Oily Extract Research Articles

Valorization of dry coffee grounds (DCG) and their oily extract: Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora and their mixture

Valorization of dry coffee grounds (DCG) and their oily extract: Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora and their mixture

Thermolysis of petroleum oil and solubility of deposits

The article discusses the process of formation of deposits in the pipelines of the engine oil system and the factors affecting the conditions for their formation. The technological process of oxidation and the criteria for indicator parameters characterizing the thermolysis of used oil are shown. An extractive method is proposed that ensures the removal of deposits from the pipeline using special flushing process fluids based on regenerated petroleum oil. To search for cheap and efficient hydrocarbon raw materials, regenerated petroleum oils were chosen from among the renewable resources of oil refining. The proposed process fluid was prepared on the basis of low-viscosity spent and then purified petroleum oil. The viscosity of the petroleum oil was adjusted with the addition of petroleum kerosene or diesel. Diluted surfactant solutions were used as additives. and detergent additive (alkali metal salts). It was revealed that in the oil system of an automobile engine at high temperatures (200-350 0C) oil thermolysis occurs, and the resulting deposits contain asphaltenes, carbons and carboids. The efficiency of dissolution of deposits in the mixture under study at low temperatures and the concentration of surfactants were revealed. The dependence of the interfacial tension on the concentration of various surfactants is shown. The limiting amounts of the content of the constituent components are found and the ratio of oily extract, from deposits of oxidized oil, is selected. As a result of the tests, it was found that the washing liquid reduces the interfacial tension between the surface of the pipes and deposits and leads to an increase in the movement of the liquid. It has been established that the process of washing off deposits depends on the composition of the deposits, as well as on the composition of the oily extract. The optimal mode and prescription composition of the flushing liquid has been selected. The efficiency of washing off the studied liquid with other means is shown, while it should be noted that this liquid has a simple component composition and is much cheaper than other means.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Cannabinoids from Cannabis Sativa for Medicinal Purpose.

Over the past 20 years, the interest in Cannabis oily extracts for medicinal use compounded in pharmacy has consistently grown, along with the need to have preparations of adequate quality. Hot maceration (M) is the most frequently used method to compound oily solutions. In this work, we systematically studied the possibility of using an ultrasonic homogenizer and a sonotrode (US) as an alternative extraction method. Oily solutions were prepared using two available varieties of Cannabis for medicinal use, called FM2 and Bedrocan. All preparations resulted with an equivalent content in CBD and THC, with the advantage of a faster process using US. In particular, 10 min sonication at the amplitude optimized for the sonotrode used (2 or 7 mm) provides not statistically different total Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (M-FM2: 0.26 ± 0.02 % w/w; US-FM2: 0.19 ± 0.004 % w/w; M-Bedrocan: 1.83 ± 0.17 % w/w; US-Bedrocan: 1.98 ± 0.01 % w/w) and total cannabidiol (M-FM2: 0.59 ± 0.04 % w/w; US-FM2: 0.58 ± 0.01 % w/w) amounts extracted in refined olive oil. It can therefore be confirmed that sonotrode is an efficient and fast extraction technique and its use is without negative consequence on the solvent properties. Despite DSC evidencing that both maceration and sonication modify the Tonset and enthalpy of the event at about -10 °C, the qualitative characteristics of the oil remained constant for the two treatments and similar to the starting material.

In-pipette-tip natural-feather-supported liquid microextraction for conveniently extracting hydrophobic compounds in aqueous samples: A proof-of-concept study

In this study, a novel in-pipette-tip natural-feather-supported liquid microextraction (NF-SLME) method was developed for conveniently extracting hydrophobic compounds in aqueous samples. Natural feathers were used as the support medium of an oily extraction solvent and an in-pipette-tip extraction device was simply constructed with the cost less than 0.1 CNY. The whole extraction process could be conveniently conducted with a pipettor. As a proof of concept, the in-pipette-tip NF-SLME method was applied to extract antidepressants in urines. The best extraction recoveries were obtained when the extraction solvent was 15 μL of n-octanol, the pH of the sampling solution was 10.0, the desorption solution was 200 μL of acetonitrile, and the numbers of cycles of drawing solution in/out for extraction and elution were 5 and 2, respectively. Coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet, a quantification method was validated in ranges of 0.05–10 μg/mL with satisfactory linearities (R2 ≥ 0.988). The limits of quantification were calculated to range from 0.032 to 0.048 μg/mL, which is adequate for antidepressant analysis in urine. The potential of the in-pipette-tip NF-SLME method was further illustrated by the successful extraction of triazole pesticides and androgenic steroids with good recoveries.

Antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple) cotyledons.

The challenge of increasing number of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial bacteria pathogens have led to a renewed focus on plants for possible discovery of lead molecule that could pave the way for new generation antimicrobial agent. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of the cotyledons of Chrysophyllum albidum, with a view to exploring the antimicrobial properties of its chemical constituents. Powdered C. albidum cotyledons were screened for phytochemical constituents using standard methods and the extract obtained by maceration in ethyl acetate. The crude extract was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using standard agar-well diffusion method. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to determine the chemical constituents of the extract. Alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids and flavoniods were the major constituents present in the powdered cotyledons. A deep brown oily extract with a pleasant-sweet odour and a yield of 2.53% was obtained. The extract showed a high antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) range of 20.50 - 25.00 mm. Antimicrobial activity of the extract was bacteriostatic at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 25.00 mg/mL and bactericidal at a concentration of 50.00 mg/mL (minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)). Data obtained from GC-MS analysis showed presence of seventeen (17) components with 6 major spectral peaks; oleic acid (54.65%), n-hexadecanoic acid (13.27%), cis-9-hexadecenal (8.68%), betulin (7.23%), 2-pentanone (6.00%) and octamethyl (5.12%). The abundance of fatty acids in the cotyledons of C. albidum coupled with the observed inhibitory activities would present a potential candidate to be explored for the production of bioactive agents.

Nanostructured lipid carriers of alkannins and shikonins: Experimental design, characterization and bioactivity studies

The chiral pair alkannin and shikonin and their ester derivatives (A/S), are lipophilic secondary metabolites possessing a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Their incorporation in lipid-based drug delivery systems can enhance their therapeutic efficacy, especially for dermal or transdermal applications. In this work, A/S in the form of oily extracts and isolated mixture of pigments from Alkanna tinctoria roots were entrapped in lipid based nanocarriers for dermal applications. In both cases, Experimental Design was carried out to evaluate the effect of process parameters on mean particle size, ζ-potential and entrapment efficiency, aiming to identify the optimum process conditions. The optimum oily extract loaded liposomes showed a mean particle size of 106 nm, ζ-potential value of −45.1 mV and entrapment efficiency (EE%) up to 72%. On the other hand, the optimum nanocarriers for the incorporation of A/S mixture showed a mean particle size of 138 nm, ζ-potential value of −15.6 mV and EE% up to 56%. The in vitro release profiles for both drug delivery systems were satisfactory and revealed that, in both cases, the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredients from the nanocarriers is controlled by diffusion. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of the optimum formulations on the viability of human dermal fibroblasts and we found that, A/S mixture loaded nanocarriers enhance cell viability. In order to assess the effect of A/S derivatives loaded nanocarriers on human fibroblasts we targeted genes related to the antioxidant cellular response, cell aging and extracellular matrix organization. The findings showed that nanocarriers induced the antioxidant response, presented a positive impact on cells’ longevity and promoted extracellular matrix organization. Based on these findings, formulated nanocarriers can be used as a potential drug delivery system for dermal applications in cosmetic products.

Green Extraction of Annatto Seed Oily Extract and Its Use as a Pharmaceutical Material for the Production of Lipid Nanoparticles.

This work developd nanomaterials formulated from annatto seed oily extract (ASE), myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid), and their fatty acid esters. The annatto seed oily extract was obtained using only soybean oil (ASE + SO) and Brazil nut oil (ASE + BNO). The UV/VIS analysis of the oily extracts showed three characteristic peaks of the bixin molecule at 430, 456 and 486 nm. The lipid nanoparticles obtained using myristic acid and ASE + BNO or only BNO showed better results than the oil soybean extract, i.e., the particle size was <200 nm, PDI value was in the range of 0.2–0.3, and had no visual physical instability as they kept stable for 28 days at 4 °C. Lipid nanoemulsions were also produced with esters of myristic acid and ASE + BNO. These fatty acid esters significantly influenced the particle size of nanoemulsions. For instance, methyl tetradecanoate led to the smallest particle size nanoemulsions (124 nm), homogeneous size distribution, and high physical stability under 4 and 32 °C for 28 days. This work demonstrates that the chemical composition of vegetable oils and myristic acid esters, the storage temperature, the chain length of fatty acid esters (FAE), and their use as co-lipids improve the physical stability of lipid nanoemulsions and nanoparticles from annatto seed oily extract.

Metabolomics analysis of milk thistle lipids to identify drought-tolerant genes

Milk thistle is an oil and medicinal crop known as an alternative oil crop with a high level of unsaturated fatty acids, which makes it a favorable edible oil for use in food production. To evaluate the importance of Milk thistle lipids in drought tolerance, an experiment was performed in field conditions under three different water deficit levels (Field capacity (FC), 70% FC and 40% FC). After harvesting seeds of the plant, their oily and methanolic extracts were isolated, and subsequently, types and amounts of lipids were measured using GC–MS. Genes and enzymes engaged in biosynthesizing of these lipids were identified and their expression in Arabidopsis was investigated under similar conditions. The results showed that content of almost all measured lipids of milk thistle decreased under severe drought stress, but genes (belonged to Arabidopsis), which were involved in their biosynthetic pathway showed different expression patterns. Genes biosynthesizing lipids, which had significant amounts were selected and their gene and metabolic network were established. Two networks were correlated, and for each pathway, their lipids and respective biosynthesizing genes were grouped together. Four up-regulated genes including PXG3, LOX2, CYP710A1, PAL and 4 down-regulated genes including FATA2, CYP86A1, LACS3, PLA2-ALPHA were selected. The expression of these eight genes in milk thistle was similar to Arabidopsis under drought stress. Thus, PXG3, PAL, LOX2 and CYP86A1 genes that increased expression were selected for protein analysis. Due to the lack of protein structure of these genes in the milk thistle, modeling homology was performed for them. The results of molecular docking showed that the four proteins CYP86A1, LOX2, PAL and PXG3 bind to ligands HEM, 11O, ACT and LIG, respectively. HEM ligand was involved in production of secondary metabolites and dehydration tolerance, and HEM binding site remained conserved in various plants. CA ligands were involved in synthesis of cuticles and waxes. Overall, this study confirmed the importance of lipids in drought stress tolerance in milk thistle.

GC-MS profiling of the chemical compounds in the for the oily extract of Citrus sinensis and Citrus Limon peels

Citrus fruits are used for the prevention of many chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The leaves and fruits of the citrus genus contain antioxidants. The oil of the family plants has uses in folk medicine , This article outlines the differences in phytochemical constitutions of two species of the genus citrus in Iraq by the GC-MS technique , nine different compounds are recorded in Citrus sinensis ‎ whereas 21 compounds in Citrus limon , The present study proved its assistance in the classification of species studied using chemotaxonomic techniques, especially the GC-MS technique, which represents an easy and direct analytical approach for the identification of phytoconstituents.

Chemical properties of the pulp oil of tucumã-i-da-várzea (Astrocaryum giganteum Barb. Rodr.) obtained by enzymatic aqueous extraction

This study characterized the oil from the pulp of tucumã-i-da-várzea produced by enzymatic process. The acidity index, peroxide value, oxidative stability, total carotenoids, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and antioxidant capacity were determined in the oily and aqueous extract fractions. The oil with the highest extraction efficiency was characterized for fatty acid composition, atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes, iodine index, saponification value, and melting point. An efficiency equivalent to conventional extraction methods was obtained with oxidative stability, being comparable to traditional commercial oils with high values of total carotenoids, TPC and antioxidant activity, which indicated the greatest potential for application of an abundant Amazon raw material. This oil has a composition rich in unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic and linoleic acids, with excellent nutritional quality scores (AI and TI). It can be considered an oil of high nutritional value, being indicated to replace traditional oils referred to as beneficial to health.

Antibacterial, Antifungal, Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Activities of Different Extracts of Arabic and Myrrh Gums

Background: The Pharmaceutical companies are very interested in the discovery of new natural bioactive molecules with an impoortant effect and less toxicity, in order to replace old drugs, especially antibiotics which had lost their effectiveness following the spread of multi-resistant bacteria. This study was aimed to investigate, in vitro, some extracts (aqueous extracts, oily extracts and essential oils) of arabic and myrrh gums, plant exudates commonly used in folk medicine for treating several diseases. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity against clinical bacterial and fungal strains was carried out using disk diffusion and broth dilution methods. Cytotoxic activity was mesured using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay determining the LC50 and genotoxic activity by the preincubation Ames Test using Salmonella strains TA100, TA98 and TA1535 treated with or without the metabolic activation (S9 fraction). Results: An interesting antimicrobial activity was demonstrated, especilly against Gram negative strains. Inhibition zones vary between 16 and 30 mm and MIC’s values between 15.62 and 250 μg/ml. All the tested extracts exhibited a bactericidal activity. The arabic gum extracts showed no cytotoxic effect with LC50 &gt; 100 μg/ml. Myrrh gum extracts showed a significant toxicity to the brine shrimp nauplii with LC50 &lt; 100 μg/ml. Results of the Ames test indicated that all tested extracts did not possess genotoxic potential. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the antimicrobial potential of gums extracts, making them an excellent drug candidates against resistant pathogens.

Recovery of Carotenoids from Tomato Pomace Using a Hydrofluorocarbon Solvent in Sub-Critical Conditions

The enrichment of oils with nutraceutical bioactive phytomolecules allows the achievement of functional oil-based products of great interest in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic fields. Carotenoids, such as lycopene and β-carotene, are available at a high concentration in tomatoes and tomato waste products, as peels, seeds, and pulp; their recovery is recently attracting growing interest and economic importance in the food industry, and also in consideration of the huge amount of industrial waste produced. The aim of this work is to study the production of an oil functionalized with carotenoids from tomato peels. The extractions were carried out using an innovative process based on the use of commercial Norflurane as solvent in subcritical conditions. Extraction trials were performed on dried tomato peels, with the addition of tomato seeds or wheat germ flour as sources of oily co-solvents, capable of also preserving the biological characteristics of the carotenoids extracted. Although lycopene solubility in Norflurane is quite low, the solvent recirculation and regeneration were allowed to reach a concentration in the oily extracts of approximately 0.3 mg/goil after 2 h of the process. The enrichment in β-carotene was more pronounced, and concentrations of 0.733 mg/goil and 0.952 mg/goil were observed in wheat germ and tomato seed oils, respectively. The results obtained in this study were compared with those obtained by traditional and supercritical CO2 extraction methods.

Alternative and Complementary Therapies against Foodborne Salmonella Infections.

The limitations in the therapeutic options for foodborne pathogens lead to treatments failure, especially for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella sp., worldwide. Therefore, we aimed to find alternative and complementary therapies against these resistant foodborne pathogens. Out of 100 meat products samples, the prevalence rate of salmonella was 6%, serotyped only as S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. According to the antibiotic susceptibility assays, the majority of our isolates were MDR and susceptible to cefotaxime. Out of the 13 tested plant extracts, five only showed an inhibition zone in the range of 8–50 mm against both serotypes. Based on their promising activity, the oily extract of cinnamon and aqueous extract of paprika represented the highest potency. Surprisingly, a significant synergistic effect was detected between cinnamon oil and cefotaxime. Depending on Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon oil was attributed to four components including linalool, camphor, (Z)-3-Phenylacrylaldehyde and its stereoisomer 2-Propenal-3-phenyl. The anti-virulence activities of these compounds were confirmed on the basis of computational molecular docking studies. Accordingly, we recommended the use of cinnamon oil as a food additive to fight the resistant foodborne pathogens. Additionally, we confirmed its therapeutic uses, especially when co-administrated with other antimicrobial agents.

A comparative study on the effects of the Fenugreek seeds' powder and its aqueous and oil extracts on the male reproductive system in albino rats

Trigonella foenum-graecum has long been used as a medicinal plant for the treatment of nutritional, metabolic and sexual dysfunction in both genders.Objectives: our study aimed at evaluating the possible effects of different dosage forms of fenugreek seeds on the male reproductive system in animals.Methods: In a randomized controlled study, 40 male albino rats weighing 180 to 260 gm. were equally divided into four groups, one control and the other three groups were treated by the administration of either powder (200 mg/kg), aqueous (500mg/ml) or oily extract (200mg/ml) forms, 3 times weekly for 8 weeks. Serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone levels were evaluated, as well as histological examination & sperm analysis. Results: Concerning the oily extract dosage form, a highly significant decrease (P< 0.01) in FSH was recorded in comparison to other groups. LH was reduced significantly (P< 0.05) in the three treated comparative groups. However, progesterone and estrogen levels were significantly increased (P<0.05) after the administration of the oily form. Testosterone level was detected higher only in the aqueous form with a significant increase (p < 0.05) in sperm count, unlike the other 2 forms. The results have revealed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in all sperm evaluated parameters as well as destructions in testicular tissues after the administration of the oily form. Conclusion: The effect of the aqueous form on the male hormonal levels have been significantly noticed with remarkable changes in the sperm vitality as well the sperm count. The oily form showed a devastating action on all the evaluated parameters.

Morphometry of bovine blastocysts produced in vitro in culture media with antioxidants cysteamine or oily extract of Lippia origanoides

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the ultrastructural morphometry of bovine embryos produced in vitro grown at different concentrations of antioxidants. After in vitro maturation and fertilization, the presumptive zygotes were assigned into five treatments. T1) without the addition of any antioxidants (negative control); T2) addition of 50μM/mL cysteamine; and T3, T4 and T5) adding 2.5μg/mL, 5.0μg/mL or 10.0μg/mL of the antioxidants derived from the oily extract from Lippia origanoides, respectively. On D7 of culture, the embryos in the blastocyst stage were fixed and prepared for electron transmission microscopy. These were evaluated for the proportion of cytoplasm-to-nucleus, cytoplasm-to-mitochondria, cytoplasm-to-vacuoles, cytoplasm-to-autophagic vacuoles and cytoplasm-to-lipid droplets. Blastocysts cultured in media containing oily extract of Lippia origanoides presented morphological characteristics such as high cell:mitochondria ratio and low cell:vacuoles and cell:autophagic vacuole ratio, possibly been morphological indicators of embryonic quality. Inner cell mass (ICM) from blastocysts cultured in media without any antioxidants had the highest cell:vacuole ratio. Similar results were found in the trophectoderm (TE) cells of blastocysts from treatment 2. Embryo culture media supplemented with antioxidants derived from Lippia origanoides oil produced embryos with a higher cytoplasmic proportion of organelles, such as mitochondria. Also, treatments without any antioxidants or with the addition of cysteamine presented cytoplasmic vacuolization, a characteristic related to production of poor-quality embryos.

Development of an innovative frozen dairy product fortified with carrot extract

The development of frozen yogurt supplemented with an oily extract from carrot was the main focus of this study. The research aim converged from the fact that Daucus carota L. are among the worldwide most consumed vegetables, exhibiting numerous health benefits. Both analysed variants (the control sample and the fortified sample) presented high total carotenoids, β-carotene, and lycopene contents. The addition of the oily extract from carrot caused a significant increase of the total carotenoids, respectively the β-carotene contents. Also, these functional dairy products registered a slight increase in the antioxidant activity compared to the control sample, the fortified variant having the highest value (93.95±0.050%). The total polyphenols content varied depending on the analysed variant, from 0.122±0.006 to 1.712±0.008 mg/g dry weight (DW) while the content of total flavonoids varied from 0.065±0.001 to 0.780±0.002 mg/g DW. The carrot and blueberries’ HPLC profiles also highlighted the abundance of the bioactive compounds. The confocal microscopy analysis of the fortified frozen yogurt revealed a complex microstructure due to the diversity of the biochemical compounds, a microstructure that preserved the probiotic strain very well and comprised functional properties to the final product. The frozen dairy product enriched with carrot extract can be considered an innovative functional product as it was designed to provide the consumer with various beneficial effects based on its high content of biologically active compounds.

Adonis amurensis Is a Promising Alternative to Haematococcus as a Resource for Natural Esterified (3S,3'S)-Astaxanthin Production.

Astaxanthin (AST) characteristics and pigment productivity of Adonis amurensis, one of the few AST-producing higher plants, have not yet been studied extensively. In this study, the geometrical and optical isomers of AST in different parts of the A. amurensis flower were determined in detail, followed by a separation of the all-trans AST using HPLC chromatography. AST extracted from the flower accounted for 1.31% of the dry weight (dw) and mainly existed in the di-esterified form (>86.5%). The highest concentration was found in the upper red part of the petal (3.31% dw). One optical isomer (3S, 3′S) of AST, with five geometrical isomers (all-trans, 9-cis, 13-cis, 15-cis, and di-cis) were observed in all parts of the flower. All-trans AST was the predominant geometrical isomer accounting for 72.5% of the total content of geometric isomers in total flower, followed by the 13-cis, and 9-cis isomers. The all-trans AST isomer was also isolated, and then purified by HPLC from the crude oily flower extract, with a 21.5% recovery yield. The cis-AST extracted from the combined androecium and gynoecium gives a very strong absorption in the UVA region due to a high level of cis, especially di-cis, isomers, suggesting a prospective use in the preparation of anti-ultraviolet agents. The production cost of AST from Adonis flowers can be as low as €388–393/kg. These observations together with other factors such as the low technology requirement for plant culturing and harvesting suggest Adonis has great potential as a resource for natural esterified (3S,3′S)-AST production when compared with Haematococcus culturing.

Improving the stability of oily turmeric extract by microencapsulation using spray drying technique

Herein we report the microencapsulation of curcumin-rich oily turmeric extract using various combinations of whey protein isolates (WPI), gum Arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) wall materials via spray drying technique. Prepared microcapsules were qualitatively analyzed by varying core- to wall material ratio (1:5 and 1:10, weight/weight), inlet air temperature of spray drying (180 and 190 °C) and coating material ratio (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, w/w). The physicochemical properties and stability of the microcapsules were investigated under both light and dark at different temperatures (4, 25 and 50 °C) and pH (3.5, 4.6 and 7.0). Microcapsules produced with 1:5 core- to wall material ratio, 1:1 MD:WPI at 190 °C spray drying inlet temperature showed the least moisture content (1.79%), water activity (0.21 aw) and wettability time (57.48 s) and the highest solubility (96.40%), color intensity (292.62 h°) and microencapsulation efficiency (90.72%) . The sample that gives the best result showed higher stability (21 days) at 4 °C and pH 7.0 under dark conditions.

Green Extraction by Ultrasound, Microencapsulation by Spray Drying and Antioxidant Activity of the Tucuma Coproduct (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) Almonds.

The industrial processing amazon fruits, like tucuma, generates a large amount of coproducts with large nutritional potential. Thus, this work obtained the oily extract of the tucuma almonds coproducts by green extraction using palm oil by the ultrasound method and then microencapsulated by atomization and verification of its antioxidant activity. Thermogravimetric techniques, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, moisture content, water activity were applied to characterize the microparticles. Total carotenoids were determined by UV spectroscopy and antioxidant activity was measured by 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid and co-oxidation in the system β-carotene/linoleic acid. The oily extract and microparticle had total carotenoid contents of 3.305 mg/100 g ± 0.01 and 2.559 mg/100 g ± 0.01, respectively. The antioxidant activity assessed through the 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid value was 584.75 μM/trolox ± 0.01 (oily extract) and 537.12 μM/trolox ± 0.01 (microparticle) were determined. In the system β-carotene/linoleic acid showed oxidation of 49.9% ± 1.8 lipophilic extract and 43.3% ± 2.3 microparticle. The results showed that the oily extract of the tucuma almond coproduct can be used as a carotenoid-rich source and microencapsuled with possible application for functional foods production.

Evaluation of the spermicidal action by the action of majority compounds of essential oils / Avaliação da ação espermicida pela ação dos compostos maiores de óleos essenciais

Evaluation of the spermicidal action by the action of majority compounds of essential oils / Avaliação da ação espermicida pela ação dos compostos maiores de óleos essenciais