Old Ways Of Thinking Research Articles

Food safety, quality, and ethics - a post-normal perspective. (Special issue: Food safety, food quality and food ethics. Selected papers from the 3rd Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics)

I argue that the issues of foodquality, in the most general sense includingpurity, safety, and ethics, can no longer beresolved through ``normal'' science andregulation. The reliance on reductionistscience as the basis for policy andimplementation has shown itself to beinadequate. I use several borderline examplesbetween drugs and foods, particularly coffeeand sucrose, to show that ``quality'' is now acomplex attribute. For in those cases thesubstance is either a pure drug, or a bad foodwith drug-like properties; both are marketed asif they were foods. An example of theinadequacy of old ways of thinking is obesity,whose causes are as yet outside the purview ofmedicine, while its effects constitute anepidemic disease. The new drug/food syndromeneeds a new sort of science, what we call``post-normal.'' This is inquiry at the contestedinterfaces of science and policy; typically itdeals with issues where facts are uncertain,values in dispute, stakes high, and decisionsurgent. With the perspective of post-normalscience, we can better understand some keyissues. We see that ``safety'' is different from``risk,'' being pragmatic, moral, and recursive.Also, we understand that an appropriatefoundation for regulation and ethics is not somuch ``objectivity'' as ``awareness.'' In an agewhen ``consumers'' are becoming concerned``citizens,'' the relevant science must becomepost-normal.

Bio intensive Agronomy: A paradigm shift in agronomic research

The term paradigm shift was first introduced by Thomas Kuhn in his highly influential landmark book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Kuhns book shows how almost every significant breakthrough in scientific en- deavor is first break with tradition, with old ways of thinking, with old paradigms. The word paradigm comes from the Greek. It was originally a scientific term, and is more commonly used today to mean model, theory, perception, assumption, or frame of reference. In more general sense, its the way we see the world- not in terms of our visual sense of sight, but in terms of perceiving, understanding and interpreting. In pre green revolution period, the plant architecture of the cultivated cereal crops was long duration and tall. These plants were not responsive to input use i.e. with application of fertilizers and irrigation, they used to be lodged. Most of our agriculture was rainfed. Agronomic research therefore was revolving around increasing yield under this scenario available at that part of time. Simple fertilizer trial, tillage practices to conserve moisture and control weeds and mixed cropping were the main aspects of research. Farming was done for subsistence. Yields were sustained at low levels. Then, there was a breakthrough. Plant architecture was changed. Short duration dwarf varieties came into existence. Agronomic research also shifted from simple fertilizer trials to complex fertilizer experiments, mono- cropping to multiple cropping and scheduling irrigation. Use of herbicide increased to control weeds. With the expansion of irrigation, scheduling of irrigation became main focus and legumes went out of the cultivation and cereal- cereal cropping became predominant. Spread of rice- wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic Plain region is the glar- ing example of this. Due to this cereal-based crop rotation, natural resources started degrading and weeds de- veloped resistance to herbicides. Factor productivity started declining. Presently these are our cultivation prac- tices i.e. our convention, which is chemical based and input intensive, this we wish to change to bring bio-in- tensive agronomic practices, which will include massive use of biomanures, biofertilizers and biopesticides. The research on rhizospheric engineering and carbon sequestration has to be strengthened to improve the soil health and nutrient use efficiencies. Rhizospheric engineering refers to bringing changes in root architecture by modifying planting methods and crop geometry and also improving root zone soil profile through rhizodeposition. In irrigated ecosystem, where legumes could not be introduced due to their sensitivity to water, sugarcane is to be brought in the system, because several beneficial microorganisms are associated with its roots, which mobilizes soil materials. Also, large quantity of root mass of sugarcane upon decomposition adds substantial quantity of organic matter to the soil.

Wittgwnsteino Mėlynasis sąsiuvinis : pakeliui į filosofinius tyrinėjimus

"The Blue Book" does not belong to the greatest masterpieces of Wittgenstein. Its impact is not compared to that of the "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" or "Philosophical Investigations". Nevertheless, it is still a masterpiece of thought. Dictated to several pupils of Wittgenstein, it was not intended to be a work for philosophical connoisseurs. It was not even intended to be a separate book. And, we may say, it is not. It marks Wittgenstein's new way of thinking from the old way of thinking. The central question of "The Blue Book" is "What is the meaning of a word?". We therefore take a closer look at the ideas that preceded it, namely, the "Tractatus" view of meaning. The "Tractatus" claims that the meaning of a word is the object it stands for. The notion of Erläuterung or elucidation plays the central role in explaining the meaning of a word. We interpret the concepts of Erläuterung and eluci- dation as "making lucid" or "purifying" the meaning of a word. Our conclusion is that the notion of object is too obscure to provide a satisfying answer to the question "What is the meaning of a word?". In "The Blue Book" Wittgenstein tries out new strategies answering that question, and a new set of concepts comes into play. First of all, Wittgenstein "removes the idea that words of the ostensive definition predicate something of the defined". Secondly, Wittgenstein fights against a mentalistic view of language, according to which the meaning of a word is some image in the head of the speaker. Wittgenstein's own answer to the central question is that the meaning of a word is its use. Hence the new conception of thinking as "operating with signs". In order to get a clear view of this activity, Wittgenstein proposes to investigate "primitive ways of speaking", thus introducing his famous notion of "language-games". The aim of "language-games" is to provide a non-reductionist simplicity of coping with linguistic phenomena. Wittgenstein criticizes scientific methodology for its reductionist simplification of natural phenome- na. Investigating the phenomenon of pain, Wittgenstein concludes that in the "games" in the expression "I have pain", "I" does not denote a particular body. It is the expression of pain itself. This is how Wittgenstein paves the way to his "Philosophical Investigations", leaving behind the conception of "meaning as object" of the "Tractatus".

Privacy and Print: Reading and Writing in Seventeenth-Century England

Amidst the other religious, political and technological changes in 17th-century England, the ready availability of printed books was the most significant sign of the disappearance of old ways of thinking. The ability to read granted new independence as the interactions between reader, text and author moved from the public forums of church and court to the privacy and solitude of the home. This work proposes that the emergence of the concept of privacy as a personal right, as the very core of individuality, is connected in a complex fashion with the history of reading. The author attempts to recover the experience of readers past by examining representations of reading and readers (especially women) in five genres of 17th-century literature: devotional books, conversion narratives, personal letters, drama and the novel. The discussion ranges from the published letters of Charles I and John Donne to Aphra Behn's Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister and Margaret Cavendish's literary activities. The author examines how the resulting shifts in religious and literary practices due to the printed book influenced the development of the literary canon. She also addresses women's ambiguous roles in print culture, trying to pinpoint how privacy became gendered in the early modern period.

“Loyal to a Dream Country”: Republicanism and the Pragmatism of William James and Richard Rorty

Our nation has been founded in what we may call our American religion, baptized and reared in the faith that a man requires no master to take care of him, and that common people can work out their salvation well enough together if left free to try.William James, “Robert Gould Shaw Oration,” 1897[T]he civic religion of which Whitman and Dewey were prophets … centered around taking advantage of traditional pride in American citizenship by substituting social justice for individual freedom as our country's principal goal … You have to be loyal to a dream country rather than to the one to which you wake up every morning.Richard Rorty, “A Cultural Left,” 1997James and Rorty refer here to what sociologists used to call the American civil religion. In 1967, Robert N. Bellah coined this phrase to suggest how Americans, shaped by the complex interplay of republican and Christian traditions, believe they have an obligation “to carry out God's will on earth.” Since the 1970s, though, it has been historians like J. G. A. Pocock who have shown how republicans throughout the modern West have for the last five centuries blended the millennialist beliefs of Christianity with the ancient conviction that humans realize their political nature through the virtuous acts required to sustain republics in a cosmos ruled by fortune. As James once said of pragmatism, republicanism is a new name for an old way of thinking.

Mom Always Liked You BestBorn to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives. Frank J. Sulloway

Frank Sulloway's Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives ought to be familiar to most readers of Isis. Published in 1996 by Random House (Pantheon) in an initial run of fifty thousand copies, it has been widely reviewed in periodicals inside and outside academy and via broadcast media as well. Its author has been interviewed repeatedly for print, radio, and television on subject of intellectual and psychological consequences of birth order. Born to Rebel has garnered a good deal of popular attention and has stirred debate among sociologists and psychologists, especially those already concerned with links between innovation and personality. Historians and philosophers of science, on other hand, have studiously ignored book. There have been no symposia, no panel discussions, no public evaluations, no rebuttals. Except for a few book reviews it has remained completely off radar screen of profession. This silence is remarkable given collective anguish (in History of Science Society plenary sessions) about inability to reach a broad audience; it is all more so given that author is an active and respected member of HSS who is at once a noted Darwin scholar and a Pfizer Award winner (for Freud, Biologist of Mind [1979]). source of this disregard cannot be Sulloway's subject matter, for at core of book are two questions that every historian of science ponders: why do some people reject conventional wisdom and propose novel ideas that end up transforming our view of world, and why, during radical revolutions, do some people rapidly discard their old ways of thinking and embrace new ones while others cling tenaciously to prevailing mode of thought and zealously defend status quo? answers offered in literature are legion: education, religion, age, generational loyalty, oedipal rivalry, wealth, status, caste, class, political allegiance, nationality, and a host of other influential factors. Working scientists tend to treat most of these as irrelevant and argue that support and opposition are conditioned by strength of hypothesis, skill of proposer, quality of data, rhetorical skill of combatants, and eventually truth of in physical reality. last of these I add as an afterthought, because most students of science would agree that the truth of matter begs every significant question. Nevertheless, it has to be recorded as one of alternatives. Sulloway's thesis is that birth order and family dynamics hold real answer to these questions. The question of why some people rebel, including why a few particularly farsighted individuals initiate radical revolutions, is synonymous with question of why

Cultural Values versus Science

The history of rationalistic thought in the west has been built on paradigms that provide justification for the fragmentation and domination of nature. We are therefore faced with a crisis in perception that overshadows any discussion of environmental issues. Conservatives tend to be more resistant to change than liberals. As a result, they are more likely to place primacy on others of one's race, creed and religion, as well as one's personal needs. Conversely, it is less likely that they wilt have regard for the land's sustainable capacity. Liberals tend to take a systems approach to thinking and are therefore less inclined to tinker with the individual components of a system. Science alone cannot reconcile opposing points of view which are based on value, because science was not designed to deal with values. Conducting a credible search for the truth demands that we first recognize the limitations of our own thinking, both in our tendency to form a single hypothesis and our tendency to be “method oriented” rather than “problem oriented.” Although science can never accurately represent nature, it has, over time, piqued our imagination, challenged old ways of thinking and demonstrated the fuzziness of our world view.

The Path of Cyberlaw

If you're not a cyberspace maven, but mill around a bit among those who talk about this cyberspace stuff-if you surf, as it is said, the information superhighway-there are two questions that you might ask about how this new space will get regulated. The first question goes roughly like this: Should this new space, cyberspace, be regulated by analogy to the regulation of other space, not quite cyber, or should we give up analogy and start anew?' In Bruce Ackerman's terms, should we muddle into this new space as ordinary observers, just applying our old ways of thinking, or should we enter this world as scientific policymakers, armed with a comprehensive view, structuring the environment of this world to fit with this comprehensive view?2 The second question follows the first: Is cyberspace really anything new? Is there really a form of life here that we haven't known before, or is cyberspace just an electronic version of ordinary space, where the electronics might add something, but not really very much?

Regional Development and Transition in the Former Soviet Union: A Comment

The authors from Russia and Ukraine in this symposium provide insightful criticism of the old system and raise important questions about future directions of regional development. Sometimes, however, their ideas still reflect old ways of thinking. Particularly important for regional development is the future of banking. Competitive branch banking offers the best mechanism for serving the financial needs of regions, but several problems must be solved to establish an efficient banking system. The transfer of knowledge and experience from market-based economies will be expedited by an increase in exchange programs joint research, and cooperation between Western regional scientists and economists and those in the former Soviet Union.

To Enter the Future, We Must Cast Off Old Ways of Thinking

To Enter the Future, We Must Cast Off Old Ways of Thinking

Can severely dependent drinkers learn controlled drinking? Summing up the debate.

British Journal of AddictionVolume 83, Issue 2 p. 149-152 Free Access Can Severely Dependent Drinkers Learn Controlled Drinking? Summing up the debate TIM STOCKWELL, TIM STOCKWELL Community Alcohol Team, The 59 Centre, 59 Magdalen Street, Exeter EX2 4HY, United Kingdom.Search for more papers by this author TIM STOCKWELL, TIM STOCKWELL Community Alcohol Team, The 59 Centre, 59 Magdalen Street, Exeter EX2 4HY, United Kingdom.Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1988 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03975.xCitations: 8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Stockwell, T. (1986) cracking an old chestnut: is controlled drinking possible for the person who has been severely alcohol dependent British Journal of Addiction, 81, pp. 455– 56. 2 Blume, S. (1987) Shark infested seas. British Journal of Addiction, 82, pp. 239– 240. 3 SPENCER, J. (1987) View from Australia, British Journal of Addiction, 82, pp. 238– 239. 4 Sobell, M. & Sobell, L. (1987) Stalking white elephants, British Journal of Addiction, 82, pp. 245– 247. 5 Duckert, F. (1987) The controlled drinking debate—a danger to the field of alcoholism British Journal of Addiction, 82, pp. 249– 250. 6 Orford, J. (1987) Keep the debate open, British Journal of Addiction, 82, pp. 250– 253. 7 Robertson, I. (1987) Cracking the old chestnut of double standards, British Journal of Addiction, 82, pp. 237– 238. 8 Raistrick, D. (1987) Abstinence is best, but resumed normal drinking does occur, British Journal of Addiction, 82, pp. 243– 245. 9 Chick, J. (1987) Controlled drinking–two empirical questions, British Journal of Addiction, 82, pp. 240– 243. 10 Heather, N. (1987) Misleading confusion, British Journal of Addiction, 82, p. 253. 11 Kendell, R. E. (1965) Normal drinking by former alcohol addicts, Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 26, pp. 247– 257. 12 Spratley, T. (1987) Relapse into old ways of thinking, British Journal of Addiction, 82, p. 845. 13 Davies, D. L. (1962) Normal drinking in recovered alcoholic addicts, Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 23, pp. 94– 104. 14 Sobell, M. B. & Sobell, L. C. (1973) Individualised behaviour therapy for alcoholics, Behavioral Research and Therapy, 11, pp. 49– 72. 15 Edwards, G. & Gross, M. M. (1976) Alcohol dependence: provisional description of a clinical syndrome, British Medical Journal, I, pp. 1058– 1061. 16 Elal-Lawrence, G., Slade, P. D. & Dewey, M. E. (1986) Predictors of outcome type in treated problem drinkers, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 47, pp. 41– 47. 17 Orford, J. & Keddie, A. (1986) Abstinence or controlled drinking in clinical practice: a test of the dependence and persuasion hypotheses, British Journal of Addiction, 81, pp. 495– 504. 18 Heather, N., Rollnick, S. & Winston, M. (1983) A comparison of objective and subjective measures of alcohol dependence as predictions of relapse following treatment, British Journal of Consulting Psychology, 22, pp. 11– 17. 19 Edwards, G. (1986) The alcohol dependence syndrome: a concept as stimulus to enquiry, British Journal of Addiction, 81, pp. 171– 184. 20 Hodgson, R., Rankin, H. & Stockwell, T. (1979) Alcohol dependence and the priming effect, Behavioral Research and Therapy, 17, pp. 379– 387. 21 Stockwell, T. R., Hodgson, R. J., Rankin, H. J. & TAYLOR, C. (1982) Alcohol dependence, beliefs and the priming effect, Behavioral Research and Therapy, 20, pp. 513– 522. 22 Edwards, G. (1978) The alcohol dependence syndrome: usefulness on an idea, in: G. Edwards & M. Grant (Eds) Alcoholism, Medicine and Psychiatry: New Knowledge and New Responses ( London , Croom Helm). 23 Siegel, S. (in press) Drug anticipation and drug tolerance, in: M. H. Lader (Ed.) The Psychopharmacology of Addiction ( London , British Association for Psychopharmacology Monographs). 24 Chick, J. (1980) Is there a one-dimensional alcohol dependence syndrome British Journal of Addiction, 75, pp. 265– 280. Citing Literature Volume83, Issue2February 1988Pages 149-152 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Strength of abrasive grains.

The strengths of various abrasive grains were experimentally obtained by means of two components grinding wheel using epoxy resin as a bond. From the test results, it becomes clear that the grain strength is considerably low and, in the extreme case, the value here obtained differs by a figure down from that of the old way of thinking. The use of ultra high speed grinding using conventional grinding wheels must be reconsidered. The estimation of the grain strength by means of this method enables us to predict the maximum possible bursting strength of grinding wheels.

Revolution in America?

At various times in the history of complex societies, established social orders are challenged by growing discontent and the ferment of new ideas. Unthinkable thoughts become tenable. Sacred institutions are profaned. The very nature of the moral order comes under attack. Old ways of thinking, talking, and doing things are threatened by new forms of consciousness.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Women, New Music and the Composition of Becomings

This article argues that ‘new’ music continues to replicate itself by being based on a set of outdated, inflexible practices which foster the centrality of the male, entrepreneurial, composing subject. Aesthetic distinctiveness has been muzzled because too many composers are competing for the same recognition and the same small ‘pot of money’, giving rise to musical mediocrity. The article notes that while the number of women composers studying music has increased in tertiary music institutions and points out that their representation by the Australian Music Centre has improved significantly over the past decade, these statistics are not reflected in the concert hall where women continue to be side-lined. It argues that the entrepreneurial performer is focused on the products created out of the already known and out of its masculinity and explores what would happen if music were composed out of its femininity and the unknown. It draws on Deleuze’s concept of ‘becoming’ to disturb the old ways of thinking, and to imagine a transformation of music practice which would make viable that music which has been traditionally silenced.

Review of Pragmatism. A New Name for some Old Ways of Thinking.

Review of Pragmatism. A New Name for some Old Ways of Thinking.

Book Review:Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. William James

Book Review:Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. William James

James, William. Pragmatism a New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking

James, William. Pragmatism a New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking

VI.—CRITICAL NOTICES

Journal Article VI.—CRITICAL NOTICES Get access Pragmatism, a New Name for some Old Ways of Thinking; Popular Lectures on Philosophy. By WILLIAM JAMES. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1907. Pp. 309. J. ELLIS MCTAGGART J. ELLIS MCTAGGART Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mind, Volume XVII, Issue 1, 1908, Pages 104–109, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/XVII.1.104 Published: 01 January 1908

Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. William James

<i>Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking</i>. William James

Some Philosophical Discussions of Religious ProblemsThe Freedom of Authority: Essays in Apologetics. J. Macbride SterrettPragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. William JamesThe Religious Conception of the World: An Essay in Constructive Philosophy. A. K. Rogers

Previous articleNext article FreeRecent Theological LiteratureSome Philosophical Discussions of Religious Problems The Freedom of Authority: Essays in Apologetics. J. Macbride Sterrett Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. William James The Religious Conception of the World: An Essay in Constructive Philosophy. A. K. Rogers Douglas C. MacintoshDouglas C. Macintosh Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 12, Number 1Jan., 1908 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/478739 Views: 38 Journal History This article was published in The American Journal of Theology (1897-1920), which is continued by The Journal of Religion (1921-present). PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.