Oil Biodiesel Research Articles

An experimental investigation on enhancing diesel engine performance and emissions with cashew nut shell oil biodiesel and hydrogen fumigation

An experimental investigation on enhancing diesel engine performance and emissions with cashew nut shell oil biodiesel and hydrogen fumigation

Evaluating the Performance of Agricultural Tractor Engine using Cottonseed Oil Biodiesel

The energy demand has been significantly increasing around the world in the last century. Conventional fossil fuels as one of the sources has been highly demanded due to its negative environmental effect. The growing demand for energy stimulated the development of renewable and eco-friendly alternative energy sources. Produced from vegetable oils and animal fats, biodiesel is a renewable, sustainable, and biodegradable fuel. It can be used as an alternate fuel to conventional diesel (CD) in compression ignition (CI) engines. The Belarus 920 tractor, with a maximum output of 74.5kW, was put through a Power Take Off (PTO) test in this study to assess its performance and emission components when fueled with conventional petroleum diesel, B20, B50, and B100 of Cotton Seed Oil Biodiesel (CSOME). The performance results showed that the power and Break Thermal Efficiency (BTE) fell, while the BSFC improved, when the tractor was fueled with neat CSOME and its mixes.

Investigation on nanostructure, surface functional groups, and oxidation activity of particulate along the exhaust after-treatment of a diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel blends.

In this study, the nanostructure, surface functional groups, and oxidation activity of soot particulate along the exhaust after-treatment system of a heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends are investigated by TEM, XPS, and TGA respectively. The main findings are as follows: Along the exhaust after-treatment system, fringe length of primary particles of soot particulate emitted from tested heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with B0, B10, B20, and B100, i.e., 0%, 10%, 20%, and 100% ratio of WCO biodiesel blended into petroleum diesel in volume respectively increases, while fringe tortuosity and separation distance of primary particles reduces. The fringe length of B10, B20, and B100 is smaller, but the fringe tortuosity and separation distance are larger than that of B0. The O/C ratio of soot particulate tends to increase firstly and then decrease as the exhaust passes through DOC+cDPF and SCR+ASC in sequence. The O/C ratio of B10, B20, and B100 are also higher than that of B0. Soot particulate at cDPF outlet contains carborundum and biuret is found at SCR+ASC outlet. The sp3/sp2 ratio decreases along the exhaust after-treatment system, and B10, B20, and B100 tend to get higher sp3/sp2 ratio than B0. The C-OH and C=O content of soot particulate from different WCO biodiesel blends show generally similar trends along the exhaust after-treatment system, while the activation energy of soot particulate keeps increasing along the exhaust after-treatment system, but decreases with the increasing of blend ratio. These findings can provide useful references for optimizing the after-treatment system for WCO biodiesel blends.

An insight into the combustion analysis of low carbon alcohol infused ternary fuel blends operated by varying the compression ratios

To address the growing scarcity and rising costs of fossil fuels, researchers are exploring alternative energy sources that can mimic the conventional fuels. This study focused on ternary fuel blends made from waste fried oil (WFO) biodiesel, methanol, and diesel. To enhance their stability, 10, 20, and 30 ml of n-butanol per litre of ternary blends are added. The blends were tested in a variable compression ratio (VCR) engine under peak load conditions. The experiments are carried out by varying the compression ratio (CR) of the engine from 16:1 to 18:1. The results showed that increasing the CR improved combustion for all fuel blends. Among the ternary blends, B30M20D50 outperformed pure diesel in terms of combustion characteristics. When compared to diesel, B30M20D50 yielded 5.08 %, 5.31 %, and 4.59 % higher Pmax at CR 16:1, 17:1, and 18:1, respectively. Under the same conditions, NHRR outperformed diesel by 1.46 %, 3.12 %, and 2.44 %, respectively. While ternary blends with up to 20 % methanol exhibited stable combustion, higher methanol concentrations led to erratic rise in the coefficient of variation. The interdependency analysis revealed a strong correlation between the combustion parameters for the B20M30D50 blend across different compression ratios.

Application of acetylene in multi-cylinder low heat rejection diesel engine fueled with ternary blend

The depletion of fossil fuels and environmental degradation have driven researchers worldwide to seek suitable alternative fuels for diesel engines. Internal combustion engines typically emit carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke, contributing to environmental pollution. To address this issue, petroleum fuels can be substituted with alternative options like acetylene gas, hydrogen, CNG, or LPG. One effective strategy is to incorporate renewable fuels into diesel engines by partially or fully replacing diesel in a dual fuel mode (DFM). This research focuses on alternative renewable fuels for diesel engines like biodiesel and alcohol and its blends. The current research investigates the engine characteristics of diesel engines fueled with ternary blend (TB) fuel and different flow rates of acetylene in DFM. TB fuel was prepared using 70 % diesel, 20 % waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB), and 10 % methanol by volume. The induction of acetylene at different flow rates, such as 2, 4, and 6 lpm. Waste cooking oil is used to prepare biodiesel by transesterification. Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) is used to coat the cylinder head, piston crown, inlet, and exhaust valves with a thickness of 0.5 mm. The HC, CO, and smoke emissions are decreased by about 35.7 %, 29.8 %, and 21.6 %, respectively, for TB fuel with acetylene at 6 lpm at full load condition. The high calorific value of acetylene gas raised the in-cylinder temperature, significantly accelerating the combustion process. The heat release rate (HRR) and cylinder pressure are increased by 9.8 % and 6.8 %, respectively, at TB fuel with 6 lpm of acetylene induction. Acetylene induces rapid fuel combustion, resulting in increased energy transfer. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is improved by about 10.3 % for TB fuel with acetylene at 6 lpm and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) increased to 461oC at full load condition.

Comparative Study on DI Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions using HCP microalgae biodiesel, Mahua oil biodiesel, Rubber seed oil biodiesel and Petroleum diesel

Abstract Energy consumption of the world is increasing hence the prices of fuels are increasing. Fossil fuels are the major source of energy but they are depleting in nature and they may exhaust in future. So we cannot depend on these sources and biofuels can be considered as substitute for fossil fuels, hence lot of researchers are doing extensive research on biofuels. So it is important to study the performance of different biofuels to find suitable one in terms of food crisis and better engine performance. Accordingly in this study the performance and emissions characteristics of Rubber seed oil, Mahua oil and microalgae oil biodiesels are studied. The results of this comparison study carried with HCP-B20, MO-B20 and RSO-B20 biodiesel blends indicates that the performance of HCP-B20 blend is better and emissions are lower compared to MO-B20 and RSO-B20 blends. The higher content of oxygen present in the microalgae biodiesel leads to higher rate of combustion reactions, in turn complete flame propagation and improved combustion. The BTE is lower with HCP-B20, MO-B20 and RSO-B20 compared to PD. Added advantage with this microalgae biofuel is, it is non-edible, it doesn’t require fertile land for its growth. So HCP-B20 blend may be viable for the commercial application.

Tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle using palm oil biodiesel blended fuels

Biodiesel application, such as using waste cooking oil biodiesel in Shanghai, China, is a sustainable solution that addresses the challenges posed by escalating air pollution, energy security, and climate change. Future efforts may involve blending biodiesel from alternative sources like crude palm oil with diesel in China. This study tested a China V heavy-duty diesel vehicle equipped with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system using various palm oil biodiesel blended fuels (B0, B5, B10, and B20). The findings indicated that using biodiesel blends led to decreased carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and particle number (PN) emissions compared to B0, while nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions remained similar. Higher biodiesel content significantly reduced petroleum diesel consumption, but no statistically significant differences were found in total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fuel consumption. Various factors such as vehicle speed, payload, and cold starts influence tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption. Specifically, high-speed phases notably reduced CO, HC, and PN emissions with the use of biodiesel blends. Lower payloads were linked to decreased CO2 emissions and fuel consumption but increased NOX emissions. Cold starts increased HC and NOX emissions, especially with higher biodiesel blending ratios. These results can provide valuable empirical insights into palm oil biodiesel emissions.

Evaluation of waste plastic and waste cooking oil as a potential alternative fuel in diesel engine

The generation of plastic waste and waste cooking oil is a serious environmental concern because of worldwide waste disposal issues. At the same time, increasing demand and contemporary geopolitics make fossil fuels a significant worldwide problem. As a result, there has been an increase in demand for alternate fuel for CI engines. To overcome these twin problems can be addressed by converting waste into liquid fuels. This research explores an intriguing area by mixing waste cooking oil biodiesel and waste plastic oil to create a mixture that remarkably seems like the physico-chemical properties of diesel fuel in a society that is looking for sustainable alternatives. So, in this investigation, a ternary fuel blend of Petro-diesel, waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB), and waste plastic oil (WPO) was used in the diesel engine. To enhance the properties of fuel, combustion, emission, and performance parameters of diesel engines, a ternary blend of B20P20D60 was employed in the CI engine as an alternative fuel. In the ternary fuel blends, WCOB, WPO, and diesel content were 20%, 20%, and 60%, respectively. The results were compared with conventional diesel fuel, showing that the ternary fuel blend B20P20D60 has an improved brake thermal efficiency of up to 1.71% at 80% loading and reduced emissions (HC, CO, NOx) compared to conventional diesel. Because of this, the ternary blends have significant potential for use in diesel engines.

Experimental study of combustion characteristics fuelled with biodiesel/diesel blends in high-pressure common rail electronically controlled diesel engines

Abstract Under the pressure of petroleum shortage and more stringent vehicle emission regulations at present, finding green and renewable alternative fuels has become an important research direction for the internal combustion engine. Due to the increment in oil imports, it is urgent to find a clean alternative fuel that will meet the diesel power and economic performance requirements. Biodiesel, with its renewable characteristics and wide resources, was considered, applied, and promoted extensively. The biodiesel studied in this paper is acidified oil biodiesel. The composition and ratio of acidified oil biodiesel were detected. The physicochemical indexes of acidified oil biodiesel/diesel fuel blends were measured and compared. In the electronically controlled high-pressure common rail diesel engine on different blending ratios of biodiesel/diesel fuel blends for a bench test, we analyze the combustion and characteristics. The results indicate that with the increasing biodiesel proportion, the peak of the premixed combustion and diffusion combustion in the cylinder increase, the combustion start point advances, the combustion duration shortens, and the maximum combustion temperature rises.

Peranan medan magnet dan campuran etanol-biodiesel minyak jelantah pada pembakaran droplet terhadap perilaku api dan emisi gas buang

Petroleum reserves are increasingly depleting, causing a scarcity of petroleum fuel caused by the rapid progress of transportation and the manufacturing industry. This condition forces researchers to search for and develop new renewable energy source. The purpose of research is to understanding and determines role of north-south (U-S) and south-south (S-S) magnetic fields to blend waste cooking oil biodiesel-ethanol on flame evolution, flue gas emissions, and temperature during droplet combustion. Waste cooking oil biodiesel and ethanol were used in this research by adding variations in the direction of repulsive and attractive magnetic fields with an intensity of 11000 gauss. Diameter of droplets tested was 0.3 mm and was placed on a type K thermocouple wire with diameter of 0.1 mm. This research found the role of attractive magnetic field (U-S) in blend waste cooking oil biodiesel-ethanol 20% to produce the shortest flame evolution of 704 ms, lowest CO of 165 ppm, and highest temperature of 828.5 oC. This happens because ethanol has a low flash point and large oxygen content, causing the combustion reaction to occur rapidly. The attractive of magnetic field (U-S) plays a role on attracting oxygen around flame to enter combustion reaction, while the H2O resulting from combustion is pumped out of flame.

Waste to energy: Enhancing biogas utilization in dual-fuel engines using machine learning based prognostic analysis

Alternative fuels derived from organic matter like biomass can be a viable solution in the present scenario of increasing greenhouse gases. In the present study, waste food and animal refuse-derived biogas were tested as fuel in a diesel engine. To further enhance the waste-to-energy perspective waste cooking oil biodiesel − diesel blends were used as pilot fuel. A comprehensive set of operational settings including fuel injection timing, pressure, compression ratios, different flow rates of biogas, and engine loads were tested. Four machine learning approaches Linear Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) were employed to develop prognostic models. The developed models for engine performance and emission were predicted with high accuracy with R2 values as high as 0.9962 for brake-specific fuel consumption and 0.9948 for brake thermal efficiency. The prediction errors were low 0.06 for BTE during model training and 0.18 during the model testing phase while it was almost negligible in the case of BSFC. All models were compared using statistical metrics and violin plots. The DT-based forecasting models were observed to be the best among all the models both based on statistical measures as well as violin plots.

An experimental investigation on a CI engine with magnesium- doped zinc oxide nano-additives in fish oil biodiesel blends

An experimental investigation on a CI engine with magnesium- doped zinc oxide nano-additives in fish oil biodiesel blends

Experimental study on energy and environmental impacts of alcohol-blended water emulsified cottonseed oil biodiesel in diesel engines

The increasing concern over environmental pollution and energy security has intensified the search for alternative fuels. This study explores the impact of 1-pentanol blends on the combustion performance and emission characteristics of water-emulsified Gossypium hirsutum (cottonseed) oil biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Cottonseed oil was converted into biodiesel via transesterification, and its elemental, chemical, and physicochemical properties were thoroughly analyzed. A key contribution of this work is the formulation of a fuel blend comprising 30 % cottonseed oil biodiesel (COB) by volume mixed with diesel fuel, further emulsified with 10 % water by volume. The water-emulsified biodiesel was then enhanced with a 10 % volume concentration of 1-pentanol. The energy and environmental performance of these test fuels were evaluated in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine under various operating conditions. The study's findings reveal that the alcohol-blended, water-emulsified biodiesel significantly improves combustion efficiency and reduces emissions compared to conventional diesel fuel. Notably, the addition of 10 % 1-pentanol to the water-emulsified biodiesel led to a 14.3 % reduction in hydrocarbon emissions and a 12.8 % reduction in carbon monoxide emissions. Furthermore, there was a 3.2 % improvement in brake thermal efficiency and a 1.4 % decrease in specific fuel consumption. This research demonstrates that blending alcohol with water-emulsified biodiesel not only enhances combustion efficiency but also offers a promising strategy for reducing the environmental impact of diesel engines and potentially lowering fossil fuel dependence by 50 %.

Exploring Cynara cardunculus L. by-products potential: Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties

Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon), a perennial crop indigenous to the Mediterranean region, has gained recognition for its remarkable resilience to diverse weather conditions and its multifaceted applications across various industries, which includes the use of the flower as a vegetable rennet to produce some cheeses, as a source of biomass for energy, or its seed oil for human consumption, biodiesel, and animal feed. In some applications (e.g. biomass or seed production), when crop is harvested at the end of the growth cycle, the leaves remain as the main by-products, along with the flowers. In the context of a circular economy, the aim of this work was to undergone studies to determinate their biological properties (antioxidant and antimicrobial). Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of C. cardunculus L. (globe artichoke var. scolymus (L.) Fiori) and cultivated cardoon (var. altilis DC.)) leaves and flowers were characterised in terms of their polyphenol profile (total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC), and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ToF-MS)), antioxidant capacity (free radical DPPH inhibition system, β-carotene bleaching assay), and antimicrobial capacity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), antifungal). In addition, the cultivated cardoon leaves extracts were assessed before and after they were dried in an oven with forced air circulation to evaluate if this treatment affected their bioactive profile. Chlorogenic acid, apigenin, and luteolin were the most quantified of a total of sixteen compounds identified by UHPLC-ToF-MS. Cultivated cardoon dry leaf extract presented the best antioxidant capacity for both methanolic (EC50 = 0.8 mg/mL, antioxidant activity coefficient (AAC) = 279.67) and ethanolic (EC50 = 2.1 mg/mL, AAC = 448.06) extracts, compared to the cardoon flower extracts and the globe artichoke leaf extracts. Dried cultivated cardoon leaf extracts presented higher antioxidant capacity than fresh cultivated cardoon leaf extracts, but a greater number of polyphenolic compounds were identified in fresh cultivated cardoon leaf extract. The Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the activity of both ethanolic and methanolic extracts than the Gram-negative and cultivated cardoon dry leaf ethanolic extract presented lower MIC and MBC values (125–2000 µg/mL) for most of the tested microorganisms, thus showing higher antimicrobial activity. As for the cultivated cardoon leaf extracts, the dried leaf extracts exhibited better antimicrobial activity, with lower MIC values, than the fresh leaf extracts. The extracts only demonstrated a slight inhibition against the fungi Aspergillus fumigatus. In conclusion, studies performed indicate that dried leaves maintain their biological activities compared to fresh leaves, and that flowers present significant biological activity which suggests the great potential of the by-products of this crop as a source of active compounds in different industrial applications (e.g. food industry).

Assessing the effect of different biodiesels on corrosion of nickel alloy

This investigation explores the corrosion behaviour of Ni alloy (UNS718), which is a potential material for storing biodiesel and making engine components. The study also examines the connection between Ni alloy corrosion and biodiesel degradation. Immersion tests were conducted using in-house biodiesels to evaluate the corrosion rates of Used Cooking Oil (UCOB), Karanja oil (KOB), and Jatropha oil (JOB) biodiesels on Ni alloy (UNS718). The results highlighted the role of corrosion product morphology and the formation of corrosion-driven pitting, cracks, etc., on Ni alloy when exposed to different biodiesels such as KOB, JOB, and UCOB. The study utilized gravimetric techniques to measure the corrosion rate and advanced analytical tools such as FESEM, EDS, XPS, NMR and XRF. It revealed decreased corrosion rates of Ni alloys with prolonged biodiesel immersion. For example, after 2160 h, Jatropha biodiesel exhibited a corrosion rate of 0.000699 mm/year, while the corrosion rates of Ni alloy exposed to UCOB and KOB were 0.001398 mm/year and 0.001048 mm/year, respectively. The study also suggests a detailed mechanism of Ni alloy corrosion when exposed to different biodiesels such as Karanja, Jatropha, and Used Cooking Oil.

Using Ketapang Seed Oil Biodiesel as an Environmentally Friendly Renewable Alternative Energy to Improve Diesel Motor Performance

Using Ketapang Seed Oil Biodiesel as an Environmentally Friendly Renewable Alternative Energy to Improve Diesel Motor Performance

Influence of Solid Alkaline Photocatalysts Irradiated with UV Light on Fuel Properties of Palm Oil Biodiesel.

TiO2 nanoparticles are full of porosity that can be impregnated with a strong alkaline catalyst CH3ONa to form a TiO2/CH3ONa catalyst. TiO2 of the anatase phase, which is a semiconductor material, has been a prominent photocatalyst due to its excited photocatalyst activity, chemical and biological stability, and nontoxicity. The CH3ONa compound has been widely used as a catalyst for transesterification. Although the synthesized photocatalyst TiO2 powder with CH3ONa is anticipated to greatly enhance the transesterification efficiency, leading to improving biodiesel properties, relevant studies have not been found. After the photocatalyst was prepared, a reactant mixture of palm oil, methanol, and heterogeneous catalyst TiO2/CH3ONa was illuminated by ultraviolet (UV) light from light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. The experimental results revealed that the formation of fatty acid methyl esters was significantly increased to 98.4% with ultraviolet-light illumination for the molar ratio of methanol/palm oil equal to 6 and 3 wt % catalyst addition. The decrease of the catalyst amount to 2 wt % resulted in a slight decrease of the fatty acid methyl esters to 97.06 wt %. The lowest kinematic viscosity and acid value and the highest distillation temperature, heating value, and cetane index were observed under the above reaction conditions. The distillation temperature and cetane index were increased while the acid value was decreased under ultraviolet illumination on the reactant mixture. Consequently, the optimum preparing conditions for biodiesel production were 6 and 3 wt % for the molar ratio of methanol/palm oil and catalyst addition under UV-light irradiation.

Applied AMT machine learning and multi-objective optimization for enhanced performance and reduced environmental impact of sunflower oil biodiesel in compression ignition engine

Biodiesel has emerged as a compelling substitute for conventional diesel fuel, providing a sustainable and eco-friendly choice for fueling compression ignition engines. This comprehensive study investigates the influence of biodiesel, specifically derived from sunflower oil, through the esterification method, on crucial engine performance parameters and environmental effects. The study examines the impact of varying engine torque on the performance of a single-cylinder, four-stroke compression ignition engine, encompassing parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), as well as exhaust emissions, including unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Four distinct biodiesel blends (B10, B20, B30, B40) with varying sunflower oil content are systematically compared to pure diesel (B0). The engine operates at a consistent speed of 1700 rpm, while the torque undergoes controlled adjustments from 0 to 10 Nm. Subsequently, this study explores the application of an alternating model tree (AMT) machine learning algorithm to establish relationships between independent factors, specifically torque and biodiesel volume (%vol), and dependent variables, including BTE, BSFC, CO, and NOx in a combustion engine. Additionally, the study employs a multi-objective ameliorative whale optimization algorithm (AWOA) to optimize the model's output. The objective is to identify optimal values for torque and%vol that maximize engine performance (BTE) while minimizing engine emissions (CO and NOx) and reducing fuel consumption (BSFC). The optimization process yields noteworthy results, with AWOA achieving peak BTE at 29.714 %, BSFC at 0.262 kg.kWh-1, and NOx emissions at 992 ppm at torque 7.3 N.m and 13% vol. In contrast, particle swarm optimization (PSO) secured the minimum CO level at 0.123 %, with torque set at 7.6 N.m and 26% vol. The AMT models demonstrate high prediction accuracy, with coefficient of determination (R2) values exceeding 0.98.

Assessment of performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using tyre pyrolysis oil and biodiesel blends by nano additives: An experimental study

In the current study, the diesel engine performance, emission, and combustion have been investigated using tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) and biodiesel blended with nano-additives. The effect of the blending ratio on fuel combustion and emission was evaluated. The tyre pyrolysis oil was derived from scrap tyres through the pyrolysis process and biodiesel was synthesized from used cooking oil (UCO) through the transesterification process. Moringa oleifera-derived strontium oxide (SrO) nanoparticles were mixed into the fuel to provide extra oxygen for better combustion. Three blended fuels were formulated as: a) 5 % biodiesel and 95 % TPO containing 50 ppm SrO nanoparticles (B5TPO95SrO50), b) 10 % biodiesel and 90 % TPO containing 100 ppm SrO nanoparticles (B10TPO90SrO100), c) 50 % TPO and 50 % biodiesel without nano-additives (B50TPO50). Among the blended fuels, B10TPO90SrO100 showed the best brake thermal efficiency at 31.4 % and a brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.21 kg/kWh at full load. The B5TPO95SrO50 blended fuel showed reduced emission parameters such as unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) by 2.05 %, 8.30 %, and 18.00 %, respectively, as compared to the conventional diesel engine at an optimum engine load (27.9 Nm). Hence, waste tyre oil and UCO biodiesel blended with biogenic SrO nano additive can be considered a promising fuel for a sustainable environment.

Jatropha Oil Biodiesel: Production Process, Fuel Characterization and Engine Efficiency Evaluation

Jatropha Oil Biodiesel: Production Process, Fuel Characterization and Engine Efficiency Evaluation