Oily Substances Research Articles

The digestion property evaluation of oil embedded in soybean protein–phospholipid nanocomposite aggregate particle

AbstractThis research aimed to explore the digestion properties of oil embedded in the soybean protein–phospholipid (PC) nanocomposite aggregate particles through gastrointestinal digestion model. Soybean protein isolate (SPI), before and after enzymatically hydrolyzed, was combined with PC to form SPI‐PC and enzymatically hydrolyzed SPI‐PC (EHSPI‐PC) nanocomposite aggregate particles. In the process of stomach dynamic digestion, the zeta potential of SPI‐PC changed from −23.50 to 0.40 mV and the Z‐average particle size reached 1,452.00 nm at 70 min while the zeta potential of EHSPI‐PC changed from −45.63 to 6.13 mV and the Z‐average particle size was 594.77 nm. EHSPI‐PC had larger zeta‐potential absolute value and smaller particle size compared with SPI‐PC. It indicated EHSPI‐PC nanocomposite aggregate particles were good gastrointestinal protective carriers. After adding soybean oil, EHSPI‐PC showed denser and smaller droplet morphologies and more surface charge during the digestion process. Compared with SPI‐PC, it also had better emulsification activity and emulsification stability. In conclusion, EHSPI‐PC is more suitable for embedding soybean oil to release in the small intestine.Practical ApplicationsNano‐aggregate particles are widely used in food, medicine, and chemical industries due to their unique physical and chemical properties and functional properties. However, nano‐aggregate particles have unsatisfactory packaging of emulsifiers and leakage of embedded materials. Enzymatically hydrolyzed soybean protein isolate–phospholipid (EHSPI‐PC) nanocomposite aggregate particles have good emulsification and long‐lasting stability. The results showed that it is feasible for EHSPI‐PC nanocomposite aggregate particles to embed oily substances to ensure that the substances perform their functions in the intestinal tract. Therefore, the delivery system based on the EHSPI‐PC nanocomposite aggregate particles has good development potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries for encapsulation, protection, and release of nonpolar substances.

Study on the Reaction Mechanism of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Sealing Material and C5F10O-CO2 Gas Mixture.

The eco-friendly insulating medium C5F10O gas has attracted the attention of many researchers due to its superior environmental protection and insulation properties. However, there are few studies on the compatibility of C5F10O gas with sealing materials for the gas-insulated equipment (GIE), which will bury hidden dangers for its engineering application. In this study, the compatibility of C5F10O gas with an ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) sealing material which is most used in equipment was tested, and its reaction mechanism was simulated. The study found that the O element on the carbonyl group of C5F10O gas has high chemical reactivity and will interact with EPDM rubber. During the interaction process, EPDM rubber will also react with the C3F6 gas generated by the decomposition of C5F10O gas, and at the same time, it will also decompose C5F10O gas to produce more C3F6O and C3HF7. The surface of EPDM rubber will produce oily substances and a large number of crystal particles, which will cause its mechanical properties to deteriorate and shorten its service life. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out anti-corrosion treatment on the surface of EPDM rubber or replace the sealing material with better compatibility when designing and manufacturing GIE.

Microstructure design and construction of anti-wetting and anti-fouling multifunctional Janus membrane for robust membrane distillation

Membrane wetting and fouling were main restrictions for the industrial application of membrane distillation (MD), especially in the presence of surfactants or oily substances. Herein, a novel anti-wetting and anti-fouling multifunctional Janus membrane was designed by optimization of the size of reentrant structure and position of hydrophilic layer. The theoretical relationships between wettability and the microstructure of the Janus membrane was derived mathematically. A facile approach was applied for the dual-layer bioinspired membrane fabrication by a two-step electrospray strategy. The resultant composite structure presented high omniphobicity (water contact angle of omniphobic sub-surface was 159.3 ± 1.1°) and underwater superoleophobicity (underwater oil contact angle of hydrophilic top surface was 152.7 ± 0.5°). Meanwhile, the wettability of the fabricated Janus membrane kept robust in a broad pH range of 1–14. During continuous MD treatment for emulsified oily hypersaline solution, the Janus membrane exhibited stable permeate flux and salt rejection (around 100%). It was speculated that the hydration effect of hydrophilic top layer coupled with the cavitation and slip boundary effects of the reentrant structure might be the key reasons for the robust anti-wetting and anti-fouling performances. Significantly, this novel bioinspired Janus membrane was believed as a candidate for treating challenging wastewaters such as the shale oils produced-water, and also had high potential in paving the way for industrial application of MD.

Carasil and htra1: an early adulthood syndrome

Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy Subcortical Infracts Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL), is an autosomal recessive disorder inherited by two copies of an abnormal gene from some trait, one from each parent. Person with this disorder may have a change in deep white matter in brain; and this disorder can be characterized by damage to small blood vessels in brain. Increasing muscle tone, slurred speech, stiff movement of legs, gait disturbance, spondylosis, sparse hair are the major symptoms. But the ultimate cause of this disorder can lead to loss of memory, cognitive impairment. This disorder can be caused in early adulthood i.e., between 20-40 years of age. CARASIL has first reported in Japan, later occurred in China and Caucasian population. A neurological disorder named Binswanger’s disease (BD) and chronic immunological disorder multiple sclerosis are main different alternation of this disease. Mutation requires the high temperature resultant, A serine peptidase 1 causes CARASIL, so it is a serine protease.
 Serine protease HTRA1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by HTRA1 gene. HTRA1 protein is composed of four distinct protein domains. This is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26. This protein is a secreted enzyme that is proposed to regulate the availability of insulin like growth factors (IGF) by cleaving IGF binding proteins. HTRA1 enzyme helps breakdown many other kinds of proteins in this space surrounding cells (extracellular matrix). This is attached to protein in Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-beta) and slows down their ability to send chemical signals. Variant known as rs11200638 is found in an area of gene called promoter region which starts the production HTRA1 enzyme. It is unclear how of polymorphism in the HTRA1 gene might be an age-related macular degeneration.
 So at last, we can conclude that CARASIL is related to brain inherited from the abnormal genes caused to small arteries and to the specific area of deep brain in higher function; tissue loss due to lack of oxygen where small arteries get blocked destruction to myelin an oily substance covers and protects the nerve fibers in CNS.

An Investigation of the Adsorption of Xanthate on Bornite in Aqueous Solutions Using an Atomic Force Microscope

An atomic force microscope (AFM) was applied to study of the adsorption of xanthate on bornite surfaces in situ in aqueous solutions. AFM images showed that xanthate, i.e., potassium ethyl xanthate (KEX) and potassium amyl xanthate (PAX), adsorbed strongly on bornite, and the adsorbate bound strongly with the mineral surface without being removed by flushing with ethanol alcohol. The AFM images also showed that the adsorption increased with the increased collector concentration and contact time. Xanthate adsorbed on bornite in a similar manner when the solution pH changed to pH 10. The AFM force measurement results showed that the probe–substrate adhesion increased due to the adsorption of xanthate on bornite. The sharp “jump-in” and “jump-off” points on force curve suggest that the adsorbate is not “soft” in nature, ruling out the existence of dixanthogen, an oily substance. Finally, the ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared) result confirms that the adsorbate on bornite in xanthate solutions is mainly in the form of insoluble cuprous xanthate (CuX) instead of dixanthogen. This xanthate/bornite adsorption mechanism is very similar to what is obtained with the xanthate/chalcocite system, while it is different from the xanthate/chalcopyrite system, for which oily dixanthogen is the main adsorption product on the chalcopyrite surface. The present study helps clarify the flotation mechanism of bornite in industry practice using xanthate as a collector.

Dyslipidemia from Unani prospective and its management with Safoof e Muhazzil: An update

BackgroundTo gain an insight on dyslipidemia from ancient and contemporary viewpoint and to study the modus operandi of a classical Unani anti-obesity pharmacopeial formulation SM (Safoof e Muhazzil) in its management. Hypothesis/PurposeIn Unani medicine as all kinds of excessive fats whether lipids or body fats accumulated in obesity are linked together through the concept of Baroodat (excessive coldness) of Liver, leading to deranged metabolism of fats and their abnormal accumulation. Hence same type of management should perhaps work in both the conditions. Study designThe literature was collected from electronic resources such as databases of Science direct, Web of Science, Google, PubMed, Google Scholar, Research gate, EMBASE and Elsevier along with main resource libraries having collection of Unani books and manuscripts were searched for the relevant material available on the topic. MethodsStudies evaluating either pharmacological or therapeutic potential of Safoof e Muhazzil were admitted whether in vivo or in vitro. No restrain of time period of the studies conducted was observed during the research. ResultsDyslipidemia, a disorder of lipoprotein roots from errant metabolism and lifestyle which causes an increase in the oily substance in the blood leading to dyslipidemic plethora. The Unani scholars advise the use of desiccant regimens together with lifestyle management. SM is the drug of choice for obesity. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have proved it to be highly significant (p < 0.001) in decreasing weight, BP, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL. Its phyto-constituents are anti-inflammatory within 30 min, anti-oxidant and lipolytic within 5 days. Its constituents are also attributed to enhancing excretion, increasing the innate heat and toning the liver. Working at multifaceted level Safoof e Muhazzil targets all the different pathologies of dyslipidemia. ConclusionThough the drug SM is listed as an anti-obesity formulation in pharmacopeia, but its remarkable action in treating dyslipidemia and curbing high blood pressure paves way for research in obesity related co-morbidities like atherosclerosis, hypertension and other cerebrovascular disease too. This also raises the speculation for developing a single drug or formulation effective in curbing all metabolic risk factors.

Fish oil enhanced the efficacy of low-dose cyclophosphamide regimen for proliferative lupus nephritis: a randomized controlled double-blind trial.

BackgroundLupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe organ that damages the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Cyclophosphamide is one of the main drugs used in the treatment of LN. Fish oil is a general term of all the oily substances in fish, whose main component is omega-3 fatty acid. This study aimed to investigate whether fish oil could be used as an adjunct to low-dose cyclophosphamide in proliferative LN treatment.MethodsA total of 237 patients with proliferative LN were recruited and randomized into two groups: cyclophosphamide + placebo group and cyclophosphamide + fish oil group. In the cyclophosphamide + placebo group, participants received prednisone + cyclophosphamide + placebo. In the cyclophosphamide + fish oil group, participants received prednisone + cyclophosphamide + fish oil. Before and after treatment, the clinical parameters of the patients in both groups were evaluated.ResultsIn the cyclophosphamide + fish oil group, the number of patients achieving complete remission (n = 45, 46.9%) was significantly higher than the cyclophosphamide + placebo group (n = 31, 32.6%). The number of patients achieving no response in the cyclophosphamide + fish oil group (n = 8, 8.3%) was significantly lower than the cyclophosphamide + placebo group (n = 22, 23.2%). Hematuria (P = 0.036), urine protein-creatinine ratio (uPCR) (P = 0.014), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (P = 0.027), and renal SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) (P = 0.009) improved more significantly in the cyclophosphamide + fish oil group. The number of patients with infection (P = 0.04) or urinary tract infection (P = 0.04) in the cyclophosphamide + fish oil group was lower than the cyclophosphamide + placebo group.ConclusionIn conclusion, the treatment of fish oil in LN patients enhances the efficiency of cyclophosphamide, alleviates nephritis-related parameters, and inhibits infection and urinary tract infection during the treatment. Thus, fish oil may serve as a potential adjuvant drug in the treatment of LN.

A new species of Albatrellus sensu stricto (Albatrellaceae, Russuales) from China

Based on morphological and molecular data, a new species of Albatrellus sensu stricto, A. alpinus sp. nov., is described from Yunnan Province of southwestern China. Albatrellus alpinus is characterized by a buff to pale yellow pileal surface, simple septate hyphae, yellow and shapeless oily substance present in all hyphae but seldom in tramal hyphae, and small amyloid basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU) indicated that the new species is nested within Albatrellus sensu stricto. A key to the Chinese species of Albatrellus sensu stricto is provided.

Removal of Oil Pollution in water using hydrophobic silica

Nowadays the contamination in waters by oily substances turns out to be a problem of world-wide scope and although some methods of removal of oils in water exist; these present some limitations; therefore, this project proposes the use of hydrophobic silicas as absorbent materials for oily substances. Modified silicas (R-SiO2) were synthesized using the Stöber method, modifying the surface by co-condensation. Tetraethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS) and two surface modifiers were used as silica former: Methyl-trimethoxysilane (MeTEOS) and n-octyl-triethoxysilane (nOctyl-TEOS). The R-SiO2 were characterized by infrared spectroscopy identifying the modifying groups and their hydrophobicity was qualitatively evaluated according to the change in solubility in water. Finally, the removability of an automotive motor oil was evaluated by determining the amount of oil removed per gram of modified silica.

Extraction and Determination of Nicotine in Tobacco from Selected Local Cigarettes Brands in Iraq

Tobacco smoke contains more than 3,800 different compounds, where all could harm the exposed humans to different degrees. Among them, nicotine (3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine) is considered the most toxic compound. In many countries, tobacco smoking is considered a severe health hazard and a significant factor in death and several common diseases. Because of that, knowing the toxicity of nicotine is important to help understand tobacco-induced human diseases and identify the potential risks associated with the therapeutic use of nicotine as an aid in smoking cessation. Thereby, estimating the nicotine amount is very crucial in tobacco production. As this work aims to extract and determine nicotine, which is the highest toxic component in tobacco plant leaves, several methods were carried out to extract the nicotine. All extracting methods were based on water extraction as a polar solvent and the other non-polar solvents. Water shows a limited extraction activity for nicotine from tobacco leaves. Since nicotine is a dibasic compound, an alkaline solution (40% NaOH) was used to extract nicotine from tobacco leaves for the selected samples. Further, solvent extraction by non-polar solvents was conducted to extract nicotine from the alkaline solution and prepare it for the spectrometric analysis. FT-IR and UV analysis show that the oily substance, which was extracted from tobacco leaves, is nicotine. Results were confirmed by microscopic examination for the extracted nicotine after the addition of mercuric chloride, where flowery shape crystals of nicotine liganded with mercuric chloride complex were formed.

Microencapsulation of Essential Oils by Spray-Drying and Influencing Factors

Essential oils (EOs) are known as any aromatic oily organic substances which are naturally synthesized in plants. Exhibiting a broad range of biological activities, EOs have played a key role in numerous industries for ages, including pharmaceutical, textile, and food. However, the volatility and high sensitivity to environmental influences pose challenges to the application of EOs on industrial scale. Microencapsulation via the spray-drying method is one of the promising techniques to overcome these challenges, thanks to the presence of wall materials that properly protect the core EOs from oxidation and evaporation. By optimization of key factors related to the infeed emulsion properties and spray-drying process, the encapsulation efficiency and retention of encapsulated EOs could be significantly improved, thus allowing a wide range of EO applications. This review attempts to discuss on different determining factors of the spray-drying process to develop an effective encapsulation formula for EOs. Furthermore, recent applications of encapsulated EOs in the fields of foods, pharmaceuticals, and textile industries are also thoroughly addressed.

Poisons affecting the skin

All homes contain substances capable of causing serious injury if they come into contact with the skin. These substances include detergents, acids and alkalis found in many cleaning products, and petroleum distillates such as white spirit and petrol. Asphalt used in road surfacing can also cause local effects, particularly if it is still hot when contact occurs. The risk of effects on the skin from these chemicals is increased if decontamination in delayed. The method of decontamination will depend on the substance involved but in many cases simple bathing is sufficient. Removal of oily or greasy substances may require the use of a commercial degreaser and sticky material may need to be softened with oil or fat to facilitate removal. Decontamination after contact with corrosive substances may require prolonged and repeated water irrigation to ensure thorough removal. Another potential source of dermal injury in pets is exposure to psoralen-containing plants (such as hogweed, Heracleum spp.) in combination with ultraviolent light (sunlight) which can result in erythema, blistering and dermatitis. In this case, management is supportive with avoidance of sunlight.

Development of highly hydrophobic and superoleophilic fluoro organothiol-coated carbonized melamine sponge/rGO composite absorbent material for the efficient and selective absorption of oily substances from aqueous environments

The removal of various oils, petroleum products and organic solvents from water has a great importance for environmental protection. In this study, highly hydrophobic and superoleophilic fluoro organothiol-coated carbonized melamine sponge/rGO composite absorbent material (CMS/rGO/PFDT) material was prepared as a new absorbent for the cleanup of oil spills and selective separation of oil-water mixtures. The results of contact angle, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman measurements proved that the preparation of new absorbent material was successfully performed. CMS/rGO/PFDT displayed excellent hydrophobicity with a high-water contact angle of 143.2°. and superoleophilicity with an oil-contact angle of 0°. This absorbent was unsinkable in water and could absorb the hydrophobic organic contaminants up to 55 times of its own weight. CMS/rGO/PFDT could effectively and selectively absorb the oily substances from olive oil-water and gasoline-water emulsions and achieved the continuous oil-water separation with the assistance of a vacuum pump. The developed CMS/rGO/PFDT material may be a potential absorbent in the absorptive removal of oily substances and organic solvents from oily wastewater and in the separation of oil-water mixture.

Bilateral Gluteal Reconstruction with Double Flap Secondary to Biopolymers Injection

The injection of adjuvant substances for aesthetic purposes is a public health problem, for 40 years this problem has been described throughout our continent, the vast majority of women patients are affected by the infiltration of silicon, mineral oils, automotive oil, methyl methacrylate, cement and various oily substances. This is a 54-year-old female patient who for about 30 years for cosmetic purposes was injected with mineral oil (quantity unknown) in both glutei with the aim of buttock augmentation. Physical examination was observed an important deformity in each buttock, hyperkeratosis with discoloration in both buttocks, loss of bilateral projection, right buttock with a secondary tumor of 22 cm × 11 cm and left 22 cm × 10 cm, stony appearance, local hyperthermia, painful on manipulation, with diffuse nodular lesions measuring 2 cm × 2 cm, without evidence of loss of continuity that would condition secretion leakage. Surgical planning is based on the very important size of the initial defect that we would have to reconstruct, so that the rotation of two wide-based flaps could guarantee better survival and occlusion of the defect, since the realization of a graft would cause a significant deformity, and the realization of a microsurgical flap in a fibrous tissue would inevitably result in its necrosis. The pathophysiology of the adjuvant disease is extremely complex, therefore it must be addressed by a multidisciplinary group with extensive experience.

Study of maritime accidents with hazardous substances involved: comparison of HNS and oil behaviours in marine environment

Due to the continuous development of the chemical industry as well as the ever-increasing demand for raw materials, trend of maritime transport of chemicals and hazardous substances has significantly increased in recent decades. This growth results in a rising number of accidents involving both types of chemicals-Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNSs) and oily substances.The continuous increasing of number of hazardous substances transported by seas, was a trigger for the competent authorities to focus on the prepare and response to a possible risk of release of such substances. Even though the risk of leakage and spill of hazardous substances is currently on the low level (as a result of the high safety standards), it still does exist.The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the past accidents involving hazardous substances globally, with a focus on the HNS and oily substances spilled at the sea. The analysis is focused primarily on liquid substances, but also data on the packaged goods with the dangerous properties is involved. Another significant output is represented by recommendations about correct responding to maritime accidents involving chemicals and other dangerous substances.

Hydrophobicity-Adjustable MOF Constructs Superhydrophobic MOF-rGO Aerogel for Efficient Oil-Water Separation.

Accurate hydrophobicity adjustment of single-phase material is quite challenging and meaningful for water treatment. Here, a strategy combining crystal morphology regulation and post-synthetic modification is reported based on a novel metal-organic framework (MOF, Eu-bdo-COOH, H4bdo = 2,5-bis(3,5-dicarboxylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole). The hydrophobicity is regulated by crystal size and morphology regulation, and a rough microspherical MOF is successfully synthesized. Meanwhile, the obtained MOF microspheres exhibit high water, chemical, and thermal stability. The post-synthetic modification of alkyl chains achieves fine-tuning of hydrophobicity of MOF microspheres. The static water contact angles can controllably range from 43 to 142°, and the amylamine-modified MOF (AM) obtains the strongest hydrophobicity. In addition, a superhydrophobic aerogel is constructed with AM microspheres and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for efficient oil-water separation. The AM-rGO aerogel (AM-rGA) exhibits fast and efficient absorption of various oily substances from water, and the adsorption capacity of dibromoethane reaches up to 14,728 wt %. This outstanding oil adsorption capacity can maintain even beyond 50 cycles by the support of the stable aerogel. The strategy of morphology regulation and post-synthetic modification provides a broad approach for the hydrophobic adjustment of numerous MOF materials.

Poisons affecting the skin

All homes contain substances capable of causing serious injury if they come into contact with the skin. These substances include detergents, acids and alkalis found in many cleaning products, and petroleum distillates, such as white spirit and petrol. Asphalt used in road surfacing can also cause local effects, particularly if it is still hot when contact occurs. The risk of these chemicals having an effect on the skin is increased if decontamination is delayed. The method of decontamination will depend on the substance involved, but in many cases simple bathing is sufficient. Removal of oily or greasy substances may require the use of a commercial degreaser and sticky material may need to be softened with oil or fat to allow removal. Decontamination after contact with corrosive substances may require prolonged and repeated water irrigation to ensure thorough removal. Another potential source of dermal injury in pets is exposure to psoralen-containing plants such as hogweed, Heracleum spp. in combination with ultraviolet light, which can result in erythema, blistering and dermatitis. In this case, management is supportive with an avoidance of sunlight.

Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia Presenting as an Enlarging Lung Nodule in a Patient with a Long-standing Usage of Petroleum Jelly

Abstract Introduction/Objective Lipoid pneumonia is an uncommon inflammatory lung lesion resulting from the aspiration of endogenous or exogenous oily substances. It has no age or sex preponderance, and its mode of presentation is non- specific. Radiologic imaging findings may mimic that of a malignant lung lesion. Methods We report a case of a 69-year-old female with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis and a 30-pack year smoking. She was being followed for an enlarging PET positive spiculated left upper lung nodule. She underwent a CT-guided core biopsy of the lung nodule. Results Biopsy showed histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells with lipid vacuoles and associated marked fibrosis. Review of a percutaneous lung biopsy performed two years prior showed a chronic inflammatory process with associated fibrosis in the presence of nonpolarizable vacuoles, many of which were intracytoplasmic within multinucleate foreign body type giant cells. A re-assessment of the patient with further history taking revealed a longstanding practice of nighttime application of petroleum jelly to nostrils and lips. Together, these findings are consistent with an exogenous lipoid pneumonia. Conclusion Lipoid pneumonia although an entity with limited literature description, should be considered in patients presenting with enlarging lung nodules. Early diagnosis of this lesion ensures appropriate treatment and prevents unnecessary invasive procedures.

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME CAUSED BY LIPOID PNEUMONIA IN A 44-YEAR OLD PATIENT WITH PERSISTENT FEVER

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Lung Pathology SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Lipoid pneumonia is an uncommon, caused by inhalation of oily substances. It may present as chronic cough, or it may also present as acute respiratory syndrome. Its clinical manifestations are non-specific, and high degree of suspicion if highly required. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year old female, presented to ED was apparently well before admission, until 6 days prior to admission, patient had body malaise, headache, fever and abdominal pain; signs and symptoms persisted hence prompted consult. Denies cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis and chest pain. Patient is a known case of type 2 DM and has a history of elevated liver enzymes due to NAFLD, patient was prescribed with unnamed oil-based food supplements. Patient was admitted as a case of dengue fever with warning signs. Patient was awake, not in distress, with normal vital signs, however, febrile. the physical examinations findings are normal. Laboratory results revealed thrombocytopenia, leukopenia with lymphocytosis. Dengue NS1Ag, IgG and IgM was negative. Infused with intravenous hydration of isotonic solution at 120cc/hr. Despite the adequate hydration, patient was persistently febrile and platelet count are decreasing as well as the hemoglobin and WBC count. During the 5th hospital day, she had dyspnea, treated as a case of hospital acquired pneumonia, and was treated with piperacillin-tazobactam. Chest x-ray revealed infiltrates. Despite medical management, patient succumbed to death and was subjected for autopsy with significant findings in both lungs,there are lipid-laden macrophages seen. DISCUSSION: Lipoid pneumonia is uncommon and There is no available data regarding its incidence and prevalence locally. It is the first reported case in our institution. It can be exogenous or tendogenous; endogenous lipoid pneumonia usually occurs when mineral or vegetable oils are aspirated or inhaled, and the latter results from lipid accumulation within intra-alveolar macrophages in the setting of bronchial obstruction. Acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia is typically caused by an aspiration of petroleum-based products, such as aspiration during fire-eating demonstration and gas-siphoning. Chronic lipoid pneumonia presents after recurrent ingestion of oily substances. It typically presents with cough, dyspnea and fever, or asymptomatic. Radiological findings may mimic other lung diseases.The most commonly described feature is alveolar consolidations of low attenuation values, ground glass opacities with thickening of intralobular septa. The macrophages in lipoid pneumonia have at least some large vacuoles accompanied by a foreign body giant cell reaction, chronic inflammation elicited by the lipoid material. The treatment is removal of inciting factor and purely supportive. CONCLUSIONS: Lipoid pneumonia requires high degree of suspicion for diagnosis, and be considered as differential diagnosis in patients with persistent fever. Reference #1: Simmons Ashley MD, Rouf Emran MD , Et Al. Not Your Typical Pneumonia: A Case Of Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia. J Gen Intern Med 22(11):1613–6 Reference #2: Christiani David C, M.D., M.P.H. Vaping-Induced Lung Injury. N Engl J Med, 2019 Reference #3: Betancourt Susan, Martinez-Jimenez Santiago, et al Lipoid Pneumonia: Spectrum of Clinical and Radiologic Manifestations. AJR:194, January 2010 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by IMNAS MARIE CARINA ARQUILLO, source=Web Response

A reliable, reproducible flow cytometry protocol for immune cell quantification in human adipose tissue

The ability to accurately identify and quantify immune cell populations within adipose tissue is important in understanding the role of immune cells in metabolic disease risk. Flow cytometry is the gold standard method for immune cell quantification. However, quantification of immune cells from adipose tissue presents a number of challenges because of the complexities of working with an oily substance and the rapid deterioration of immune cell viability before analysis can be performed. Here we present a highly reproducible flow cytometry protocol for the quantification of immune cells in human adipose tissue, which overcomes these issues.