Continental Europe Research Articles

Roundtable Discussion on Ukrainian Reconstruction After the War: Key Policy Paper and Recommendations

Background: The work examines the results and conclusions of the roundtable held on May 24, 2023, within the framework of the research project. The participants of the event discussed the main challenges that the Ukrainian government will face after the war when restoring the economy. The war and Ukraine’s expected victory should significantly change the geopolitical and economic situation in the world, change the understanding of energy as a weapon, and thus, create a guarantee of energy independence for the entire European continent. Scholars, policy makers, scientists, and practitioners joined together in discussion about addressing the needs of Ukraine after the victory, during the reconstruction phase. The participants noted the inevitability of institutional changes in the Ukrainian state, which is required by the future accession to the EU and NATO. However, in addition to economic challenges, Ukraine will face a complex of significant post-war problems: ensuring social stability, restoring infrastructure, ensuring the integration of the military into peaceful life, restoring the ecology of the territories where military operations were conducted, and significantly reforming the judicial system. Results and Conclusions: The policy paper concerning Ukraine’s reconstruction efforts was announced as a result of the roundtable. It was highlighted that, to establish a future regional infrastructure and foster a win-win business perspective, it is crucial to engage in practical discussions with the Romanian government and private companies. Creating a shared business platform would facilitate the transition from expressing interests to direct participation in the recovery process. To achieve broader reconstruction goals, it is essential to involve other Western industry actors from countries like Germany, France, Italy, the U.S., the UK, Poland, Norway, etc., with their financial, technological, and implementation capabilities.

Production indicators and elements of the energy balance of the relict mysida <i>Mysis relicta</i> (Loven) population on Lake Yuzhny Volos

Field studies and a retrospective analysis of distribution and life cycle features of the glacial relict Mysis relicta (Loven) on Lake Yuzhny Volos on the southern border of distribution of the species on the European continent were carried out. The size-age structure, number and density of the mysida population did not change over a half-century period on Lake Yuzhny Volos. Life cycle features, which consist in the existence of parallel lines of alternating one-year and two-year generations, remain stable. The mysida production characteristics were determined. It is shown that the somatic production of two-year generation females at the level of the individual and the population is two times higher than that of one-year generation females. During the gestation of juveniles, the female consumes the body weight energy equivalent, which is equal to 2.13 cal·individual–1 for a one-year generation and 7.32 cal·individual–1 for a twoyear generation, 9.5·108 and 25.5·108 cal for all individuals of one-year and two-year generations. Egg production for life in the mysida population was 29.5·108 cal, which is comparable to the total somatic production. The exuvial production of mysids at the level of the individual and the population turned out to be ten times higher than the somatic one. The energy spent for respiration is 900 times higher than the somatic production values for one-year generation females and 1200 times for twoyear generation females. The coefficient K2 values appeared to be close for the both generations (0.032–0.034) and are represented by very low values compared to the freshwater macrozoobenthos of temperate latitudes.

Spatial Patterns in the Distribution and Diversity of Diploneis Genus-Level Diatoms in the Podlasie Springs (North-Eastern Poland)

This research is focused on the presence of the genus Diploneis (Bacillariopyta) in small lowland springs of north-eastern Poland. This study presents a biogeographic overview of the genus from 2 urban and 12 forest springs in the Podlasie area. Seven species were identified, some of which have been described recently and whose distribution is not well-known (D. burgitensis, D. fontium). The presence of D. burgitensis and D. parapetersenii, both rare taxa, are the first recorded for Poland. Their presence was confirmed using both LM and SEM micrographs. The presence of much more frequently noted European species (D. elliptica, D. fontanella, D. krammeri, and D. separanda) was also found. Greater knowledge of the Diploneis genus opens the way towards better and more comprehensive approaches to uncovering biological diversity and biogeographical patterns on the European continent and among the springs. The distribution of all recorded Diploneis species and their habitat preferences are briefly given.

What is the extension of bench terrace construction for forest plantations? The case of North Central Portugal

AbstractOver the last decades, the establishment of new fast‐growing forest plantations has been prospering. Although the European continent has the lowest share worldwide of forest plantations out of its total forest area, the Portuguese reality contrasts this. Since the last century, eucalypt plantations have increased widely in Portugal, and nowadays, it represents 36% of the total country's forests. Consequently, the soils of these plantations are commonly targeted with intensive soil mobilization by heavy machinery before planting, which in the case of sloped areas, frequently results in bench terracing. This study aims to quantify the widespread bench terracing implementation over the last 20 years in the Caramulo Mountains in north central Portugal. To do so, an analysis of satellite imagery was performed with Google Earth Pro, which allowed determining the coverage of forest areas where new terraces have been implemented, and their respective temporal dynamics. These results were then compared with additional spatiotemporal databases on land cover, topography, and bedrock, in order to understand the drivers of terrace implementation. Till date, 15% of the forest area in the mountains of Caramulo is under terraces, and over the last 20 years, the construction rate of new terraced land decreased in time, from 4% between 2000 and 2004 to 2% between 2015 and 2019. Among the two bedrock types existent in the area, terracing was found nearly exclusive over schist bedrock type (97%), while few areas were implemented over granites (3%). Their distribution was found limited above 30° of slope angle while 39% were found implemented below 15° of slope angle, conflicting with literature recommendations. Terracing was also found to be a driver of land cover change in 12% of the newly constructed terraces, whereas 8% were constructed over previous pine plantations and 4% on shrublands. This study allowed identifying several knowledge gaps associated with terracing implementation. Therefore, the authors of this work suggest a multidisciplinary approach when planning new terraces for a better assessment of the benefits and impacts of such land management practices.

Spatial and Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants across Europe after 15 Years of MONET Passive Air Sampling.

The Global Monitoring Plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was established to generate long-term data necessary for evaluating the effectiveness of regulatory measures at a global scale. After 15 years of passive air monitoring (2003-2019), MONET is the first network to produce sufficient data for the analysis of continuous long-term temporal trends of POPs in air across the entire European continent. This study reports long-term concentrations of 20 POPs monitored at 32 sites in 27 European countries. As of January 1, 2019, the concentration ranges (pg/m3) were 1.1-52.8 (∑6PCB), 0.3-8.5 (∑12dl-PCB), 0.007-0.175 (∑17PCDD/F), 0.02-2.2 (∑9PBDE), 0.4-24.7 (BDE 209), 0.5-247 (∑6DDT), 1.7-818 (∑4HCH), 15.8-74.7 (HCB), and 5.9-21.5 (PeCB). Temporal trends indicate that concentrations of most POPs have declined significantly over the past 15 years, with median annual decreases ranging from -8.0 to -11.5% (halving times of 6-8 years) for ∑6PCB, ∑17PCDD/F, HCB, PeCB, and ∑9PBDE. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were observed in either the trends or the concentrations of specific POPs at sites in Western Europe (WEOG) compared to sites in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), which suggests relatively uniform compound-specific distribution and removal at the continental scale.

New records of Largemouth Black Bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802) (Pisces, Centrarchidae), in Bulgaria

In the present study we report on new localities of Largemouth Black Bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacé-pède, 1802), detected on the territory of Bulgaria. This invasive predator was observed for the first time in 2018 in a water basin in the capital city of Sofia city (western Bulgaria) and the following monitoring revealed that seven water bodies in the capital were inhabited by adults, subadults, and juvenile specimens. In 2021 and 2022, this spe-cies was captured in water basins in the vicinity of lake Mandra near the city of Burgas (south-eastren Bulgaria). Currently, these sites represent the easternmost localities within the distribution of M. salmoides in the Balkan peninsula and perhaps in continental Europe.

Historický vývoj presumpce neviny

The article provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development of the presumption of innocence, the basic principle of criminal proceedings and basic human right, from ancient times to its first explicit anchoring on the territory of Czechoslovakia in the 1950s. It shows that the roots of the presumption of innocence can be found in antiquity, especially in Roman law. In the medieval inquisitional procedure, this principle was suppressed, only to be rediscovered later for continental Europe as a result of the inspiration of the English criminal process and enshrined in particular in the French Declaration of the Rights of the Citizen of 1789, from where it spread further. On the territory of Czechoslovakia, its first explicit establishment took place, surprisingly, in the 1950s, which are associated with the denial of the rights of non-compliant persons.

Disentangling public opposition to Chinese FDI: trade unions, patient capital, and members’ preferences over FDI inflows

I examine whether union membership affects individual foreign direct investment (FDI) preferences in ways that vary across investors’ country of origin. I argue that the country of FDI origin will bear upon how union members assess FDI, because it provides cues about what the economic prospects of (unionized) workers will look like under different foreign investors. I argue that the salient attribute of foreign investors is whether they originate from a country that is an important form of patient or impatient capital. Compared with non-members, members will be more supportive of FDI from countries embodying patient than impatient capital. Specifically, I expect the (positive) gap in support between FDI from patient and FDI from impatient capital countries to increase with union membership. Conversely, I expect the (positive) gap in support between FDI from impatient versus patient capital countries to decrease with membership. Evidence from original Swiss survey data corroborates my argument. Respondents were asked to evaluate FDI from China and Europe (entities embodying patient capital) and from the United States (a country embodying impatient capital). The results show that the gap in enthusiasm for European FDI versus American FDI increases with union membership, while the gap in enthusiasm for American FDI versus Chinese FDI decreases with membership. Complementary qualitative analysis of reports, documents, and testimonies by trade unions in continental Europe show that their views are in sync with those of their members, suggesting that unions shape their members’ FDI preferences. The findings have important implications for the politics of backlash against economic globalization.

Characterizing the polygenic architecture of complex traits in populations of East Asian and European descent

To investigate the polygenicity of complex traits in populations of East Asian (EAS) and European (EUR) descents, we leveraged genome-wide data from Biobank Japan, UK Biobank, and FinnGen cohorts. Specifically, we analyzed up to 215 outcomes related to 18 health domains, assessing their polygenic architecture via descriptive statistics, such as the proportion of susceptibility SNPs per trait (πc). While we did not observe EAS–EUR differences in the overall distribution of polygenicity parameters across the phenotypes investigated, there were ancestry-specific patterns in the polygenicity differences between health domains. In EAS, pairwise comparisons across health domains showed enrichment for πc differences related to hematological and metabolic traits (hematological fold-enrichment = 4.45, p = 2.15 × 10–7; metabolic fold-enrichment = 4.05, p = 4.01 × 10–6). For both categories, the proportion of susceptibility SNPs was lower than that observed for several other health domains (EAS-hematological median πc = 0.15%, EAS-metabolic median πc = 0.18%) with the strongest πc difference with respect to respiratory traits (EAS-respiratory median πc = 0.50%; hematological-p = 2.26 × 10–3; metabolic-p = 3.48 × 10–3). In EUR, pairwise comparisons showed multiple πc differences related to the endocrine category (fold-enrichment = 5.83, p = 4.76 × 10–6), where these traits showed a low proportion of susceptibility SNPs (EUR-endocrine median πc = 0.01%) with the strongest difference with respect to psychiatric phenotypes (EUR-psychiatric median πc = 0.50%; p = 1.19 × 10–4). Simulating sample sizes of 1,000,000 and 5,000,000 individuals, we also showed that ancestry-specific polygenicity patterns translate into differences across health domains in the genetic variance explained by susceptibility SNPs projected to be genome-wide significant (e.g., EAS hematological-neoplasm p = 2.18 × 10–4; EUR endocrine-gastrointestinal p = 6.80 × 10–4). These findings highlight that traits related to the same health domains may present ancestry-specific variability in their polygenicity.

Security Issues on the European Continent in Conditions of Russia’s Aggression Against Ukraine

Objective: This research paper examines the aggressive actions of the Russian Federation, particularly its aggression against Ukraine and hybrid aggression against Western countries. The objective of this study is to analyze the implications of Russia's actions on the security of Eastern and Central European states, with a focus on their political significance. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of the research involves understanding the concept of international security institutions and international agreements, and how Russia's disregard for these guidelines affects the global competitive environment. Method:The method used in this study is primarily qualitative analysis, incorporating an examination of relevant literature, reports, and international agreements to establish the context of Russia's aggressive behavior. Results and conclusion: The results of the analysis demonstrate that Russia's actions have significantly impacted the security of Eastern and Central European states, not only in terms of geographical considerations but also politically. The Kremlin's aspiration to establish dominance in Central and Eastern Europe has led to military aggression and a disregard for established international norms and agreements. Implications of the research: The implications of this research are crucial for policymakers, international security institutions, and countries affected by Russia's aggression. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening international cooperation, reinforcing existing security mechanisms, and countering Russia's disruptive actions to preserve the global world order. Originality/value: The originality and value of this research lie in its comprehensive analysis of the political significance of Russia's aggression against Eastern and Central European states. By shedding light on the implications and consequences of Russia's actions, this study contributes to a better understanding of the challenges posed by aggressive actors in the international arena and offers insights for policymakers and scholars working in the field of international security.

RATIONALES FOR EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE GREEN FINANCING UNDER EMERGENCY RULES

The article is devoted to the current topic of environmental protection through the joint efforts of government and business with the help of innovative schemes for attracting investments in ecological developments. Based on data from international organizations, a thorough study of global trends in the use of green bonds as a financing tool for environmentally important projects has been conducted. The changing climate of our planet requires the adaptation of sustainable development goals to the challenges of our time. And such an effective mechanism is green financing. Green bonds are considered as an impact investing mechanism. The participants in the initiation of the standardization process of green bonds and the parameters for obtaining the status of green securities have been determined. Using a number of literary sources, the authors substantiated the strengths and weaknesses of the green bond market. The regional aspect of green bond issuance is reinforced by the examples of leading issuing countries. The position of the European continent as a leader in issuing green bonds has been argued. The annual value of green bonds and directions for using the proceeds have been analyzed. The development trends and global potential of the green bond market have been substantiated. The authors have indicated the directions of green investment in unstable market conditions and summarized the common features of green financing. The ETF’s place in the chain of attracting investors to the green bond market has been determined. The article illustrates the dynamics of the main green bonds indices with an explanation of their selection criteria. It has been emphasized that modern society purposefully begins to use climate finance markets more effectively for a step-by-step transition to a green economy. Obstacles on the way to the expansion of operations on the green bond market have been specified. The prospects for the further development of the green financing market have been outlined to strengthen the synergy of ecology and finance

Evaluation of European-based polygenic risk score for breast cancer in Ashkenazi Jewish women in Israel

BackgroundPolygenic risk score (PRS), calculated based on genome-wide association studies (GWASs), can improve breast cancer (BC) risk assessment. To date, most BC GWASs have been performed in individuals of European...

A socio-legal imperative of domestic violence prohibition in Africa vis-a-vis Nigerian legal structure for sexually abused women

Domestic violence is a major issue globally. It is one of the most heinous crimes which has and still results in numerous deaths, still receives the least amount of attention, and its negative influence is being underrated. In Africa, it is customarily acceptable for a woman to be beaten by her husband as a form of discipline, and Nigeria is not an exception. To think otherwise, that it cannot be socially acceptable and legally upheld for a man to beat his wife as a form of discipline, is to deny an existing reality. Section 282 of the Nigerian Penal Code encourages men to beat their wives when necessary. This form of permissible violence is often viewed as a family issue. Hence women are reluctant to speak up about their experiences. The stigma that usually follows speaking up or voicing out is better imagined than experienced. This study, therefore, provides credible information on domestic violence incidents in Nigeria and Africa. The methodology utilised is the doctrinal legal research method with reports from existing literature and tertiary data sources such as newspapers and website sources. It discusses legislation enacted to prevent and prohibit domestic violence in Nigeria and how influential they have been on the nation at large. By way of comparative analysis, we examine domestic violence occurrences in some selected African countries and the European continents concerning Nigeria. It also delves into the violation of the principles of gender equality by some Nigerian customs and traditional practices. This study then makes recommendations on how to address the issue. Through its insightful engagement, this study found, among others, that domestic violence is widespread in Africa and that a national law prohibiting the act and holding perpetrators accountable is not only imperative in Nigeria but across the African continent.

An objective approach to select surrogate species for connectivity conservation

IntroductionConnected landscapes can increase the effectiveness of protected areas by facilitating individual movement and gene flow between populations, thereby increasing the persistence of species even in fragmented habitats. Connectivity planning is often based on modeling connectivity for a limited number of species, i.e., “connectivity umbrellas”, which serve as surrogates for co-occurring species. Connectivity umbrellas are usually selected a priori, based on a few life history traits and often without evaluating other species.MethodsWe developed a quantitative method to identify connectivity umbrellas at multiple scales. We demonstrate the approach on the terrestrial large mammal community (24 species) in continental Europe at two scales: 13 geographic biomes and 36 ecoregions, and evaluate the interaction of landscape characteristics on the selection of connectivity umbrellas.ResultsWe show that the number, identity, and attributes of connectivity umbrellas are sensitive to spatial scale and human influence on the landscape. Multiple species were selected as connectivity umbrellas in 92% of the geographic biomes (average of 4.15 species) and 83% of the ecoregions (average of 3.16 species). None of the 24 species evaluated is by itself an effective connectivity umbrella across its entire range. We identified significant interactions between species and landscape attributes. Species selected as connectivity umbrellas in regions with low human influence have higher mean body mass, larger home ranges, longer dispersal distances, smaller geographic ranges, occur at lower population densities, and are of higher conservation concern than connectivity umbrellas in more human-influenced regions. More species are required to meet connectivity targets in regions with high human influence (average of three species) in comparison to regions with low human influence (average of 1.67 species).DiscussionWe conclude that multiple species selected in relation to landscape scale and characteristics are essential to meet connectivity goals. Our approach enhances objectivity in selecting which and how many species are required for connectivity conservation and fosters well-informed decisions, that in turn benefit entire communities and ecosystems.

Sağlık Turizminde Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri: Bir Vaka Çalışması

The objective of this study is to analyze the tourist patients admitted to Arnavutköy State Hospital for one year. This hospital is the closest hospital to Istanbul Airport and is one of Turkey's largest transportation hubs. An observational, descriptive, and retrospective case study design was used for this study. Study participants were foreign nationals who applied to Arnavutköy State Hospital without a Republic of Turkey Identity Card. In terms of patient volume, emergency medicine accounted for 60.9% of patients, surgical departments for 25.8%, and medical branches accounted for 13.3%. A total of 57.7% of the income derived from these foreign patients was received from the Emergency Department (ED), 25.0% by the surgical departments, and 17.3% by the medical departments. A total of 1021 foreign patients were admitted to the ED, accounting for 57.7% of the total foreign patient revenue. The application rate for foreign patients was highest from Asian countries (n=1282, 76.5%), followed by the European continent (n=204, 12.2%). The impact of EDs in health tourism may be missed if authorities consider health tourism only as therapeutic travel.

Reading Europe in the Renaissance: continent, personification and myth in Ronsard's Discours de l'alteration et change des choses humaines

AbstractRenaissance readers were familiar with two traditions of visualizing the continent of Europe as a woman: the myth of Europa and the bull, and personifications of Europe as a queen. This article examines the impact of these traditions on the geographical, political and cultural discourses of Europe through the example of the French poet Ronsard's Discours de l'alteration et change des choses humaines. It argues that the reference in the Discours to the Ottoman Empire assailing Europe the continent would evoke for readers a female figure. The article conducts an analysis of the poem in light of this, exploring how the spectre of sexual violence associated with the Europa myth enhances the political critique of the Ottoman Empire in the Discours. As such, the article shows how the dynamic interplay of myth, personification and geographical space enriched the meanings and associations of the signifier ‘Europe’. In doing so, it articulates a method for approaching how ‘Europe’ was used and understood in Renaissance texts.

A qualitative investigation of paediatric intensive care staff attitudes towards the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection in the molecular diagnostics era

BackgroundIn the past decade, molecular diagnostic syndromic arrays incorporating a range of bacterial and viral pathogens have been described. It is unclear how paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) staff diagnose lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and integrate diagnostic array results into antimicrobial decision-making.MethodsAn online survey with eleven questions was distributed throughout paediatric intensive care societies in the UK, continental Europe and Australasia with a total of 755 members. Participants were asked to rate the clinical factors and investigations they used when prescribing for LRTI. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with staff who participated in a single-centre observational study of a 52-pathogen diagnostic array.ResultsSeventy-two survey responses were received; most responses were from senior doctors. Whilst diagnostic arrays were used less frequently than routine investigations (i.e. microbiological culture), they were of comparable perceived utility when making antimicrobial decisions. Prescribers reported that for arrays to be clinically impactful, they would need to deliver results within 6 h for stable patients and within 1 h for unstable patients to inform their immediate decision to prescribe antimicrobials. From 16 staff interviews, we identified that arrays were helpful for the diagnosis and screening of bacterial LRTI. Staff reported it could be challenging to interpret results in some cases due to the high sensitivity of the test. Therefore, results were considered within the context of the patient and discussed within the multidisciplinary team.ConclusionsDiagnostic arrays were considered of comparable value to microbiological investigations by PICU prescribers. Our findings support the need for further clinical and economic evaluation of diagnostic arrays in a randomised control trial.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov, NCT04233268. Registered on 18 January 2020.

Past Earthquake Simulations Using Ambient Seismic Noise in Vrancea, Romania

Abstract The Vrancea seismic zone (VSZ), located in Romania, at the sharp bend of the southeast Carpathians, is an anomalous intraplate seismic nest releasing the largest strain in continental Europe. The last powerful earthquake in Vrancea occurred in 1977 causing significant damage to the densely populated cities in southeast Romania. The seismic infrastructure was underdeveloped at that time and the earthquake was not well recorded locally. Using ambient seismic noise recorded at modern broadband seismic stations around Vrancea in the year 2020, and the approximate moment tensor solutions of significant earthquakes Mw>6 since 1977, we reconstruct ground-motion waveforms recorded by modern seismometers decades after their occurrence. The virtual earthquake approach uses empirical Green’s functions from ambient noise cross correlations between pairs of seismic stations and adds the signatures of a model earthquake: double couple mechanism, buried source, and a realistic earth model in the epicentral area. Ambient noise data capture the signatures of complex subsurface structures and the 3D path effects, providing a more physically accurate representation of the seismic wavefield than purely synthetic data. Our new results demonstrate the viability of this innovative method and provide a unique opportunity for more accurate seismic hazard analysis in intraplate seismic zones with insufficient instrumental data.

СЛИКА ЛЕКТОРАТА ЗА СРПСКИ ЈЕЗИК У ОНЛАЈН-МЕДИЈИМА

Conventional Serbian language lectorates, based on contracts between competent state institutions, represent a type of legitimization of our language and culture in the world. The situation of lectorate in Slavic centres after the collapse of the former Yugoslavian country is very unfavourable, and no state institution has complete data on them. This paper deals with the analysis of media articles to create a clearer image of their status on the European continent. We used a descriptive method and a method of theoretical analysis with the technique of content analysis. The research of media texts provided a clear picture of the status and way of functioning of lectorate for the Serbian language on the European continent. Texts in media contain exact information about the opening, functioning and closing down of lectorates. Although the teaching of Serbian as a foreign language abroad is an activity of exceptional social, educational, political and economic importance for our country, the recorded data tell us about the changing interest of the state authorities in teaching the Serbian language. Namely, the content of newspaper texts indicates the existence of three stages in the development of lectorates: the first stage refers to the period of the seventies and eighties, when The Institute for International Cultural, Educational and Technical Cooperation opened a lot of lectorates all over the world; the second stage, which begins with the disintegration of the former state, points to numerous unresolved issues and problems that lead to the loss of interest in lectorates, which is why a large number of them were closed down or renamed, while the third stage is associated with the period after 2017 when, after pressure from experts public, undertake several activities to improve their status.

Intracellular ROS production and apoptotic effect of quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids on the growth of Trypanosoma evansi

Trypanosoma evansi, a hemoflagellate poses huge economic threat to the livestock industry of several countries of Asia, Africa, South America and Europe continents of the world. Limited number of available chemical drugs, incidents of growing drug resistance, and related side effects encouraged the use of herbal substitutes. In the present investigation, the impact of six alkaloids of quinoline and isoquinoline group was evaluated on the growth and multiplication of Trypanosoma evansi and their cytotoxic effect was examined on horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an in vitro system. Quinine, quinindine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, berbamine and emetine showed potent trypanocidal activities with IC50/24 h values 6.631 ± 0.244, 8.718 ± 0.081, 16.96 ± 0.816, 33.38 ± 0.653, 2.85 ± 0.065, and 3.12 ± 0.367 µM, respectively, which was comparable to the standard anti-trypanosomal drug, quinapyramine sulfate (20 µM). However, in the cytotoxicity assay, all the drugs showed dose dependent cytotoxic effect and quinine, berbamine and emetine showed selectivity index more than 5, based of ration of CC50 to IC50. Among the selected alkaloids, quinidine, berbamine and emetine exhibited higher apoptotic effects in T. evansi. Likewise, drug treated parasites showed a dose-dependent and time-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, increased apoptosis in combination with ROS generation could be responsible for the observed trypanocidal effect which could be further evaluated in T. evansi-infected mice model.