Oil In Mice Research Articles

Effect of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. fixed oil on body weight and metabolic parameters of mice fed a high-fat diet

This study examined the effects of C. coriaceum-fixed oil in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The animals were divided into three groups: those receiving a standard diet (SD), those on an HFD, and those on a high-fat diet supplemented with pequi-fixed oil (HFDPO). The animals were maintained on their respective diets for a duration of 27 weeks, during which the pequi fixed oil (100 mg/kg/day) was administered orally via gavage once daily for the final 9 weeks of the study. A glucose tolerance test was performed 1 day before animal sacrifice, and adipose tissue samples were collected. Although all groups initially had similar food intakes, the HFD and HFDPO groups showed reduced food intake compared with the standard diet group. Both groups also had increased body weights and higher fat weights than the SD group. Additionally, the HFD and HFDPO groups had higher glucose levels and significantly higher area under the curves (AUCs) than the SD group. There were no significant differences in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) and AUC between the HFD and HFDPO groups. In this study, pequi-fixed oil was ineffective in treating obesity induced by a high-fat diet.

RTA408 alleviates retinal ganglion cells damage in mouse glaucoma by inhibiting excessive autophagy.

Glaucoma, characterized by a high incidence and significant ocular harm, has been elucidated through various mechanisms. Excessive autophagy leading to the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is suggested as one potential cause for visual impairment in glaucoma. A glaucoma model was established through anterior chamber injection of silicone oil in mice. RTA408 and the positive control tafluprost were administered for intervention. The efficacy was preliminarily assessed by intraocular pressure measurement. HE staining and fluorescent staining were used to assess RGC loss, while fluorescent staining and western blot were employed to evaluate the expression of Nrf2. The role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of glaucoma was investigated by artificially modulating autophagy levels. In glaucomatous mice, RTA408 significantly reduces the apoptosis levels of RGCs and decreases RGC loss. Further investigations reveal a notable upregulation of autophagy levels in glaucomatous mice, with RGC loss being associated with autophagy. RTA408 promotes the expression of Nrf2 and downstream antioxidant molecules, enhancing the antioxidant system while downregulating mitochondrial autophagy levels. This reduces RGC apoptosis and loss, demonstrating a protective effect against glaucoma. Autophagy mediates the occurrence of glaucoma in mice, promoting RGC apoptosis. RTA408 alleviates RGCs damage by inhibiting excessive autophagy in the context of glaucoma.

Comparative analysis of high-fat diets: Effects of mutton, beef, and vegetable fats on body weight, biochemical profiles, and liver histology in mice

BackgroundHigh-fat diets are associated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and liver disorders. Beef and mutton, both widely consumed meats, are significant sources of animal fat, while soybean oil, a commonly used cooking oil, is a prominent source of plant-derived fat. This study aimed to compare the effects of regular consumption of beef fat, mutton fat, and soybean oil in mice to assess potential health risks. MethodsSixty Swiss albino male mice were divided into four groups: a control group (Group A) fed a standard mice pellet, and three treatment groups (Groups B, C, D) receiving 10 % dietary fat from mutton, beef, and soybean oil, respectively. Parameters such as body weight, caloric intake, serum markers, and liver histopathology were studied. ResultsConsumption of mutton fat, beef fat, or soybean oil supplemented diet in groups B, C, and D led to higher caloric intake and body weight compared to control group A, which received a standard diet. These diets also caused elevated serum glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and increased triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-C, and reduced HDL-C. Elevated AST and ALT levels in the high-fat diet groups, indicated liver damage and fat accumulation. Histological analysis confirmed steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and inflammation in all three high-fat diet groups, while the control group had normal liver histology. ConclusionHigh-fat diets, whether plant- or animal-based, led to weight gain in mice and resulted, poor glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, liver damage and steatohepatitis. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms behind these effects and improve understanding and management of high-fat diet consequences.

In vitro and in vivo pharmacological evaluation of polygonum persicaria l.

The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, anthelmintic and in vivo analgesic, anti-diarrheal, hypoglycemic and CNS anti-depressant properties of different solvent fractions of methanol extract of leaf and flower of Polygonum persicaria L., a notable medicinal plant in Bangladesh. The crude methanol extracts were partitioned separately to petroleum-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous fractions. In DPPH scavenging assay for antioxidant test, the aqueous fraction of flower extract showed maximum antioxidant activity with IC50 of 0.60 μg/ml. Most of the fractions revealed prominent lethality (LC50) against brine shrimp nauplii. The test samples also exhibited dose-dependent anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma. The leaf extract and flower extract (200-and 400 mg/kg b.w.) can decrease the painful sensation in mice. Leaf extracts and flower extracts displayed 57.69 and 50% reduction of diarrhea induced by castor oil in mice, respectively. The plant samples exhibited hypoglycemic effect and CNS anti-depressant effect in mice. Based on the possibility of bioactivity, the plant can be thoroughly examined to determine its potential efficacy and to support its traditional uses. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 475-485, 2024 (September)

Pumpkin seed oil: unveiling its potential in controlling inflammation and pathogenicity during experimental trichinellosis

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory potential of pumpkin seed oil in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis by demonstrating its impact on MMP-9 expression and pathogenesis during the intestinal and muscular phases.ResultsIn this study, 100 mice were divided into five groups: an infected group, a pumpkin seed oil-treated group (1.5 mg/kg BW, administered three times per week), an albendazole-treated group, a native control group, and a pumpkin oil control group. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the pumpkin seed oil revealed a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds. The pumpkin seed oil treatment led to a significant reduction in the parasite burden, with a 75% decrease in adult worms and a 66% decrease in encysted larvae. Additionally, the infected animals treated with pumpkin oil exhibited a marked reduction in intestinal inflammation, characterized by a progressive increase in goblet cells. The number of encysted larvae in the diaphragm and muscle tissues was also significantly decreased. Furthermore, pumpkin seed oil treatment significantly reduced MMP-9 levels in both intestinal and muscular tissues, highlighting its potential to attenuate inflammation.ConclusionThese findings underscore the effectiveness of pumpkin seed oil as anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic agent.

The Metabolic Effects of High-Erucic Acid Mustard Oil in Mice

The Metabolic Effects of High-Erucic Acid Mustard Oil in Mice

Phytochemical Properties and Antidepressant Potential of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad Essential Oil in Mouse Models of Depression

Oxidative stress may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of depression. Furthermore, antioxidants are also believed to have antidepressant properties. Previous studies have reported the antioxidant effects of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad. Therefore, this study examined the antidepressant potential of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil (SKEO) in male mice based on a forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The GC-MS was used to evaluate the phytochemistry of SKEO. In behavioral studies, 72 male mice were allocated to twelve groups of six and intraperitoneally received the vehicle (10 mL/kg), fluoxetine (20 mg/kg), imipramine (30 mg/kg), or SKEO (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). Immobility time in TST and immobility, swimming, and climbing times in FST were measured. In the open-field test (OFT), the number of crossings and rearings was recorded. According to GC-MS results, carvacrol, γ-terpinene, cymene, and 2-pinene were the most abundant compounds in SKEO. In FST and TST, all doses of SKEO (except for 25 mg/kg in FST), fluoxetine, and imipramine reduced the immobility time compared to the control group. Moreover, 50 and 100 mg/kg doses of SKEO and fluoxetine increased the swimming time without significantly changing the climbing time. However, imipramine increased the climbing time without significantly changing the swimming time. None of SKEO doses caused a significant change in the number of crossings or rearings in OFT. According to our findings, the antidepressant-like effects of SKEO are similar to those of fluoxetine. While the compounds in SKEO seem to induce their effects through the serotonergic mechanism, further studies are warranted to clarify their exact mechanism of action.

Immunostimulatory activity of avocado oil in mice (Mus musculus)

Avocado fruit contains bioactive compounds that have the potential to act as an immunomodulator. This study aims to identify the ability of avocado oil as an immunomodulator based on the macrophage phagocytic activity and index of mice injected with nonpathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and to determine the most effective dose as an immunomodulator. This study used 30 male Deutschland Denken Yoken (DDY) mice, which were divided into five groups: placebo as negative control (mineral water), positive control (commercial immunomodulator containing Echinacea purpurea extract), and avocado oil 1 g/kg BW, 3 g/kg BW, and 5 g/kg BW. The treatment was carried out orally once a day for 14 days. Mice were induced by nonpathogenic Staphylococcus aureus on day 15 intraperitoneally, and after one hour, mice were euthanized to collect the peritoneal fluid. Peritoneal fluid smear preparations were made before active macrophages and phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus were observed under a microscope. Phagocytic activity and phagocytic index were calculated. Avocado oil 5 g/kg BW showed the highest phagocytic activity and phagocytic index results with values of 71.00% ± 5.40% and 2.79 ± 0.14, respectively. Avocado oil enhances non-specific immune responses through macrophagephagocytic activity and index, demonstrating its immunostimulatory potential.

Neuroinflammation and hypersensitivity evidenced by the acute and 28-day repeated dose toxicity tests of ostrich oil in mice.

The ostrich oil (OO) has been topically used for decades to treat skin diseases. Its oral use has been encouraged through e-commerce advertising several health benefits to OO without scientific evidence on its safety or effectiveness. This study presents the chromatographic profile of a commercially available OO and its acute and 28-day repeated dose in vivo toxicological profiles. OO anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects were also investigated. Omega-9 (ω-9; oleic acid; 34.6%) and -6 (linoleic acid; 14.9%) were detected as OO main constituents. A high single dose of the OO (2g/kg of ω-9) demonstrated no or low acute toxicity. However, when orally treated with OO (30-300mg/kg of ω-9) for 28 consecutive days, mice exhibited altered locomotor and exploratory activities, hepatic damage, and increased hindpaw sensitivity accompanied by increased levels of cytokine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in their spinal cords and brains. Lack of anti-inflammatory or antinociceptive activities was also evidenced in 15-day-OO treated mice. These results indicate that chronic consumption of OO induces hepatic injury, in addition to neuroinflammation and subsequent hypersensitivity and behavioural changes. Thus, there is no evidence to support OO use to treating illness in humans.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil supplementation ameliorates liver oxidative stress in high-fat diet-fed mice through PPAR-γ and Nrf2 upregulation

This study aimed to evaluate the hepatic antioxidant activity of a high-fat diet supplemented with chia oil in mice. Forty animals were divided into Control (C, n = 10), Control + 1.5 % chia oil (CC, n = 10), High fat (HF, n = 10), and High fat + 1.5 % chia oil (HFC, n = 10) groups. Chia oil reduced serum triacylglycerol in the HF group (p < 0.05). Chia oil promotes lower hepatic concentrations of F2-isoprostane (8-epi PGF2α) and thiobarbituric acid (TBARs) than HF. Chia oil increased liver protein expression and activity of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 (SOD1 and SOD2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). It also upregulated the expression of PPAR-γ and NRF2, a master transcription factor involved in the antioxidant response in the liver, compared to their counterparts. The results reveal that chia oil improves the metabolic and antioxidant systems in the liver of high-fat diet-fed mice.

Evaluation of antianxiety effect of Nigella sativa Linn. seed oil in mice

Evaluation of antianxiety effect of Nigella sativa Linn. seed oil in mice

Acute and Subacute Toxicity Study of Essential Oil of Cymbopogon Martini in Mice.

Local Ethiopians regularly use Cymbopogon martini for cosmetic purposes. The plant's safety, however, is not supported by any solid facts. This investigation aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicities of C. martini essential oil in mice. The essential oil was analyzed using GC-MS. The approach outlined by Chinedu et al., 2013 has been used to calculate the median lethal dose. According to organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD) 407 standard, a 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study was carried out on female mice. Three groups of ten experimental mice each were distributed at random. Group I received the same saline volume and was considered the control. Groups II and III were treated with doses of C. martini of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, respectively, of body weight. Hematological and biochemical markers were assessed. The liver and kidney were taken out after the sacrifice using sodium pentobarbital for pathological analysis. Geraniol (40.89%) was the predominant component in the essential oil composition of C. martini with cyclofenchene (13.91%), myrcene (9.34%), 2, 4, 6, octatriene, 2, 6, dimethyl (8.20%), and ocimene (5.93%) being present in small amounts. The LD50 of C. martini essential oil was discovered to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. During a 4-week follow-up period, mice treated with C. martini, the essential oil, at doses of 500 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg body weight showed no evidence of toxicity or mortality. Biochemical and hematological parameters were not significantly altered in mice treated with the essential oil of C. martini compared with the control group. Histopathological evaluation of the liver and kidney did not exhibit any adverse results. The essential oil of C. martini from Ethiopia is considered relatively safe and nontoxic.

Involvement of the NO/cGMP/K ATP pathway in the antinociceptive effect of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ) essential oil in mice.

Rosemary essential oil (REO) has been used for several medical purposes. Previous studies have shown the antinociceptive effect of the oil. This study aimed to investigate the role of some well-known receptors in the antinociceptive effect of REO. Male Swiss mice (25-30 g) were used. To assess the antinociceptive activity, the formalin test was used. At first, the antinociceptive effect of three doses of rosemary oil (150, 300 and 450 µL/kg) was tested, and then a dose of 300 µL/kg was selected for the mechanistic study. Animals were pretreated with several antagonists and enzyme inhibitors to evaluate the role of adrenergic, cholinergic, serotoninergic, dopaminergic and opioid receptors as well as the NO/cGMP/K ATP pathway in the antinociceptive effect of rosemary essential oil. Yohimbine (5 mg/kg), prazocin (2 mg/kg), propranolol (2 mg/kg), atropine (2.5 mg/kg) naloxone (5 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (2 mg/kg), ondansetron (2 mg/kg) and haloperidol (1 mg/kg) could not reverse the antinociceptive effect. Sulpiride (20 mg/kg) only showed preventive activity in the early phase of formalin test while methylene blue (5 mg/kg), L-NAME (20 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effect of REO in both phases. Tadalafil (2 mg/kg) potentiated the antinociceptive effect of REO in the late phase of formalin test and arginine (100 mg/kg) had no effect on both phases. Therefore the NO/cGMP/K ATP pathway might have an important role in the antinociceptive effect of REO.

Essential Oil of Alpinia galanga: Effect of Aromatherapy Inhalation in Mice and Physicochemical Characterization

Aromatherapy has been used for centuries to maintain body and mental health. In aromatherapy, the inhalation of essential oil provides physical and psychological benefit due to its volatile bioactive compounds. The current study was aimed to determine the effect of the inhalation of Alpinia galanga essential oil in mice using forced swim test. The refractive index, solubility, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) profile of AGEO were also investigated. The essential oil from Alpinia galanga showed an anti-depressive-like effect and it was as strong as the positive control (Lavandula angustifolia essential oil). The GC-MS analysis discovered some antidepressant compounds in the oil such as eucalyptol, fenchone, and α-terpineol.

Central depressant effects of Piper tuberculatum Jacq essential oil in mice

This study aims to investigate the toxicity and possible effects and mechanism of action of the essential oil obtained from the Piper tuberculatum Jacq.‘s fruit (EOPT) on the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. In the Hippocratic test, it was observed ambulation reduction, sedation, piloerection and mortality of 25% at the dose of 1000 mg/kg and 50% at the dose of 5000 mg/kg. The results found demonstrate that the EOPT is endowed with a possible depressant effect, and is characterized by a likely sedative (open field test), anxiolytic-like (elevated plus maze test), anticonvulsant (pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure test) and hypnotic action (pentobarbital-induced sleeping time). These effects may possibly occur due to the interaction between the monoterpenes, present in its essential oil, and the GABAergic pathway confirmed by reversion of the effects by flumazenil. Then, these results demonstrate the therapeutic potential and the validation of the ethnopharmacological use of this species in the treatment of disorders affecting the central nervous system.

Acute and 28-day repeated dose toxicity evaluations of cold pressed Pinus halepensis Mill. seed oil in mice and rats

Pinus halepensis Mill. seed (Pinaceae), popularly known as ‘Zgougou’, is widely consumed in the Mediterranean countries and used traditionally in the treatment of some diseases such as bronchitis, rheumatism, infection, and inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the oral safety of cold pressed oil of Pinus halepensis Mill. seeds (COPHS) by acute and 28-day repeated dose toxicities studies in Wistar mice and rats, respectively. In the acute toxicity study, oral administration of COPHS to mice did not provoke mortality or any toxic signs at doses up to 5000 mg/kg bw. After administration of COPHS at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days, no abnormal changes were observed in body weight, water intake, food consumption, organ weight, blood haematological, serum biochemistry parameters, and histology profile. Furthermore, there was no animal death or any symptom of toxicity in any group during sub-acute toxicity test period. Our findings demonstrate that COPHS is relatively non-toxic and has a large safety margin (>5000 mg/kg). The results of the present research provide basic reference data for food consumption and for future in vivo screening of biological and pharmacological properties of cold pressed oil of Pinus halepensis Mill. seeds.

Histological Study for Median lethal Dose (LD50) of Eucalyptus Oil Administrated Orally in ( Mice mus musculus)

Eucalyptus oil is used in a wide range of medicinal and other uses, and the current study aims to estimate the median lethal dose LD50 of eucalyptus oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and estimate the pathological effect of eucalyptus oil in mice. Eucalyptus oil was obtained in the study by extracting the leaves of the plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis using hydrodistillation. Toxicity testing was performed by dividing mice into groups that you treated with different doses of eucalyptus oil 1200, 1600, 2000, and 2400 mg/kg. The current study showed that the average lethal dose, the LD50, was 1820 mg/kg. The study suggested the emergence of clinical signs in mice when consuming eucalyptus oil in high doses, such as slow movement, suffocation, and convulsion, compared with the control group and the group that administered a lower dose, It was observed that high doses of eucalyptus oil could cause damage to the lung, liver, kidneys, and heart, as the lung was the organ most affected by the oil, followed by the liver, kidneys, and then the heart, and it was less affected by eucalyptus oil, and this indicates that eucalyptus oil, when administered orally in high doses, causes clear toxicity effects. Eucalyptus oil is a safe medicine for external use. Keywords. Eucalyptus oil, LD50; Administrated; Lung; Liver; Heart; Kidney; Mice.

Genotoxicity and 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study of garlic essential oil in mice

Background and aimGarlic essential oil (GEO) isolated from Garlic (Allium sativum L.) exerts biological activities in disease prevention, particularly in metabolic and liver diseases, and is used for a dietary therapy for centuries. However, due to the side effects associated with the excessive consumption of GEO, there is a need to evaluate the safety of the GEO. Experimental procedureAmes test using five Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, and TA1537) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO–K1) cells with or without metabolic activation (S9 system), and mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test were used to assess the genotoxicity and clastogenic effects of GEO. A repeated dose of GEO (15, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) were administrated to ICR mice for 28 days to ascertain the subacute toxicity of GEO. Results and conclusionsThe results of the Ames test with or without S9 system indicated that GEO did not induce mutagenicity nor have clastogenic effects in CHO–K1 cells with or without S9 activation. Furthermore, GEO did not affect the ratio of immature to total erythrocytes or the number of micronuclei in immature erythrocytes of ICR mice after 24 and 48 h. In a 28-day oral toxicity assessment, GEO (15, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight, p.o.)-fed ICR mice exhibited normal behaviors, mortality, body weight, daily intake, hematology, clinical biochemistry, and organ weight. GEO shows no genotoxicity, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for GEO is considered to be greater than 50 mg/kg bw/day orally for 28 days in mice.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Turmimax® an in vivo and in vitro Study

The main objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of the Turmimax® bio-enhanced turmeric formulation. By comparing the relative fluorescence intensities of the interleukins IL-8 (Interleukin-8) and IL-12 (Interleukin-12) cytokines in stimulated murine Raw 264.7 macrophages, Turmimax® was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory in vitro efficacy. Turmimax® was administered orally in two doses, 100 and 200 mg/kg, to assess its in vivo anti-inflammatory potential in ear edema induced by croton oil in mice and paw edema induced by histamine in albino rats. Diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg p.o. is the standard drug. The results demonstrated that Turmimax® significantly and dose-dependently decreased the production of the inflammatory mediator’s interleukin-8 and IL-12. According to the current investigation results, Turmimax® has shown strong anti-inflammatory effects.

Schisandrae Fructus oil-induced elevation in serum triglyceride and lipoprotein concentrations associated with physiologic hepatomegaly in mice

Objective: To investigate hypertriglyceridemia and hepatomegaly caused by Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus (FSS) and Schisandra chinensis Fructus (FSC) oils in mice. Methods: Mice were orally administered a single dose of Schisandrae Fructus oils. Serum and hepatic triglyceride (TG), triglyceride transfer protein (TTP), apolipoprotein B48 (Apo B48), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), alanine aminotransfease (ALT) and liver index were measured at 6-120 h post-dosing. Results: FSS and FSC oil caused time and dose-dependent increases in serum and hepatic TG levels, with maximum increases in the liver (by 297% and 340%) at 12 h post-dosing and serum (244% and 439%) at 24-h post-dosing, respectively. Schisandrae Fructus oil treatments also elevated the levels of serum TTP by 51% and 63%, Apo B48 by 152% and 425%, and VLDL by 67% and 38% in mice, respectively. FSS and FSC oil treatments also increased liver mass by 53% and 55% and HGF by 106% and 174%, but lowered serum ALT activity by 38% and 22%, respectively. Fenofibrate pre/ co-treatment attenuated the FSS and FSC oil-induced elevation in serum TG levels by 41% and 49% at 48 h post-dosing, respectively, but increased hepatic TG contents (by 38% and 33%, respectively) at 12 h post-dosing. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence to support the establishment of a novel mouse model of hypertriglyceridemia by oral administration of FSS oil (mainly increasing endogenous TG) and FSC oil (mainly elevating exogenous TG).