Yield Oil Production Research Articles

Influence of Chemical, Organic and Biological Fertilizers of Yield and Volatile Oil Production of Anise (Pimpinella anisum, L.) Plant

In order to determine the influence of different fertilizers types (chemical, organic and bio fertilization) on anise yield components, volatile oil production and NPK percentages two field experiments were done at a Private Farm named Royale for herbs in El-bawiti Village, El Wahat El Bharia District, Giza Governorate, Egypt through 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 winter seasons. The efficiency of organic fertilization (humic acid and compost) and biological fertilization (nitrobein or/and phosphorein) were compared with standard, commercial rates of N, P and K as chemical fertilizers concern the productivity of anise plant. The obtained results referred to that, the chemical fertilizers rate (N, P2O5 and K2O at 100, 75 and 50 kg/feddan, respectively) produced the highest yield components values (number of umbels and umblets per plant as well as fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per feddan) compared to the other ones under study, in most cases. Also, fertilized anise plants with the chemical fertilizers rate of N, P2O5 and K2O at 120, 100 and 60 kg/feddan, respectively gave the highest values regard N, P and K percentages in fruits compared to the other fertilizers type under study. In the same time, anise plants treated with 20 m3 compost + 2 kg phosphorein + 2 kg nitrobein and chemical fertilization (N100 P75 K50) produced the highest values in volatile oil yield production (volatile oil yield per plant and per feddan) compared to the others types of fertilizers under study in 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Moisture and Oil Content Prediction in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Fruitlets

The global palm oil industry is targeting an increased oil extraction rate in oil palm milling to meet global demand. This can be achieved through the certification of mills and adherence to bunch grading as part of ensuring that only high-quality and ripe fresh fruit bunches are accepted and processed at all mills. However, the current grading process requires the analysis of oil palm bunches, which is laborious and tedious or prone to error due to human subjectivity. This paper introduces a non-destructive technique to predict the moisture and oil content in oil palm fruitlets using electrical impedance spectroscopy. In total, 90 samples of oil palm fruitlets at different stages of ripeness were acquired. Electrical impedance measurement of each fruitlet was done using electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes connected to an LCR meter at frequencies of 1 kHz, 10 kHz, 20 kHz, and 100 kHz. The actual oil content in the fruitlets was determined using the Soxhlet extraction method, while the actual moisture content was determined using a standard oven-drying method. The variation of electrical impedance values at each frequency was analyzed. At 100 kHz, the correlation coefficients relating the electrical impedance to the moisture and oil content were around -0.84 and 0.80, respectively. Predictions of the moisture and oil content using linear regression of the impedance measurements at 100 kHz gave RMSE values of 5.85% and 5.71%, respectively. This information is useful for oil palm fruit grading and oil yield production estimation in the palm oil industry.

Influence of Drought Stress on Growth and Essential Oil Yield of Ocimum Species

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of drought stress on growth and secondary compound accumulation of Ocimum species, in a semi-controlled greenhouse during the year 2020. The experiment was performed as a factorial that was based on a randomized complete design with three species of basil namely O. basilicum ‘Genovese’, O. x africanum, and O. americanum, and three levels of water supply (70, 50, and 30% soil water capacity-SWC) that were replicated twice. The results revealed that severe drought conditions (30% SWC) significantly lowered the relative water content and, as a consequence, plants were shorter, narrower in the canopy, and produced smaller leaves which, in turn, resulted in a 50% fresh and dry herb yield loss. Furthermore, severe drought stress negatively affected the essential oil content (except O. x africanum where no change was seen), essential oil yield, and the antioxidant capacity. However, slight enhancements of glandular hair density were observed in the drought treatment than in the control. Regardless of the soil water capacity variation, the major compound of the essential oil and total polyphenol content remained unchanged. Besides drought, morphological and chemical variations were also detected among the Ocimum species. Sweet basil cultivar Genovese produced the maximum biomass (344.7 g/plant) whereas O. x africanum accumulated higher essential oil (2.79%). The major compounds that were identified were linalool in O. basilicum; 1, 8-cineole, and camphor in O. x africanum; and O. americanum had more neral and geranial. In conclusion, a higher water supply is recommended for higher biomass and essential oil yield production in the tested basil species.

Transcriptome Analysis of Light-Regulated Monoterpenes Biosynthesis in Leaves of Mentha canadensis L.

Light is a key environmental aspect that regulates secondary metabolic synthesis. The essential oil produced in mint (Mentha canadensis L.) leaves is used widely in the aromatics industry and in medicine. Under low-light treatment, significant reductions in peltate glandular trichome densities were observed. GC-MS analysis showed dramatically reduced essential oil and menthol contents. Light affected the peltate glandular trichomes’ development and essential oil yield production. However, the underlying mechanisms of this regulation were elusive. To identify the critical genes during light-regulated changes in oil content, following a 24 h darkness treatment and a 24 h recovery light treatment, leaves were collected for transcriptome analysis. A total of 95,579 unigenes were obtained, with an average length of 754 bp. About 56.58% of the unigenes were annotated using four public protein databases: 10,977 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be involved in the light signaling pathway and monoterpene synthesis pathway. Most of the TPs showed a similar expression pattern: downregulation after darkness treatment and upregulation after the return of light. In addition, the genes involved in the light signal transduction pathway were analyzed. A series of responsive transcription factors (TFs) were identified and could be used in metabolic engineering as an effective strategy for increasing essential oil yields.

Identification of Rhizospheric Microorganisms That Manages Root Knot Nematode and Improve Oil Yield in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), a highly valuable medicinal crop, is extremely susceptible to Meloidogyne incognita infestation, leading to severe losses in yield and chemo-pharmaceutical quality. Currently, chemical nematicides are the only effective option for the disease management. However, high toxicity to non-target organisms and adverse impact on soil health motivated the look for ecofriendly alternatives. Here, bioinoculants (Bacillus megatarium (“BM”), B. subtilis (“BS”)) were isolated from the rhizosphere of various medicinal and aromatic plants growing in Lucknow region, India. Their biocontrol effects were studied in O. basilicum plants that were invaded by M. incognita either in single or in consortium with Trichoderma harzianum (“TH”) and their efficiency compared to chemical nematicide (carbofuran) and a microbial reference strain (Pseudomonas fluorescens). The results show that all bioinoculants enhanced the growth and oil yield production and increased the nutrient content of O. basilicum by significantly reducing M. incognita infestation by 46 to 72%. Among the strains, a consortium of BM and TH was the most potent treatment. The efficiency of these bioinoculants was not restricted to sterile soil condition but remained high also in natural soil conditions, indicating that enriching soils with rhizospheric microbes can be an effective alternative to chemical nematicides.

Potential Assessment Multi-Repeating Abiotic/Biotic Motivation Coincide Biofertilizers to Optimize Black Cumin (<i>Nigella sativa</i> L.) Seed Yield Production and Quality

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) the highly aggregate valuable medicinal plant was field cultivated for two subsequent seasons (2018, 2019) designed as factorial split plot based on randomized complete block with 3 replications. The main factors 4 elicitors: salicylic acid, (SA) Nano-selenium (NPs), yeast (YS) chitosan (CH) and (E0), control. Whereas, the sub-main plot 4 biofertilizers, dray Moringa leaves extract, (MLE), neem dray leaves extract (NME), humic acid (HA) and traditional (NPK) chemical fertilizer as control. Allied statistical analysis of variance revealed that biotic and abiotic elicitors coincide biofertilizer and NPK chemical fertilizer actuated significant positive impacts, dray seed, seed fixed oil, seed essential oil yield production. Also, significantly amelioration bioactive major fatty acids content of seed fixed oil (linolenic > carvone) dihydrolenoleic > oleic) as well as major terpens content of seed essential oil (P-cymene > thnymoquione > Penine). Consequently, multi-repeating elicitation cod be considered reliable strategy achieve sustainable development for N-sativa under, biotic elicitor coincide biofertilizers that excel abiotic elicitors coincide biofertilizer which excel biotic or abiotic elicitors coincide NPK traditional chemical fertilizer.

Effect of Planting Date and Nitrogen Application Level on Production Yield and Oil Content in Dill Plant

A complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted at two consecutive growing seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) to evaluate the influence of planting date and nitrogen application level on growth parameters and oil yield production of dill plant. Experimental factors included three planting dates (15th of October, 15th of November and 15th of December) and five levels of nitrogen fertilizer (i.e urea) application (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/hectare). Both studied factors significantly influenced growth parameters (plant height, number of branches per plant, number of umbrellas per plant, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index) and oil yield and oil percentage The results indicated that early planting date (1st of October) has a positive influence on all studied parameters in this study. Furthermore, this study showed that addition of nitrogen fertilizers significantly improved all studied parameters. Comparing the influence of the two studied factors, it seems that planting date when compared to nitrogen fertilizer application has more pronounced influence on all studied production parameters of dill plant.

English

The experiment was carried out to access the inter relationship of genotypes in their oil yield with seed yield, oil content and other yield components  and to determine cluster of white seeded sesame genotypes  and environments based on their oil yield. Seventeen sesame genotypes were tested at six environments in northern Ethiopia during 2015 main season. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD) with three replications across all the environments. Seed yield had a significant and positive correlation (P≤0.01) with number of branches (r = 0.414) and number of capsules (r =0.468). Positive correlation seed yield with number of capsules and number of capsules indicated that better yield can obtain from highly branched plants and high number of capsules because the number of capsules increases with the degree of branching. Seed yield was negative significant correlated with days to maturity (r =-0.500) and flowering time (r = -0.626), significant at (p≤0.05) and (p≤0.01), respectively. The negative association between seed yield and days to flowering and maturity indicated that moisture stress after flowering might have caused relatively a yield reduction in the late maturing genotypes. Whereas, the early flowering and early maturing genotypes can escape the moister stress conditions. Based on the cluster analysis of 17 white seeded sesame genotypes classified in to different four distinct clusters. Cluster II, III and IV had high mean yield, oil content and oil yield than the other clusters. Genotypes grouped in those clusters had also greater genetic divergence important for farther yield, oil yield and oil content improvement program breeding in northern Ethiopia. Sesame growing environments also clustered in to four groups. Environments grouped in Cluster I, II and IV had high seed yield, oil content and oil yield. Hence, environments grouped in those clusters are important for seed yield, oil content and oil yield production improvement program in the study areas.   Key words: Cluster analysis, correlation, dendrogram.

The effect of the sowing time on the yield and oil content of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) in different crop protection models

The field research was carried out at the experimental farm of the University of Debrecen at Látókép on calcareous chernozem soil in Hungary. We examined the effects of the sowing time and the fungicide treatment on the yield, oil yield and oil content of two different genotypes of sunflower hybrids (NK Ferti, PR64H42) in 2012 and 2013. We applied three different sowing times (early, average, late) and two different treatment levels of fungicides (control =no fungicides applied, double fungicide protection).
 During our research, we received better results in 2013 than in 2012. The application of different planting times affected the yield and oil yield production and the oil content as well. The optimal circumstances for yield and oil yield production were provided by late planting in 2012, while by average planting time in 2013. The highest oil yield results were reached by late plating in both years (except for hybrid PR64H42 in the double treated parcels where average plating time turned out to be more effective). The correlation between the plating time, the yield and oil yield production and the oil content was strong in 2012 (r=0.600**, r=0.639**, r=0.590**). On the other side, in 2013, the correlation was medium between the planting time, the yield production and the oil content.
 We applied Pearson’s correlation to analyze the effect of the double fungicide treatment on the yield and oil yield production (2012: r=0.498**, r=0.407**). These results were better in 2013 (r=0.603**, r=0.623**), besides, the double fungicide treatment also increased the oil content (r=0.315**).

Oil Content and Composition of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes as Affected by Irrigation Regimes

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of sesame seed oil determines its commercial value, and drought stress and genotype may affect both the quality and quantity of oil that is extractable by sesame seed processors. Therefore, this experiment was conducted in a field located in Isfahan, Iran, to determine the effect of three irrigation regimes [55 % (I1, as control), 75 % (I2) and 85 % (I3) of depletion of soil available water] on the oil content and composition of ten sesame genotypes (Isfahan4, Shahreza, Borazjan, Ahvaz, Kal, Shiraz, Markazi, Ardestan, Ultan and Isfahan1). Seed oil content and palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic and oleic acid contents were determined during 2010–2012. Shahreza under I1, Shahreza and Ardestan under I2 and Isfanahan4 under I3 irrigation regimes produced the highest oil content, while Kal under I1 and I2 and Isfahan4 under I3 irrigation regimes produced the highest oil yield. Ultan had the lowest palmitic acid content under all three irrigation regimes, while Isfahan4 had the highest reduction in palmitic acid content under I2 and I3. Borazjan produced the lowest stearic and highest linoleic acid contents under the I1, I2 and I3 irrigation regimes. Kal, Kal and Ardestan, and Ardestan and Isfahan1 produced the highest oleic acid under I1, I2 and I3, respectively. Shahreza under I1 and I2 and Isfahan4 under I3 had the highest linolenic acid content. The results showed that the sesame oil content and composition were genotype‐drought level specific, and based on oil yield production and percent reduction in saturated and increase in unsaturated fatty acid contents, Isfahan4 was the most drought‐tolerant genotype.

Effect of Growing Locations on the Essential Oil Content and Compositions of Lemon Verbena Shrubs under the Conditions of Egypt

The essential oil of lemon verbena Lippia citriodora L. leaves (family Verbenaceae) was evaluated as a new source of essential oil under Egyptian conditions. The leaves of Lippia citriodora, shrubs growing in the Delta Nile and Upper region of Egypt were collected monthly (during a 5-month interval) in order to follow plant development and essential oil composition. The conditions of Delta Nile (Qalyupia) location were favorable in comparison to Upper Egypt (Giza) location since, the high values of plant height, number of branches / plant, leaf area and fresh and dry yield of leaves and twigs were recorded for Qalyupia plants compared with Giza location. At the same time Plants at Qalyupia location produced the heaviest fresh weight of leaves and twigs compared with Giza location. The data indicated that, there was gradual marked decrease in the oil percentage with the increase growth rate of leaves and twigs. Also comparing the results at the top oil yield production in two locations, the plants of Qalyupia location gave the highest yield of oil compared with Giza location. Studies on the chemical compositions of the essential oil of Lemon verbena have been undertaken. The essential oils extracted from leaves and twigs were estimated during the growing season by means of GC, GC-MS. Twenty five compounds were identified in the oil of two locations, they represent approximately 79.0 % and 81.2 % for Giza and Qalyupia oil respectively. The main components of essential oil were Limonene (16.4 % and 15.4 %), Citral ( 15.0% and 13.0 %), Neral (11.3% and 10.3%) and 1,8-Cineole (7.5 % and 9.6%) produced under Nile Delta and Upper Egypt respectively. On the other hand, the changes in the essential oil content (quantity and composition) varied, according to corresponding environmental and growth factors, periodic increase and decrease in their concentrations was observed. The total main constituent percentage varied from 37.8 % in July harvest to 47.6 % in October harvest under Qalyupia location. The lowest value of the total main constituents was found with August harvest under Giza locations (36.8 %)

Phenological, yield, essential oil yield and oil content of cumin accessions as affected by irrigation regimes

Cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.) is cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions where drought is a common problem, thus developing irrigation programs to minimize yield and quality reduction in this area is needed. Therefore, plant height, yield components (number of branches/plant, number of umbels/plant, number of umbellets/plant, seed numbers/umble and1000 seed weight), seed and essential oil yields, aerial parts essential oil content and seed oil content of four cumin accession were determined under 70, 150 and 200mm irrigation regime based on evaporation of class A pan during 2011and 2012 in Isfahan, Iran. Seed and essential oil yields, number of irrigation per year and seed oil yield decreased, while annual water used and irrigation water use efficiency increased as drought level increased. Aerial essential oil content was not affected by severe but increased under moderate drought stresses. However, there was interaction between irrigation regime and accession and based on 40% or less reduction in seed yield, Isfahan and Khour could be cultivated under 70–200mm, while Nishapur and Yazd could be planted under 70–150mm irrigation regimes. Furthermore, based on 30% or less reduction in essential oil yield, Isfahan, Khour and Nishapur could be planted under 70–200mm while Yazd could be planted under 70mm irrigation regimes for essential oil yield production. Whereas, for both seed and essential oil yields production, Yazd under 70mm, Isfahan under 150 and Khour under 200mm irrigation regimes were the most productive accessions, thus recommended for cultivation under these conditions. The results suggested that cumin is a drought tolerant species, but its water requirement depends on genotypes and purpose of cultivation.

EFFECT OF SEAWEED EXTRACTS AS FOLIAR SPRAY ON SUNFLOWER YIELD AND OIL CONTENT

A field experiment was conducted, June 2009 to study the effects of foliar applications of different concentrations of seaweed extract of Ulva lactuca (Ulvaceae)and Gracilaria dendroides (Gracilariaceae) on nutrient uptake, growth and yield of sunflower plant. There were five treatment control and two concentration 0.4 and 0.6 % w/v from each algal extract, this treatment applied at 3 times; first one at the seedling stage (20 days after sowing), the second at the flowering stage (40 days after sowing), while the third one before yield stage (70 days after sowing). Application of algal extract significantly increase fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids rather than the control, especially with 0.6% extract of G. dendroides. At harvest stage, application of seaweed significantly increase both root and shoot fresh and dry weight, plant height, head diameter, seed index (weight of 1000 seed), seed yield as compared to control. Also, the highest growth parameters were observed in plant treated by 0.6% extract of G. dendroides, except plant height. Highest oil content was observed at 0.6 % G. dendroides extract, followed with 0.6% U. lactuca extract application (34.05 and 30.55%, respectively). The application of extract of 0.4 % and 0.6 % for both studied algae significantly increased seed yield of sunflower by 20.94, 40.31, 30.29 and 28.73%, respectively, compared to control. Improved nutrient uptake (Na and K) was also observed with seaweed extract applications. Thus, foliar applications of seaweed extracts could be a promising option for yield enhancement and high oil yield production of sunflower plant.

EFFECT OF SALINITY AND COMPOST LEVELS ON GROWTH, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND OIL PRODUCTION OF ROSEMARY (Rosemarinus of ficinalis L.) PLANT

The pot experiment was conducted during2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department at Dokky, Giza, Egypt, to investigate the effect of saline soil at the levels of (0, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm) and compost fertilization at the rates of 0, 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ pot (0, 5 and 10.0 ton/ fad.) on vegetative growth, chemical composition and oil yield production of rosemary plant. The results showed that increasing salinity levels reduced all vegetative growth, chemical composition and oil production, but application of compost reduced the harmful effects of saline and improvement the growth by increasing compost level.