES IN SELECTED HOSPITALS IN METRO MANILA

This study was conducted to determine the job burnout and performance of staff nurses in selected tertiary hospitals in Manila using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Results showed that there’s: a high degree of agreement in relation to burnout of the staff-nurses in terms of exhaustion and disengagement; an average level of performance of the staff nurses in terms of task performance, contextual performance, and counter-productive behavior; significant differences between the degrees of agreement in relation to job burnout of the staff-nurses (disengagement and exhaustion) when they are grouped according to nurse-patient ratio and census per area; significant relationships between the degree of agreement in relation to job burnout (disengagement) and overall level of performance of the staff nurses. Researchers pursued this study because some of their colleagues have lost the enjoyment of their job; that they feel that their efforts were being unnoticed; and feel overworked. Through this study, the degree of agreement in relation to job burnout of the staff nurses and their level of performance was determined. This paved a way for the development of new plans and programs to help staff nurses overcome their feelings of burnout, making them more energetic and enthusiastic in performing their job.

Burnout among medical students of a medical college in Kathmandu; A cross-sectional study.

Medical students are more prone to burnout than the general population and students of other faculties due to the demanding nature of medical education with limited time and resources. Burnout has a negative impact on the academics and personal life of the students which can continue into their professional life and ultimately hamper patient care. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of burnout among medical students of a medical college and find its association with age, gender, and year of study. This cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students of a medical college in Kathmandu, Nepal from 14 January to 7 March, 2021. Stratified sampling followed by a simple random sampling technique was employed to select study participants. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire using the English version of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory adapted for students (OLBI-S) and analyzed in STATA version 15. The prevalence of burnout was found out to be 65.9% (n = 229). And of the remaining, 12.7% were exhausted, 11.4% were disengaged and 10.0% were neither exhausted nor disengaged. Burnout had no significant association with age in years, gender, and year of study. This study shows an alarming prevalence of burnout in almost two-thirds of medical students. These results indicate the necessity of employing effective strategies by relevant authorities for the mental well-being of future physicians. Further multicenter prospective studies are required for a better understanding of the prevalence and associated factors of burnout.

Associations between burnout and personal and professional characteristics: a study of Portuguese teachers

Recent research has suggested that teachers’ burnout is growing and, consequently, affecting their overall satisfaction with life and professional involvement. The goal of this study was to assess burnout in Portuguese teachers and to explore whether burnout levels are associated with teachers’ personal and professional characteristics. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) were used to collect data from a sample of 262 teachers, who were mostly female (66.0%), were aged between 26 and 63 years (mean = 44, SD = 7.95), and had an average of 18 years of experience in teaching regular classes (SD = 9.22) and an average of 2 years of experience in special education (SD = 4.97). The results suggested the adequate psychometric properties of the OLBI in Portuguese teachers. Moreover, the older the teachers were, the higher the levels of burnout they reported. Burnout was positively associated with the number of years of experience but only in regular education teachers. Although no differences in burnout as a function of experience in inclusive classrooms were found, a positive correlation of teachers’ burnout with the number of students with special needs in the classroom was identified. The results are discussed according to the literature, and suggestions for future studies are presented.

Burnout in health care providers working in the intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital, South India-a questionnaire-based survey.

BackgroundThe intensive care unit (ICU) is a special section of the hospital where intense monitoring and patient care are required. Health care providers (HCPs) who work in the ICU are exposed to a stressful environment and, in the long run, this may lead to exhaustion and burnout. It is observed that the burnout in HCPs in the ICU may have an impact on patient care and the psychological wellbeing of the caregiver. Thus, we aimed to assess the burnout in HCPs working in the ICUs of a tertiary care hospital in South India.MethodsA single-center, questionnaire-based survey was carried out by HCPs who work in the ICUs of a tertiary care hospital in South India. A Google form link was created after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. The link was then circulated to the HCPs who work in the ICU and the responses were collected. The Google form fetched data related to demographics, profession, area of work, duration of work per day, total days of work in the ICU during the work period, and details of night duty. The Oldenburg burnout inventory questionnaire was used to measure burnout in the HCPs.ResultsA total of 60 HCPs with a mean age of 23.37±2.93 years, consented and filled out the online questionnaire. Of the 60 HCPs, 41 (68.33%) were females and 19 (31.67%) were males. Most of the participants were working in adult medical ICUs. The overall burnout level in all the participants was 2.39± 0.31, with the exhaustion level being 2.45±0.43 and the disengagement level being 2.32± 0.31. Between 70% and 80% of HCPs experienced high levels of burnout while working in the ICUs. Work area, work duration, sleep duration, and clinical experience had an impact on burnout levels of the HCPs.ConclusionMost of the HCPs who work in the ICU experience high levels of burnout. Lack of clinical experience in the ICU and long work hours with lack of sleep can increase burnout in the HCPs.

A national cross-sectional survey and interviews exploring the relationship between well-being and burnout in doctors

AimsDoctors’ mental health is a national concern – the General Medical Council, British Medical Association and Health Education England pledge to improve their well-being. Well-being has no common definition, instead pathogenic measures such as burnout are published as a demonstration of doctors’ wellbeing. Yet, the relationship between burnout and wel-being has not been explored.Aimto investigate the relationship between burnout and well-being.Hypothesisthey are negatively associated, but not opposites.MethodAn online cross-sectional national survey was distributed to doctors of all grades and specialties via the Royal Colleges and doctor organisations. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) measured burnout, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) measured well-being. Correlation coefficients between total scores of these measures estimated the relationship. Additionally, semi-structured interviews explored personal definitions of wellbeing and its relationship with burnout. Thematic analysis was carried out.Result64 doctors completed the OLBI and WEMWBS. Comparing the total scores for the questionnaires with Spearman's rho indicates a moderate negative correlation (rs= –0.658, p = 0.00, n = 64). Total scores were made into binary variables, a Chi-square test showed that a low WEMWBS score (&lt;40) and a very high risk OLBI score (≥2.85 exhaustion and ≥2.6 disengagement) were statistically significantly associated (X 2 (1, N = 64) = 4.232, p = 0.04). Three themes emerged from the 10 interviews conducted: the importance of networks/relationships outside work; scepticism towards the proposal of an NHS wellbeing check-in; and how participants do not strive to improve their wellbeing until its decline.ConclusionThis research demonstrates that wellbeing and burnout have only a moderate negative correlation when using commonly employed measurement tools. Therefore, measures of burnout are not a surrogate for wellbeing. Further research could adopt a salutogenic approach by using the WEMWBS to monitor doctors’ wellbeing and could explore interventions to increase well-being, rather than waiting for its decline.

Impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown on study satisfaction and burnout in medical students in Split, Croatia: a cross-sectional presurvey and postsurvey

ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 on the burnout and study satisfaction of medical students.DesignA cross-sectional study with a presurvey and postsurvey.SettingUniversity of Split School...

Quality of sleep and burnout among undergraduate medical students at the university of Nairobi, Kenya

AimsThe main objective was to determine whether quality of sleep is associated with burnout among undergraduate medical students at the University of Nairobi.The null hypothesis in our study population was; 'There is no significant association between poor sleep quality and burnout'.BackgroundIn a pressure prevailing environment, medical students find themselves in a vicious cycle of cutting down on sleep in attempts to cope and adjust to increasing workloads. Students with poor sleep quality have been found to perform worse in their board exam and have strained social engagements. Ultimately, this chronic sleep deprivation may lead to burnout which may cause diminished sense of accomplishment and impaired professional conduct, that may be carried on to the career as a physician. High levels of burnout have been associated with suicides.MethodThe sample size obtained was 384 and participants were selected by a mixed sampling method. Data collection was through self-administered questionnaires. Scales used for this study were the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory(OLBI).Ethical considerations were adhered to and approval obtained from the Kenyatta National Hospital-University of Nairobi(KNH-UON) Ethics Board. Data entry and analysis was by SPSS v23. Data from 336 questionnaires were deemed fit for analysis.ResultWith a response rate of 87.5%, the prevalence of poor sleep quality and burnout were 69.9% and 74.7% respectively. There was a significant positive association between poor sleep quality and female gender, clinical years of study, living with family, poorly perceived socio-economic state and poor subjective academic performance. In addition, being female, younger, pre-clinical years, living independently off-campus and poor subjective academic performance were significantly associated with higher levels of burnout.Burnout had a significant correlation with poor sleep quality. Daytime functioning, a component of sleep quality had the highest correlation with components of burnout, disengagement and exhaustion. Overall, 57% of the respondents had both poor sleep quality &amp;burnout, while only 12% were good sleepers with no burnout. Furthermore, having poor sleep increased the risk of having burnout by 2.8times. It is crucial that students adopt better sleeping habits to reduce the risk of burnout.ConclusionWith the high prevalence of poor sleep quality and burnout, peer-support groups and peer-led mentorship programs are recommended within this population to help deal with expectations, challenges and difficulties encountered within the course of medical education, in addition to preparing for the early future careers.

Coronavirus anxiety and exhaustion among Polish front-line healthcare workers - the mediation effect of insomnia.

The study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect - mediated through insomnia - effect of coronavirus anxiety on exhaustion, from the perspective of Hobfoll's theory of conservation of resources (COR). According to the COR theory, critical events (e.g., the coronavirus epidemic) make people fearful of losing their valuable resources. A prolonged state of anxiety may lead to sleeping troubles, which over time results in an increase in exhaustion. Data were collected from 440 Polish healthcare providers, including nurses and midwives, doctors, paramedics, medical assistance workers, and wardens. Three measures were used: the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (the sleeping trouble subscale) and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (the exhaustion subscale). Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The obtained results fully support the hypotheses. Both the direct and indirect relationships between coronavirus anxiety and exhaustion were observed. Specifically, high coronavirus anxiety increased insomnia, which in turn contributed to the development of exhaustion. The results are consistent with the COR theory. Prolonged coronavirus anxiety and sleeping problems depleted healthcare providers' resources and made them feel exhausted. Exhaustion among these workers can have serious consequences not only for themselves but also for the health of their patients. Therefore, research into effective ways to deal with coronavirus anxiety is needed. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(2):263-73.

Within- and between-person factor structure of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory: Analysis of a diary study using multilevel confirmatory factor analysis.

The study examined the factor structure of burnout, as measured with the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. The participants were 235 employees of a public administration agency who assessed their burnout online for 10 consecutive working days. Two models were tested with multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, assuming the same one or two-factor structure at the within- and between-person levels. Both models showed a reasonable fit to the data, but due to a strong correlation between exhaustion and disengagement and low within-person reliability for disengagement, a unidimensional model seems more valid. A cross-level invariance was not confirmed for either of the structures, showing that factor loadings for the same items differ significantly between the levels. This suggests that burnout is not the same latent variable at each level; rather, there are factors other than daily burnout that influence person-level scores and ignoring these across-level discrepancies may lead to biased conclusions.

Factors Related to Nurses' Burnout during the First Wave of Coronavirus Disease-19 in a University Hospital in Italy.

Safety of healthcare workers in hospitals is a major concern during the COVID-19 pandemic. Being exposed for several working hours per day to infected patients, nurses dealing with COVID-19 face several issues that lead to physical/psychological breakdown. This study focused on burnout and its associated factors in nurses working in an Italian University Hospital during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. We designed a web-based cross-sectional study addressed to nurses working at the University Hospital in Foggia, Italy. The online questionnaire was organized in sections aimed at collecting demographic and occupational variables, including the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OBI). Two hundred and ninety-three nurses agreed to participate. According to MBI, we reported moderate/high emotional exhaustion in 76.5%, depersonalization in 50.2%, and personal gratification in 54.6% of participants. COVID-19-related burnout measured by OBI resulted medium/high in 89.1% of participants. Among demographic and occupational factors, a multivariate regression analysis identified emotional support, consideration of leaving job, and workload as predictive of burnout in nurses. In conclusion, this study suggests that the improvement of employer and family support to nurses, as well as reduction of workload and job-related stress, would contribute to reducing burnout in nurses during COVID-19 pandemics.

190 Determinants of Psychological Well-Being in Healthcare Workers During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Multinational Cross-Sectional Study

IntroductionThe Covid-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented pressures on healthcare systems globally, impacting working conditions, safety attitudes and the psychological well-being of healthcare workers. This cross-sectional study explores the prevalence and predictors of anxiety/depression amongst healthcare workers in the UK, Singapore, and Poland.MethodFrom 22 March to 18 June 2020, healthcare workers from the UK, Singapore and Poland were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire on psychological well-being. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Other components of the questionnaire include demographic information, Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) measuring safety culture and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) to measure burnout. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of anxiety and depression.ResultsOf 3537 healthcare workers who participated in the study, 701 (20%) screened positive for anxiety and 389 (11%) for depression. Significant predictors of depression and anxiety include low SAQ score, nursing role, redeployment, burnout, and depression. There was significant overlap between anxiety and depression. The doctor role was protective.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate a significant burden of anxiety and depression amongst healthcare workers during Covid-19. These findings highlight the impact of Covid-19 on psychological well-being and suggests which groups would benefit from targeted support.

COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo: a quantitative study on clinical practice and mental health among medical residency specialties.

2020 was a challenging year for all healthcare professionals worldwide. In São Paulo, Brazil, the virus SARS-CoV-2 took 47,222 lives up to December 29, 2020. The front line of medical professionals in São Paulo was composed of many residents, who were transferred from their rotations to cover the needs of the pandemic. To identify medical residents' mental health and clinical issues, regarding symptoms of burnout, depression and anxiety during the pandemic, and to compare them among specialties. Quantitative study using a convenience sample of medical resident volunteers who responded to an anonymous online survey that was available during April 2020. This investigation collected sociodemographic information and used the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) to measure burnout, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure depression and the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale to measure anxiety symptoms. This study also developed a COVID-19 Impact Questionnaire (CIQ-19) to assess the residents' beliefs and clinical practices relating to COVID-19 patients. The sample comprised 1,392 medical residents in São Paulo, Brazil. Clinical specialty physicians showed the highest rates of anxiety symptoms (52.6%) and burnout (51.2%), among the specialties. Clinical specialty residents are at higher risk of anxiety, depression and burnout. The symptoms of anxiety and depression have worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a general need for mental health support interventions for medical resident physicians, which requires reinforcement during this worldwide crisis.

Burnout and posttraumatic stress symptoms in police officers exposed to traumatic events: the mediating role of ruminations

PurposePolice work carries the risk of burnout in the form of exhaustion and disengagement from work. Police officers are also exposed to traumatic events and the development of PTSD. The main aim of the cross-sectional study was to determine the mediating role played by rumination in the relationship between burnout and PTSD among police officers. It also examines whether burnout is a significant prognostic factor for PTSD symptoms.MethodsData were obtained from a sample of 120 police officers. Of these one hundred, mostly men (83%), aged 23–47 years (M = 33.06, SD = 5.61), confirmed the experience of traumatic events in connection with their professional work. Three standard measuring tools were used: The Posttraumatic Checklist for DSM-5, The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory OBI, and The Event-Related Rumination Inventory.ResultsThe introduction of intrusive ruminating as an intermediary variable made the relationship between job burnout and PTSD non-significant, which indicates full mediation. The introduction of deliberate rumination as a mediator weakens the relationship between burnout and PTSD, which indicates partial mediation. It indicates that police officers who are burnout and who additionally tend to ruminate about experienced traumatic events are more likely to PTSD than police officers who are only burned out.ConclusionIntervention programs for police officers should focus on strengthening stress management resources in the form of developing deliberate ruminations, thus allowing the experienced situations to be given a new meaning and to allow better coping.

Effect of School-based Rational-Emotive Behaviour Program on Burnout Among Adult Learners: Moderating Influence of Participants' Demographic Variables

Academic burnout is characterised by mental and emotional distress among different populations of learners. Rational emotive-behaviour therapy (REBT) has shown great promise in helping students manage mental distress. As such, this study determined the effect of an REBT program on burnout among 138 adult learners who are also teachers. We also investigated the extent to which learners' characteristics such as age, gender, academic level, and marital status moderated the REBT program's effect. The participants were assigned to the intervention group (n = 69) and control group (n = 69). The intervention group participated in the REBT program for eleven weeks while the control group received placebo treatment during this period. Burnout scores were measured at pretest, posttest and follow-up using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory for Students (OLBI-S). The study found that adult learners who took part in the school-based REBT program had significant improvement in their burnout scores over time compared to adult learners who did not participate in it. Hence, the REBT program was effective in helping adult learners who are teachers manage their burnout. Learners’ demographic factors (gender, academic level, marital status and age) did not significantly moderate the REBT program's effect on burnout. The researchers discussed the significance of the findings and offered recommendations for future studies.