Eucalyptus Oil Research Articles

Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity between Selected International and Indian Essential Oils against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria

In recent years, the rapid growth in Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global concern. Essential oils derived from plants that include bioactive components with proven antioxidative and antibacterial activities could be a potential solution to arrest this problem. In this study, antibacterial activities of DoTERRA essential oils such as Onguard, Clove, Teatree, Lavender and Eucalyptus were evaluated with Indian essential oils against clinical pathogenic bacteria. The GC-MS study revealed that cineole, terpinene, eucalyptol, and eugenol were the most prevalent bioactive components in these essential oils. The purity of the essential oils was confirmed with zeta potential and white light absorption spectrophotometer and shows that the Zeta potential of all the essential oils ranges from -51.4 to 0 mV. Using agar well diffusion and Micro broth dilution procedures, the antimicrobial activity of essential oils of clove, lavender, tea tree, eucalyptus, and On-Guard (combined) was assessed against several multi-drug-resistant bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of essential oils in aqueous and micellar solutions were determined by Micro broth dilution techniques. The most effective antibacterial essential oils were clove, tea tree, and On guard (a blended essential oil with a predominance of Limonene and Eugenol). The current research could result in development of formulas that contain micelle or colloid suspensions of whole essential oils such as clove, On-Guard, or Tea-Tree oil to aid in antimicrobial treatment.

Identification of Trichderma harzianum in postharvest Agaricus bisporus and a novel control approach using eucalyptus essential oil emulsion

Pathogenic infections have been a key factor leading to mushroom deterioration. However, few studies have focused on the isolation, identification, and control of pathogens causing infections in mushroom. In this study, the Trichoderma harzianum strain TPS2 was screened from the tissues of infected Agaricus bisporus. To inhibit the pathogenic microorganism, the eucalyptus essential oil (EEO)-tamarind gum (TG) emulsion was prepared and its antimicrobial mechanism and preservative effect of postharvest Agaricus bisporus were explored through emulsion fumigation. According to the in vitro experiment results, the EEO-TG emulsion induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane, and destruction of cell membrane integrity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results further revealed that the EEO-TG emulsion damaged the membrane permeability of T. harzianum, thereby resulting in the increased leakage of mycelial cell contents and achieving the antimicrobial effect. As the essential oil concentration in the EEO-TG emulsion increased, the effect on T. harzianum intensified. The ratio of EEO to TG at 1:10 was the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC100), and the median inhibitory concentration (MIC50) was 1:40. In situ experiments, mushrooms fumigated with the EEO-TG emulsion exhibited high firmness, high whiteness, low electrical conductivity, and low weight loss, along with effective inhibition of the respiratory intensity and reduction in the excessive loss of nutrients. Therefore, the EEO-TG emulsion is of great significance in preventing postharvest diseases symptoms and delaying the senescence of mushrooms.

Toxicity of Two Plant Essential Oils as Eco-friendly Fumigants against the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum

Background: This study aims to extract essential oils from Artemisia herba alba and Eucalyptus camaldolensis plants and evaluate their effectiveness as eco-friendly natural fumigants against larvae and adults of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Methods: The current study was conducted under laboratory conditions for the period from 2023-4 to 2023-8 in the Plant Protection Laboratory in the Diyala Agriculture Directorate, Iraq. Different concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 µL-1 air for exposure period of 24, 48 and 72 hours. Result: Larval mortality rates reached 100% at concentrations of 8 and 10 µL L-1 air for Eucalyptus and Artemisia, respectively. The mortality rate increases with increasing concentration in adults, where the highest killing rate was recorded at 8.10 µL L-1 air, reaching 90% and 100% for Artemisia, while it reached 96.6% and 100% for Eucalyptus, respectively. Mortality rates were high throughout the duration of the first exposure and these rates increased as the exposure period increased to 48 hours and 72 hours, with the next highest killing rates for concentrations of 6, 8 and 10 µL L-1 air for Artemisia and Eucalyptus oils. There was no significant difference with pesticide treatment. This indicates the possibility of using essential oils in the applied field to manage pest populations in store products.

COVID-19 home remedy consumption and perceived effectiveness among adult population in Brunei Darussalam: a PLS-SEM approach

BackgroundThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 affects the respiratory system and causes severe acute respiratory infections. Several cultures have influenced the use of home remedies to ease mild symptoms of COVID-19 sometimes alongside conventional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the usage of COVID-19 home remedies among the adult population in Brunei.MethodsThe study design was a cross-sectional study using an online survey and distributed nationwide. The statistical analysis of the data included descriptive statistics describing the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, their experience with COVID-19 infection, consumption of general home remedies and COVID-19 home remedy, their practice of COVID-19 home remedy use, and their attitude towards the general use of home remedy. Sub-group analysis including Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test was computed for the variables in relation to the COVID-19 home remedy use and the perceived effectiveness of the types of home remedy. Multivariate analysis including Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to determine the correlations between the factors and outcomes measured. P-value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant.ResultsThere was a total of 864 eligible responses included in the study. The primary findings showed COVID-19 home remedy was used by 72.2% of the study participants. Most frequently used types of COVID-19 home remedy were cloves (37%), lemon (37%), and honey (23%). There was an infrequent usage of coconut (4.6%), eucalyptus oil (3.7%), habbatussauda (3.5%), traditional/ herbal cough syrup (2.4%), and turmeric (2.2%). The PLS-SEM demonstrated that ‘Experience’ appears to be a central endogenous variable that affects the decision on the use of COVID-19 home remedy. This relationship is mediated by ‘Safety’, ‘Source’, and ‘Opinion’ which have significant contributions to the outcome, accounting for 98.2% of the variance explained (R-square = 0.982).ConclusionsThe outcome of this study establishes the baseline prevalence of COVID-19 home remedy consumption among Bruneian residents and compared the previous study on Brunei’s general use of traditional medicine. The present findings could help nurses and other healthcare professionals in Brunei understand the practice of Bruneian adults on the consumption of home remedies for COVID-19.

Determinación de la actividad antimicótica de los aceites esenciales de eucalipto, molle y romero sobre (Fusarium sp; Pythium sp; Rhizoctonia sp), agentes causales del mal de almacigo en condiciones de laboratorio

Introduction: The proliferation of a large number of fungi, diseases, and pests, due to the imbalance of soil mycostasis, is due to the irrational use of pesticides, fungicides, and the use of inefficient agronomic practices, such as monoculture, traditional sowing, and deforestation. Factors that have caused serious problems in environmental balance and human health. One of the possible alternatives to regulate this imbalance is the application of extracts of plant origin to control fungi, pests, and diseases in crops. Objectives: “The objective of this research was to determine the antifungal activity and the inhibition capacity of the extraction process of the essential oils of Eucalyptus, molle and rosemary, on fungi (Fusarium sp. Pythium sp. Rhizoctonia sp. and Sclerotium sp.), causal agents of almacigo disease Damping off. Applying the Methodology: isolation, analysis of variance, Completely Randomized Design (DCA),” separation of means and 5% Tukey test, Determination of effective dose 50, Inhibition capacity, Linear regression analysis; obtaining the following. Results: “The fungi under study are slow growing, no pathogen was able to populate the surface of the Petri dish from 24 to 120 hours, the radial growth rate being presented in the following order: Pythium sp. with 32mm, Rhizoctonia sp. with 30.82 mm, Fusarium sp. with 23.42mm and finally Sclerotium sp with 19 mm. The best treatments were the distillates of Eucalyptus, Molle and Rosemary and the wastewater fraction of Rosemary, which managed to inhibit 91.46%; 93.48% and 94.26% on Fusarium Sp., Phytium Sp., Rhizoctonia sp. and Sclerotium sp. respectively. Conclusions: “The use of essential oils is efficient for pest control, so making a comparison with the Benomyl fungicide by determining the effective dose of 50%, it is advisable to use extracts and distillates to avoid causing health problems. and environmental effects. General study area: Phytopathology. Specific study area: Antifungal Activity.

Karakteristik fisik dan komposisi kimia minyak kayu putih (Melaleuca cajuputi) asal Maluku dan Nusa Tenggara Barat [Physical characteristics and chemical composition of eucalyptus oil (Melaleuca cajuputi) from Maluku and West Nusa Tenggara

Eucalyptus oil is an essential oil popular in Indonesia due to its ability to treat flatulence, induce a sense of warmth, and serve as an antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and aromatherapy agent. Melaleuca cajuputi is a species of eucalyptus plant that yields eucalyptus oil. This plant is commonly found in Central Maluku and West Nusa Tenggara. The distilling process of eucalyptus oil took four hours and involved using steam distillation. Several physical parameters, including cineole content, oil weight, specific gravity, optical rotation, and ethanol solubility, were utilized to evaluate the grade of the produced eucalyptus oil. The analysis of physical properties was conducted using SNI 06-3954-2006-compliant methodologies. The volatile compounds of eucalyptus oil were analyzed using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The test results indicated that the purity of eucalyptus oil from Maluku and NTB specifically met the requirements of SNI 06-3954-2006. GC-MS measurement revealed that eucalyptus oil from Maluku, with a yield of 1.42%, contained 26 chemical components, with 1.8-cineole comprising the highest percentage at 67.38%. In contrast, the yield of NTB eucalyptus oil was 1.84%, and it contained 21 volatile compounds of which the compound of 1.8 cineole made up 66.58% of the component composition

Fabrication of Eucalyptus Oil-loaded Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Topical Films for Enhanced Treatment of Post-Operative Wound Infection

Background: The efficacious penetration of antimicrobials at infectious sites and the reduction of microbial resistance development are critical in controlling the effective treatment of post-operative wound infection. Methods: To create the enhanced antimicrobial topical films, a solvent casting method for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CiproHCl) loaded eucalyptus oil (EO) containing low molecular weight chitosan films was used. Nine batches of CiproHCl with varying chitosan and glycerol concentrations were prepared and tested. Additionally, optimised CiproHCl films with EO were created and tested. The antimicrobial activity of CiproHCl-loaded EO containing low molecular weight chitosan films against S. Aureus, E. Coli, and B. Subtilus was tested. Results: The FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC analysis revealed no interaction between the drug and any of the other excipients, and the drug remained amorphous in chitosan film. The SEM analysis revealed that the prepared CiproHCl-loaded EO-containing films had smooth surfaces and large agglomerates. In vitro drug release testing revealed that the EO-loaded films have a sustained release profile of up to 16 hours with a cumulative drug release of 96.83%. In an ex vivo drug permeation study, CiproHCl-loaded EO-containing films demonstrated 2.44 times more permeation flux than CiproHCl-alone films. After six months, the stability study revealed that the CiproHCl-loaded EO-loaded EO-containing film showed no significant change in drug release profile or folding endurance. Conclusion: This present study highlights the possible usage of CiproHCl-loaded EO containing low molecular weight chitosan films in enhanced post-operative wound treatment.

THE EFFECT OF GIVING NATURAL GUARD ESSENTIAL OIL IN DRINKING WATER ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN LEVELS, CREATININE, AND AMINOTRANSFERASE IN BROILERS

To increase growth and feed efficiency, we can use feed additives through feed or drinking water, one of which is the use of essential oils. NATURALGUARD is a mixture of natural oils, namely pine oil (Pinus sp.), lavender (Lavandula sp.), and eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus sp.) which contains active compounds as immunomodulators, antibacterials, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antiviral. This study aims to determine the level of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) in broilers after being given NATURALGUARD via drinking water. This study used a completely randomized design with a total sample of 24 broiler CP-707 strain, with four treatments and six replications. The treatment applied was P0 as a control without giving NATURALGUARD, P1 P2, and P3 were given NATURALGUARD at doses of 1, 2, and 4 g/L respectively, adlibitum for 30 days. At the end of the study, 3 mL of blood sample was taken via the pectoral vein aseptically, and then a blood serum examination was carried out. The research results showed that the highest mean BUN level was at P0 (8.9 mg/dL) and the lowest was at P1 (5.2 mg/dL), the highest creatinine was at P3 (1.08 mg/dL) and the lowest was at P0 and P1 (1, 0 mg/dL), AST was highest at P0 (273 µ/L) and lowest at P2 (220 µ/L), and ALT was highest at P0 (7.5 µ/L) and lowest at P3 (5.48 µ/ L). Statistical results showed no significant differences in BUN, creatinine, AST, and ALT levels in all treatment groups. It was concluded that NATURALGUARD as feed additive at doses of 1, 2, and 4 g/L via drinking water is safe to be used in broilers.

Effect of a constant electric field on the electromagnetic spectrum structure of eucalyptus oil

Effect of a constant electric field on the electromagnetic spectrum structure of eucalyptus oil

Investigating Eucalyptus essential oil: classification and prediction of volatile compounds using GC-FID and FT-MIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques

Investigating Eucalyptus essential oil: classification and prediction of volatile compounds using GC-FID and FT-MIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques

Growing Eucalypt Outside its Native Range: A Review on Suitability and Beneficial Role

Eucalypt is an industrial short rotation fast growing tree species (SRFGTs), having wide range regarding climatic and edaphic requirements in Indian subcontinent. Eucalyptus camaeldulensis, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. tereticornis and E. citriodora are the widely planted eucalyptus species for different purposes in the country. Oil extracted from E. globulus has medicinal value and used to inhibit the avian influenza virus H11N9, and has wide scope in cosmetics, perfume, food, beverages, phytotherapy and aromatherapy. Oil contain p-coumaric, gallic, gentisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic and vanillic acids and catechol are the responsible for retarding seed germination growth and survival of Parthenium, Solanum lycopersicum, Lactuca sativa and Agrostis stolonifera. Burning of eucalypt leaves used as mosquito repellent and compound 1, 8 cineole of eucalypt oil damage and kills Pediculus humanus capitis and lice. Aqueous solutions extracted from different parts of eucalypt showed nematocidal properties. Maize, wheat, mustard, berseem, potato, lentil are agricultural crops widely grown under eucalypt based agroforestry systems. Wider spacing of eucalypt in block plantations or boundary plantation mostly adopted in the agroforestry systems. Eucalypt sequester carbon 6 – 43 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 under plantations and agroforestry systems. The species has potential to reclaim waterlogged sites and escalate soil health through improving soil physical, chemical and biological properties. In case of economic returns from eucalypt based agroforestry systems, it gives nearly 1.5 B:C ratio.

Aromatherapeutic Antibacterials: Comparative Study of 40 Essential Oils and Their Biofilm Inhibition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027

Growing evidence suggests that biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) results from quorum sensing, reducing bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics and fostering the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. Addressing the need for a compound that can inhibit quorum sensing signals to mitigate biofilm formation in PA, this study screened 40 essential oils for their potential as quorum sensing inhibitors against PA ATCC9027. Utilizing the agar well diffusion assay, the antibacterial activity of these essential oils was compared with levofloxacin, revealing that 25 out of 40 essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against PA ATCC9027. The highest antibacterial activity was exhibited by essential oils from Cinnamomum burmannii (Cinnamon Bark Oil), Cananga odorata (Ylang-ylang Oil), and Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus Oil), confirmed by respective MIC values of 0.09765% (v/v), 0.390625% (v/v), and 1.5625% (v/v), and MBC values of 0.09765% (v/v), > 1.5625% (v/v), and > 1.5625% (v/v). Growth curve inhibition assay followed by crystal violet biofilm formation assay revealed that only Ylang-ylang Oil exhibited biofilm formation inhibition at 1/4 MIC concentration. Docking analysis of compounds from these essential oils against quorum sensing enzymes (LasR, PqsR, and QscR) revealed that Ylang-ylang Oil compounds exhibited the highest binding affinity. In conclusion, among the 40 essential oils tested, 25 show potential as antibacterials against PA ATCC9027, with Ylang-ylang Oil standing out as a promising candidate for quorum sensing inhibitor development. The use and development of quorum sensing inhibitors from Ylang-ylang Oil compounds are expected to reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance, especially in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Anti-aspergillosis and anti-mucormycosis potential of eucalyptus essential oil based O/W nanoemulsions containing azole based drugs from Eucalyptus globulus

Antifungal azole drugs like fluconazole, itaconazole and ketoconazole are widely used for treatment of fungal related diseases including aspergillosis and mucormycosis. This study aimed at biosynthesis of fluconazole, itaconazole and ketoconazole containing oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions (NE) using Eucalyptus essential oil and its effect against aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Nanoemulsions were synthesized having eucalyptus essential oil, surfactants: tween 80, and co-surfactant: ethanol. Zeta potential, pH, conductivity and droplet size of nano-formulations were studied by using Zeta sizer. Nanoemulsions were analyzed by UV–VIS, FT-IR and fluorescent techniques. Stability studies were conducted by storing the nanoemulsions at different conditions for 60 days. Anti-aspergillosis, anti-mucormycosis and drug release pharmokinetics were evaluated. Average size of nanoemulsions ranged from 245 to 415 nm along with zeta potential from − 9.20 to − 25.4 mV. Encapsulation efficiency of drug loaded nanoemulsions was ranged from 40 to 50%. Nano-droplets displayed stability after 60 days of storage. Considerable anti-aspergillosis and anti-mucormycosis activities were detected. Among all formulations, F1NEs depicted high antifungal activity against Aspergillus strains MTCC 277, MTCC 343 as observed by zone of inhibition (ZOI) values. Against Mucor spp strain MTCC 3373, visual pictures clearly showed substantial inhibition in fungal growth. Pharmokinetic study shown that all nanoformulations showed Korsmeyer–Peppas model.

Preparation and evaluation of ecofriendly nanocreams containing some plant essential oils and monoterpenes against adults of Culex pipiens L. with some biochemical and histological studies on albino rat

Plant essential oils (EOs) are considered a vital tool of novel natural mosquito repellents and botanical adulticides. Five plant EOs (cinnamon, cypress, lavender, lemon eucalyptus and tea tree) and their major constituents (cinnamaldehyde, citronellal, β-cymene, (R)-linalool, and α-terpinyl acetate) were investigated against adults of Culex pipiens. The efficacy of the tested compounds was manipulated as mortality and knockdown using a fumigation technique. After that, the most active compounds against adults (lemon eucalyptus oil and linalool) were investigated once more as repellents after incorporating them on a cream base against C. pipiens adults compared to their nano-cream using arm-in-cage technique. In addition, the biochemical and histological effects of dermal treatment of linalool, lemon eucalyptus,, and their nanoemulsions (NEs) were studied on male albino rats. Total protein assay, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and liver and kidney functions were determined in blood serum. Complete blood count (CBC) was determined in whole blood. The results showed that lemon eucalyptus oil and (R)-linalool caused the highest knockdown activity against C. pipiens adults with Kt50 40.29 s and 12.73 s, respectively. The repellent effect (RC50) of nanocream formulations of lemon eucalyptus oil (10.03 mg/L) and (R)-linalool (68.11 mg/L) were higher than the original effects of these compounds with RC50 values = 100.82 mg/L and 998.54 mg/L, respectively. There are no obvious harmful side effects of the dermal topical treatments of (R)-linalool and lemon eucalyptus oil on the tested biochemical parameters of treated albino rats compared with the control. Furthermore, there are no obvious effects of the dermal topical treatments of (R)-linalool and lemon eucalyptus oil on the histological status of the treated skin of albino rats compared with untreated treatment. The tested oils and monoterpenes could be considered promising candidates for botanical adulticides against C. pipiens. Also, nano-cream of lemon eucalyptus oil and (R)-linalool could be considered promising ecofriendly repellents for C. pipiens adults.

Development of Antibacterial Thermoplastic Starch with Natural Oils and Extracts: Structural, Mechanical and Thermal Properties.

In this study, the influence of the incorporation of eucalyptus (EO), tea tree (TT) and rosemary (RO) essential oils and Chiriyuyo extract (CE) on the structure and properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS) obtained from potato starch, glycerin and water was evaluated. All oils and the extract were used at a concentration of 0.5 g/100 g of TPS, while for TT, the effect of the concentration was also studied. The mixtures obtained were processed by extrusion and thermocompression molding. The sheets were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, SEM and analyses of their mechanical properties, antimicrobial characteristics and biodegradability. The results show that the use of small concentrations of the oils in 70TPS does not induce changes in the TPS structure according to the results of XRD, FTIR and TGA, with each essential oil and CE affecting the mechanical properties unevenly, although in all cases, antimicrobial activity was obtained, and the biodegradability of TPS in soil was not modified. An increase in the concentration of TT in 60TPS causes marked changes in the crystallinity of TPS, providing a greater modulus with a higher concentration of TT. Regardless of the amount of TT, all sheets maintain antimicrobial characteristics, and their biodegradation in soil is delayed with a higher oil content.

Termiticidal, biochemical, and morpho-histological effects of botanical based nanoemulsion against a subterranean termite, Odontotermes Formosanus Shiraki.

Recently, the use of nanopesticides has shown significant efficacy in the control of many pests. However, the effect of nanopesticides, especially nanoemulsions, on suppressing termites, Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki, 1909) (O. formosanus), has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to produce nanoemulsions of the essential oils of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill; E-EO) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt; N-EO) to suppress O. formosanus. The analysis of eucalyptus nanoemulsion (E-NE) and nutmeg nanoemulsion (N-NE) was confirmed by using UV-Vis, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In addition, chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) exhibited the major constituents of E-NE and N-NE. The principal chemical components of E-NE included D-limonene, eucalyptol, 1,5-cyclooctadiene,3,4-dimethyl, benzene, and 1-methyl-3-(1 methylethyl)-, while the main constituents in N-NE were cyclohexane,1-methylene-4-(1 methylethenyl)-, eucalyptol, and L-. alpha. -terpineol. The mortality rates were 100% and 99.53%, respectively, after 24 hours of treatment with a concentration of 140 mg/mL, compared to 23.43% and 43.55%, respectively, from E-EO and N-EO treatment. These results refer to the essential oils' nanoemulsion as far more effective than the essential oils themselves. Furthermore, the effects of E-NE and N-NE on detoxification enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase were investigated, as well as total protein concentrations, and the results have been found to be significantly increasing or decreasing in comparison with control. Besides, histological and morphological alterations found post exposure to E-NE and N-NE were shown. Overall, the results from this study clearly indicate that the nanopesticide-formulated nanoemulsions may have great potential to be used as novel, environmentally safe insecticides for controlling O. formosanus.

Preliminary Study on Total Component Analysis and In Vitro Antitumor Activity of Eucalyptus Leaf Residues.

Eucalyptus globulus is widely introduced and cultivated in Yunnan province. Its foliage is mainly used to extract eucalyptus oil, but the by-product eucalyptus residue has not been fully utilized. Based on the above reasons, in this study, we sought to explore the comprehensive utilization potential of eucalyptus resources. The total composition of eucalyptus residue was analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS), and the active components and nutrient components of eucalyptus leaf residue were determined by chemical methods and liquid phase techniques. Meanwhile, the antitumor activity of triterpenoids in eucalyptus leaves was evaluated by tetramethylazazole blue colorimetric assay (MTT). The results of qualitative analysis indicated that 55 compounds were identified from eucalyptus residue, including 28 phloroglucinols, 17 terpenoids, 3 flavonoids, 5 fatty acids, 1 amino acid and 2 polyphenols. Among them, the pentacyclic triterpenoids, in eucalyptus residue, were mainly oleanane type and urthane type. The results of quantitative determination indicated that the content of triterpenoid compounds was 2.84% in eucalyptus residue, which could be enhanced to 82% by silicone separation. The antitumor activity results showed that triterpenoid compounds have moderate inhibitory effects on human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231, gastric adenocarcinoma cell SGC-7901 and cervical cancer cell Hela. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 50.67, 43.12 and 42.65 μg/mL, respectively. In this study, the triterpenoids from eucalyptus leaf residues were analyzed to reveal that the triterpenoids from eucalyptus leaf have antitumor effects and have potential to be developed as antitumor drugs.

Emulsifier ratio and shock treatment effect on the characteristics of eucalyptus–peppermint oil-based mouthwash nanoemulsion

Eucalyptus oil, the main active ingredient in eucalyptol, is usually used in health products, but studies using eucalyptus oil in the form of nanoemulsions combined with peppermint oil have not been widely conducted. This study examined the influence of emulsifier ratios on nanoemulsion formulations of mouthwashes containing eucalyptus and peppermint oil. The ratios of emulsifiers (Tween 80 and PEG 400) used are 5:0, 4:1, 3:2; 2:3, 1:4, and 0:5. The parameters observed were particle size, turbidity, pH, refractive index (RI), stability, and inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results showed that the best ratio of Tween and PEG provided a higher clarity value with a smaller particle size. Stability measurements revealed no separation of the resulting emulsion, and the physical properties changed only slightly when exposed to low and high temperatures. The pH of the emulsion for all formulas ranged from 5.61 to 5.91. The findings of the inhibitory test against S. aureus revealed that eucalyptus oil treatment generally showed no inhibition except for F5 (1:4) and F6 (0:5) treatment. The best treatment based on physicochemical characteristics is the ratio of Tween:PEG = 3:2.

Enhancement of the efficacy of Tylvalosin by administration with Eucalyptus oil or Bromhexine against Mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected broiler chickens

Abstract Tylvalosin tartrate is a macrolide antibiotic that has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, some Gram-negative organisms, and mycoplasma. It acts by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacterial cells. Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry, especially in the presence of management stresses and other respiratory pathogens. The disease is characterized by coryza, conjunctivitis, sneezing, and sinusitis, particularly in turkeys and birds. It can result in loss of production downgrading of meat-type birds, and loss of egg production. In the current study, the efficacy of tylvalosin on performance parameters, hematological and biochemical profile alone, and in combination with eucalyptus oil and bromhexine were studied. A total of 56-day adult chickens were used in the experiment and infection occurred by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The birds were classified into seven groups and treated as follows; non-infected non-treated group (control negative), infected non-treated group (control positive), group infected and treated by tylvalosin alone, group infected and treated by eucalyptus oil, group infected and treated by bromhexine, group infected and treated by tylvalosin plus eucalyptus oil, and group infected and treated by tylvalosin plus bromhexine. Clinical symptoms, bacterial re-isolation, mortality rate, and hematobiochemical and histopathological parameters were investigated. The results showed a significant decrease in mortality & improved growth performance (increased weight gain and feed utilization efficiency) in combined treated groups compared to tylvalosin group as well as improvement in hematobiochemical and histopathological parameters of combined treated groups. Furthermore, the combination of tylvalosin and eucalyptus oil or bromhexine was more potent in the treatment of Mycoplasmosis in chickens than each treatment alone and alleviated or partially reduced the severity of chronic respiratory disease induced by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in broiler chickens. Finally, this protective effect could improve the use of antibiotics in poultry farms as well as reduce the problem of antibiotic residues and bacterial resistance to antibiotics.

ESSENTIAL OILS FROM Melaleuca leucadendra AND Pogostemon cablin Benth AS ACTIVE IN HAND SANITIZER WITH ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIVIRAL PROPERTIES

In addition to giving a pleasant scent, essential oils in hand sanitizer formulation could contribute to the increase on its efficacy. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, as well as antiviral activities of eucalyptus oil (EO) and patchouli oil (PO), followed by their application in hand sanitizer formulation. Essential oils were obtained from a simple distillation and followed by fractionation using a rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities of the essential oils were determined based on a DPPH scavenging assay. The antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus as well as Escherichia coli were evaluated under the Kirby-Bauer method. The antiviral activities of EO and PO were based on the replication inhibition of Simian retrovirus-2 (SRV-2) in an A549 cells model. Our data suggest that the fractionation increases the purity of EO and PO based on the content of 1,8-cineole (from 54.08% to 85.05%) and patchouli alcohol (from 29.28% to 85.01%), respectively. IC50 values of fractionated EO and PO in DPPH scavenging activity were 131.21 and 118.20 ppm, categorized as moderately active antioxidants. The optimum inhibition zones against S. aureus along with E. coli were achieved by fractionated EO (10.49 and 15.79 mm, respectively). SRV-2 replication could be effectively attenuated even until day-7 post-infection. When applied in hand sanitizer formulation (in a small amount), only antibacterial activity against E. coli was found higher as compared with usual hand sanitizer. Moreover, in hand sanitizer formulation, the efficacy of antiviral activity against SRV-2 was reduced to only last for 5 days post-infection. EO and PO can be used as active ingredients in hand sanitizer formulation owing to their antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities.