Continental Europe Research Articles

The Design and Implementation of Technology-Based Inclusive Classroom Activities in Inclusive Early Childhood Education and Care: A Pilot Study in Four European Countries.

Access to inclusive and qualitative education on an equal basis is a clear right of every child, even from the very beginning in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC). However, inclusive education is often not possible without access to appropriate (assistive) technologies. Notwithstanding the opportunities of technology to enhance inclusion of all children, it is still limitedly integrated by educators and teachers into their curriculum. Therefore, the SKATE project aims in gearing innovative technology as resource for inclusive education. This study describes and evaluates the preparation, the design, the implementation, and the effects of technology-based classroom activities in inclusive ECEC. The classroom activities are developed and implemented by school teams of 14 preschools spread over four European (EU) countries. A total of 50 school team members participated in a SKATE Learning Programme. This resulted in more than 20 technology-based inclusive class activities, created by school teams together with technology experts. Across the four countries, approximately 330 pre-schoolers, with and without special educational needs (SEN), participated. At this moment, 13 school team members from four EU countries and 45 parents from two EU countries evaluated the technology-based inclusive classroom activities. Nearly all teachers agreed that the activity promoted the inclusion of all children. Teachers reported that most of the children enjoyed the activity. This was confirmed in the evaluation by the parents. Most parents had the impression that the activity was meaningful, joyful and inclusive for all children.

CONSTRUÇÃO COM TERRA: PASSADO E FUTURO

This paper presents a research developed with the objectiveof analyzing the use of earth construction in cities of the European (Portugal, France and Germany) and African (Morocco) continents, identifying the documented historical construction techniques and the current technical standards. Inorder to fulfill this objective, it was carried out the photographic record of some constructions, gathering documentary information, construction techniques and current normative standards. The following steps were necessary: constitution of the theoretical referential, visit, photographic record and acquisition of documentation about buildings and earth construction techniques in Portugal, France, Germany and Morocco. It was possible to identify the evolution of the construction technique and perspectives from the point of view of sustainability. The main techniques identified were half-timber construction (mixed technique), adobes and rammed earth, as well as earth cladding and screeds, usually combined with wooden structures. Earthhas the potential to be one of the materials used in more sustainable construction, but weaknesses can be identified in the use of the techniques.

Лондон и города континентальной Европы в первый период Столетней войны

The article examines the relations between London and the cities of Continental Europe in the first period of the Hundred Years’ War. It is shown that the beginning of the conflict for the citizens of London was associated with the need to strengthen the security of the city, supply armed detachments, subsidize the crown. London maintained contacts with the cities of Continental Europe, primarily Flanders, “English Gascony” and Normandy. The most important area of communication remained trade, which was implemented in various organizational forms, with extensive use of credit. Also, the fields for interaction were the return of runaway apprentices, the solution of property and inheritance disputes, issues of compensation in case of robbery and murder of merchants. It is concluded that the Hundred Years’ War created additional opportunities for enrichment, but also increased the risks that the citizens had to take into account.

Oxidation capacity changes in the atmosphere of large urban areas in Europe: Modelling and experimental campaigns in atmospheric simulation chambers

Air pollution is a major concern for human health and the environment. Consequently, environmental standards have become stricter to improve air quality. Thanks to this, the ambient levels of O3 precursors such as VOCs and NOX have decreased. However, O3 levels in Europe, especially during winter, have increased, potentially impacting on atmospheric oxidation capacity and the associated chemistry of tropospheric oxidants. In this work, we focus on recent changes in the oxidation capacity of urban atmospheres. The study is conducted with the results of the CMAQ modelling system with a regional resolution with 12 × 12 km2 across the entire European continent for the winter (January) and summer (July) of 2007 and 2015. The 2015 meteorological data is used for both years to emphasise emission changes during the studied period. We scrutinise the changes in ambient concentration levels of the main tropospheric oxidants (O3 and HOX radicals) in five representative cities, Valencia, Madrid, Milan, Berlin, and The Hague. The enhanced O3 formation in winter seems to be due to the low VOC/NOX ratio, while the opposite trend in summer may be related to a relatively high ratio. Additionally, photooxidation experiments are carried out in the EUPHORE chambers to study the effect of changes in NOX concentration and NO/NO2 ratio on the variation of the given oxidants at constant VOCs concentrations. For the baseline experiments, two scenarios are selected based on the model results of 2015: two representative winter and summer days of low and high pollution in Berlin and Madrid, respectively. The role of VOC/NOX and NO/NO2 ratios on atmospheric reactivity is discussed. As a result, it is first suggested that further decreases in ambient NOX levels are required to reduce ambient O3 levels. Moreover, additional factors should be considered when designing local-specific emission abatement strategies.

Research trends on Smart Transportation policy in Asia and Europe: A Biblioetric Analysis

Smart transportation policy research has evolved over the last decade following increasingly complex changes and challenges. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to use a scoping review and bibliometric analysis to examine all publications on smart transportation policy, particularly on the Asian Continent and the European Continent. A total of 823 smart transporta- tion policy articles indexed in the Scopus database were analyzed through scoping reviews and bibliometric analysis. Articles are analyzed based on the number of publications per year, contributing countries, field of study, authors, documents cited, related issues, and papers cited. Next, Citespace is used to provide a visual analysis of keyword co-occurrence. The results of this study indicate that publications related to the Smart Transportation Policy continue to increase every year. The continent that has the highest number of publications is dominated by the Asian continent, namely China with a total of 201, followed by the European continent, namely Italy with a total of 81. Although the area of analysis is only on the Asian continent and the European continent, the United States and several countries in the Americas have seriously contributed to the topic.

Contribution of doctor Stepan Rudansky to the organization of medical aid to the population of Crimea: to the 190th anniversary of the birthday of S.V. Rudansky (1834-1873)

The purpose of the research is scientific coverage of his professional and charitable activities in Yalta in the second half of the 19th century on the basis of a representative set of historical documents and the epistolary legacy of the Ukrainian doctor and poet Stepan Rudanskyi. Materials and methods. The article uses a complex of published, but little known to the medical community, scientific historical and medical publications. Historical-comparative, bibliographic and systematic analysis were chosen as research methods. The results. It is proven that Stepan Rudanskyi was the first licensed doctor on the Crimean Peninsula in 1861-1873, who provided qualified medical assistance to the local population. During the cholera pandemic that swept the European continent in the 1860s and 1870s, doctor Rudansky performed the duties of the only quarantine doctor in this region and led the fight against this disease. Conclusions. The intellectual and poetic heritage of the doctor and poet Stepan Rudanskyi continues to attract the attention of art critics, writers, historians of medicine and other scientists. In addition to wonderful poetry, folklore collections and translated works, the figure of Rudansky attracts people with his high spiritual imperative, which was the core of his professional medical activity, which took place on the Crimean peninsula. The memory of the conscientious doctor-poet will undoubtedly be immortalized in this Ukrainian land.

The future of the technology-based manufacturing in the European Union

The manufacturing industry tries to innovate always to cater to customer-oriented products. The digitization of manufacturing is revolutionizing the future of this industry. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is bringing down the labor cost, reducing the machine downtime, and overall increasing the production speed. A new technological trend like Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that uses computer algorithms based on available data and can improve or decide further, automatically, based on experience, without the need for prior programming commands. ML can improve daily processes for identifying bottlenecks, developing products, controlling quality, providing security to the industry, and using AI robotics in place of humans. On one hand, technologies like ML, AI, IIoT, new materials, photonics, and rapid prototyping are driving the manufacturing sector in adopting a future version of Industry 4.0, and on the other hand, the European Commission (EC) has defined a roadmap until 2050 or more, in achieving the sustainable goal of carbon-neutrality and complete digitalization with resilience across the European continent. However, it is challenging to match the planned and actual roadmaps to the future of the technology-based manufacturing industry. There are uncertainties about how the future will be shaped by technologies in the EU manufacturing industry, in the changing political, environmental and social world environment. Recognizing these difficulties, the current article consults the available literature on this topic to determine the factors that will characterize the future of the manufacturing industry across EU countries. The relevant information about the EU manufacturing sectors has first been collected from various sources like Eurostat data, the EC policy documents, manufacturing company's annual reports, research reviews, journal articles, EU Industry Days annual event, etc. Then the collected data were analyzed to gain insight into the future of the technology-based EU manufacturing industry in the context of the European Commission's outlined policies. Variable factors from different manufacturing sectors are presented from different EU member states and scenario analysis was used for understanding the possible future. It is concluded that the future does not lie in adapting to the changing environment but in creating the future by EU companies themselves - revolution must be met by revolution. Their early experiences and path dependency can be seen as stubbornness, which may act as formidable barriers to building new capabilities. Therefore, companies must step-wise integrate resources to create a new process, and new structure, with personnel motivation, that fits with the broader European context in the coming decades.

Drone-based meteorological observations up to the tropopause – a concept study

Abstract. The main in situ database for numerical weather prediction currently relies on radiosonde and airliner observations, with large systematic data gaps: horizontally in certain countries, above the oceans and in polar regions, and vertically in the rapidly changing atmospheric boundary layer, as well as up to the tropopause in areas with low air traffic. These gaps might be patched by measurements with drones. They provide a significant improvement towards environment-friendly additional data, avoiding waste and without the need for helium. So far, such systems have not been regarded as a feasible alternative for performing measurements up to the upper troposphere. In this article, the development of a drone system that is capable of sounding the atmosphere up to an altitude of 10 km with its own propulsion is presented, for which Antarctic and mid-European ambient conditions were taken into account: after an assessment of the environmental conditions at two exemplary radiosounding sites, the design of the system and the instrumentation are presented. Further, the process to get permissions for such flight tests even in the densely populated continent of Europe is discussed, and methods to compare drone and radiosonde data for quality assessment are presented. The main result is the technical achievement of demonstrating the feasibility of reaching an altitude of 10 km with a small meteorologically equipped drone using its own propulsion. The first data are compared to radiosonde measurements, demonstrating an accuracy comparable to other aircraft-based observations, despite the simplistic sensor package deployed. A detailed error discussion is given. The article closes with an outlook on the potential use of drones for filling data gaps in the troposphere.

‘Europe of the Regions’: From Slogan to Effects on European Union Borders and Regions

This article shows that the integrationist trend of ‘a Europe of the regions’ shapes the way the different scales of territories in the European Union are considered. Due to this trend, European institutions evolved their processes of legislation within the EU. Institutions are now able to promote cohesion between all scales of territory composing the European continent, including cross-border territories. Thus, this trend participates in the promotion of European integration by erasing or blurring the state borders that exist between these territories. However, a Europe of the regions is not the ultimate goal of the European Union, and the results of this trend can be mitigated. This article’s analysis is mainly structured around European law, including both primary and secondary law but also case law of the European Union Court of Justice. In order to strengthen its approach, the article also draws from other disciplines such as history and political science.

Socioeconomic differences in tobacco outlet presence, density, and proximity in four cities in the Netherlands

BackgroundPrevious studies found that tobacco outlets were unevenly distributed by area socioeconomic status (SES). However, evidence from continental Europe is limited. This study aims to assess differences in tobacco outlet presence, density and proximity by area SES in the Netherlands.MethodsAll tobacco outlets in four Dutch cities (Amsterdam, and medium-sized cities Eindhoven, Haarlem, and Zwolle) were mapped between September 2019 and June 2020. We estimated associations between average property value of neighbourhoods (as an indicator of SES, grouped into quintiles) and (1) tobacco outlet presence in the neighbourhood (yes/no), (2) density (per km2), and (3) proximity to the closest outlet (in meters), using logistic and linear regression models.Results46% of neighbourhoods contained at least one tobacco outlet. Tobacco outlets were mostly situated in city centres, but the distribution of tobacco outlets varied per city due to differences in urban structures and functions. In the medium-sized cities, each quintile higher neighbourhood-SES was associated with lower tobacco outlet presence (OR:0.71, 95%CI:0.59;0.85), lower density (B:-1.20 outlets/km2, 95%CI:-2.20;-0.20) and less proximity (B:40.2 m, 95%CI 36.58;43.83). Associations were the other way around for Amsterdam (OR:1.22, 95%CI:1.05;1.40, B:3.50, 95%CI:0.81;6.20, and B:-18.45, 95%CI:-20.41;-16.49, respectively). Results were similar for most types of tobacco outlets.ConclusionIn medium-sized cities in the Netherlands, tobacco outlets were more often located in low-SES neighbourhoods than high-SES. Amsterdam presented a reverse pattern, possibly due to its unique urban structure. We discuss how licensing might contribute to reducing tobacco outlets in low-SES neighbourhoods.

The Indonesian State Law System Is Based on The Philosophy of Pancasila and Constitution

The State of Indonesia is a legal state which, of course, has a different legal system from other countries, where the difference in the legal system of the Indonesian state is this Indonesian state applies several existing legal systems, including applying some of the characteristics of the legal system of continental Europe, Anglo Saxon, and also the Islamic Law System. The primary basis in the formation of law in the state of Indonesia is Pancasila, besides that this Pancasila, which is also the ideology of the Indonesian state, is also used as a reference in the legal system in the State of Indonesia, with the existence of Pancasila all differences in customs, ethnicity, race, religion, and culture can be united to can accommodate all the legal interests of the Indonesian people, of course, the legal system used in this State of Indonesia is a legal system based on Pancasila as the state ideology. The legal system in Indonesia recognizes the existence of customary law and Islamic law because this Indonesian state has many customary law communities, and the majority of the population is Muslim, so that with this, the state legal system based on Pancasila, of course, also includes law. Customary law and Islamic law in the legal system in Indonesia. In the context of developing law in Indonesia, of course, also proclaiming the values of Pancasila, the implementation of the fourth principle of Pancasila, namely law-making is carried out through democracy led by wisdom in representative deliberation, and in the context of law enforcement in Indonesia, of course, must also prioritize values. Social justice. Keywords: Legal System, Pancasila, State of Law.

COVID-19 vaccination attitudes across the European continent

This study was conducted to determine the predictors of COVID-19 vaccination attitudes across multiple waves in seven countries geographically spread across the European continent, using data from a COVID-19 survey provided by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology COVID-19. Facebook users from across the globe participated in this survey which collected information on their knowledge of COVID-19, attitudes towards risk and available information, and their willingness or lack thereof to take the vaccine. In this secondary data analysis study, neural networks were used with special attention given to the importance of the predictors of COVID-19 vaccination attitudes. Perception of social norms regarding COVID-19 vaccination was found to be the most important predictor of vaccine acceptance. Country of residence and wave of data collection were among the important predictors, with different patterns for each country emerging across different waves. Other strong predictors included attitudes towards masks and mask wearing; attitudes towards the influenza vaccine; distrust in government health authorities and scientists; and level of knowledge of existing treatments for COVID-19. The results of this study can inform effective public health prevention and intervention efforts against infectious diseases.

Дифференциация плюсовых деревьев сосны обыкновенной по состоянию ксилемы

An essential stage in the establishment of seed orchards is the formation of an optimal composition, avoiding inbreeding depression in the produced seed material, which develops as a result of crossbreeding between closely related plus trees. The negative effect can be reduced by ensuring the genetic heterogeneity of the seeds. The purpose of this study is to give a relative evaluation of the plus trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as one of the most economically significant tree species on the European continent according to their physiological conditions. The formation and lignification of the xylem of the plus trees were investigated in the Nizhny Novgorod region of Russia. A histochemical examination was performed using the reaction of phloroglucinol to lignin. Phenotypic differences in the physiological conditions of plus trees appeared on a uniform ecological background that indicates their genotypic determinism. This fact was confirmed by ANOVA. The share of the influence of differences between the proper plus trees was between 25.16±8.91 % and 53.98±5.48 %. According to the results of the factor and cluster analysis, the association of plus trees was generated by the similarity of the multidimensional estimates of the xylem conditions. The objects that were statistically most distant from the others were determined. The hereditary conditionality of the identified differences among plus trees allows us to consider their grouping into clusters as genotypically determined. This information provides a reasonable approach to the formation of an assortment of Scots pine clonal seed orchards. For citation: Besschetnova N.N., Besschetnov V.P., Babich N.A., Bryntsev V.A. Differentiation of Plus Trees of Scots Pine by Xylem Conditions. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 4, pp. 9–25. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-4-9-25

Changes in the legal sphere as a result of large historical Events

The paper presents the results of a study of the impact of large-scale historical events on significant changes in the legal field. Today, an event of such a scale is the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which, after the undoubted defeat of the Russian Federation in many spheres, will have significant consequences, including in the legal sphere. The war in Ukraine has all the signs of an event of aglobal scale. Socio-political events in the turning points of history are at the same timethe source of development in the legal sphere. This trend can be observed at almost all historical stages, and therefore research in this direction is an urgent problem. The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of significant events in certain turning points in Modern and Recent history that took place on the European continent, which were the origin of changes in the legal sphere and had a long-term eff ect. Sinceit is currently impossible to predict exactly what changes will occur after the defeat of the Russian Federation, which legal institutions and in what direction they will apply, what consequences such changes will lead to in interstate relations and within the country, the above consideration is limited only to some historical events, which can be considered as an example of the origins of significant changes in the legal sphere of a doctrinal nature. The socio-political events in Europe in the XVII centuries, the results of the Thirty Years' War and the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 in terms of influencing the development of legal doctrine of New history is analyzed. Thirty Years 'War in Europe in the XVII century ended with the signing in 1648 at the same time in Münster and Osnabrück peace treaty, which was called the Peace of Westphalia in1648. It is emphasized that the Peace of Westphalia contains a number of provisions of a doctrinal nature. This treaty was the source of modern international law and had along-term impact on the development of relations between states. Large-scale historical events of the late 18th - early 19th centuries in Europe are undoubtedly associated with France. This is the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794, this is also the period of the Napoleonic Wars, finally, this includes the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815, at which, after the defeat of Napoleonic France, the winners under the slogan of returning to the continent of peace and tranquility and the desire to restore monarchies redrawn the continental political map of Europe. The lawmaking activity of Napoleon is noted, on whose initiative and under his leadership alarge volume of codification works was carried out. Civil (1804), Commercial (1807), Criminal Procedure (1808) and Criminal (1810) codes were adopted. It is noted that French civil law and the principles implemented by it significantly influenced civil-lawrelations in Europe. In modern history during the 20th century events took place, the result of which were changes aimed at preventing the horrors of the First and Second World Wars in the future. But the creation of the relevant institutions, organizations, legal framework and other factors was not enough to prevent the threat of a new world conflict, to guarantee danger not only for Ukraine, but also for the whole world. In the light of the events in Ukraine, based on historical analogies, a conclusion is made about the expectation of significant changes in the legal sphere for future security in the world and in our country. Key words: Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, origins of law,historical analogies, Peace of Westphalia, French Civil Code.

GOLD MEDAL LECTURE GIVEN AT THE ACADEMIA EUROPAEA BUILDING BRIDGES CONFERENCE 2022

The quantitative understanding of processes operating in the earth system has advanced significantly over the last few decades. This has led to the realization that a close interaction between deep earth and surface processes is a key element in earth dynamics and its impact on geo-environment, geo-energy, geo-resources and geo-hazards in general. The European continent and its ocean-continent margins provide an excellent natural laboratory to examine the impact of geodynamics and climate on topography at the earth’s surface. The overview presented here demonstrates the need for a further understanding of the earth system across space and timescales. Cross-border scientific cooperation on a full pan-European scale, benefiting from funding opportunities offered by the European Commission and a pro-active role in bottom-up self-organization involving members of the Earth and Cosmic Sciences section of Academia Europaea, is needed more than ever.

1991–2020 climate normal in the European Alps: focus on high-elevation environments

Alps are an important geographical area of the European continent and, in this area, temperature increase is most evident. However, the 1991–2020 climate normal in the Alps has still not been thoroughly investigated. Aiming to fill this gap with a focus on high-elevation environments, minimum and maximum daily air temperature acquired by 23 automatic weather station were used. The results show that the mean annual values of minimum and maximum temperature for the 1991–2020 climate normal in the Alps are −2.4°C and 4.4°C, respectively, with a warming rate of 0.5°C/10 years. The mean annual temperature comparison between 1961–1990 and 1971–2000, 1961–1990 and 1981–2010, 1961–1990 and 1991–2020 climate normal show an increase of 0.3°C, 0.5°C and 0.9°C, respectively. The results also confirm that seasonal and annual temperatures are rising through the whole Alpine arc, mainly in summer and autumn. This work highlights that annual minimum and maximum temperature do not seem to be affected by a positive elevation-dependent warming. Instead, a positive elevation-dependent warming in the maximum values of the annual minimum temperature was found. If anthropogenic emissions maintain the trend of the last decades, the expected mean annual temperature of the 2001–2030 climate normal is −0.2°C, with an increase of 0.5°C if compared to the 1991–2020 climate normal and with an increase of 1.5°C if compared to the 1961–1990 climate normal. This study highlights the warming rate that is now present in the European Alps, provides indications on the warming rate that will occur in the coming years and highlights the importance of carrying out investigations that consider not only the last 30-year climate normal, but also the most recent 30-year climate normal by comparing them with each other.

Formation of legal support of climate-protective farming in Ukraine: problems under martial period

Formation of legal support of climate-protective farming in Ukraine: problems under martial period

Land cover and use-history of large empty spaces at fortified Iron Age hilltop sites; a case study from La Terrasse, Bibracte oppidum

The research of Iron Age oppida and hillforts plays a significant role in understanding the urbanisation processes throughout the European continent. The habitation and built-up areas have always been in the limelight of both traditional and environmental archaeological research. However, at many oppida, there were also large, unoccupied empty spaces. As they are crucial for understanding these settlements’ internal organisation, their functions are debated. Here we aim to demonstrate that seldom studied archaeobotanical archives preserve information on their use-history. By implementing a multiproxy approach, we seek to answer questions on the development, land use and vegetation history of one important open space at Bibracte oppidum on Mont Beuvray. Through the correlation of pollen, phytoliths, diatoms, charcoal, seeds, and parasites with radiocarbon dating we collected evidence of archaeologically otherwise untraceable human activities and detected a much more complicated history of the studied area. We show that it was repeatedly used in the last eight millennia and was never farmed or built up. During the phases of its most intensive exploitation in the Late Iron Age (La Tène) and Early Middle Ages (Merovingian) periods, it was kept as grassland. Our research lays down the foundation for the wider implementation of archaeobotany into projects that aim to clarify the uses and functions of enigmatic large open spaces, not only from the Iron Age but also from other periods.

유럽문화수도 브로츠와프와 유럽문화의 정체성

Wrocław is the first city that earned the title in Poland, ‘European Capital of Culture(ECoC)’. Wrocław is a city with a dynamic history. From the Middle Ages to the Modern, Wrocław experienced the destruction of multicultural city after World War II, the migration and exchange of Polish and German residents, the communist era, and the process of the transition. Wrocław, as the ECoC tried to deliver the unique and tragic historical aspects at the level of beginning and the citizens endeavored to consider the identity of the city they shared own history and identity. Thanks to the various program of the ECoC, Wrocław had a chance to contemplate the changes in its culture from the past through the present to the future. Also, through the opportunity of the project, Wrocław could scrutinize the European cultural identity that its have. Not only residents in Wrocław and Lower Silesian Voivodeship but also all Poles fulfilled their substantial cultural benefits with the ECoC Projects. In addition, the program provided a chance for Poland and Wrocław to declare that they were part of Europe clearly. The project was useful to Wrocław. Wrocław has experienced the creation of jobs and vitalization of the service industry as well as the economic effect followed by attracting tourists to urban development. Also, the program supported numerous artists in Wrocław, thus they could expand their activity area from Poland to the whole Europe continent.

Actitudes hacia el amor: un estudio transcultural entre Ucrania y España

This study presents the translation and validation of the Love Attitudes Scale-Short Form (LAS-SF) to the Ukrainian and Spanish context. In addition, a comparative analysis is performed on the love styles shown by a sample of 611 people, of which 346 were residents of the city of Almería (Spain) and 259 were residents of Lviv (Ukraine). The results show good psychometric characteristics for the scale and a factorial invariance between the groups of origin, while preserving the original six-factor structure. Regarding the love styles, similarities are identified between the Spanish and Ukrainians in the importance of ludic (playful) love and the low importance of physical attraction or passionate love. In terms of differences, one can see that ludic, friendly, and pragmatic love styles are significantly higher in the Ukrainian population while obsessive love appears more valued in the Spanish population. Religion is related to significantly diminishing the obsessive love styles. The differences between the Spanish and Ukrainian groups give an account of some of the cultural similarities and differences that exist regarding conceptions of love in the interior of the European continent and that, according to the data, might be related to the role that religion plays in these societies.