Oil Vapor Research Articles

The effect of industrial factors on health of crew members of bulk-oil fleet

The negative effect of oil vapors and oil products on health of crew of tanker fleet is a large-scale problem of shipping since safety of life and health of seamen is declared as essential value in implementation of production activity. The inert gases emitted during handling and transportation of oil products, in view of their toxicity, may result not only in acute intoxication but also in development of chronic diseases when inhaling harmful substances in moderate concentrations. The article considers main professional industrial factors that affect crew members of bulk-oil fleet, symptomatology of intoxication and initial care of crew members, application of personal cover when working with this type of cargo. The special attention is paid to chronic diseases developing against the background of negative effect of oil products on health of seamen. The recommendations of prevention and timely detection of their development are proposed.

Essential oil vapor phase approach for antimicrobial evaluation using Hesperozygis myrtoides (A. St.-Hill. ex Benth.) Epling (Lamiaceae) as a model.

The demand for less hazardous and environmentally friendly surface disinfectants is growing and essential oils may be efficient alternatives. Vapor phase assay is a promising technique which explore the volatility of essential oils for determining the antimicrobial activity. In this study, we modified the conditions of the inverted Petri dish technique to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). As a proof of concept, the antimicrobial activity of Hesperozygis myrtoides essential oil (HM) was studied for the first time in the vapor phase. According to the established protocol the oil volatilization dynamics was used to determine the major compounds in the vapor phase. After 270 min, the relative percentage was like that observed in the crude oil analysis. The HM was also evaluated for safety (IC50=921.2 µg ml-1), being considered safe in case of acute oral exposure. The oil vapors completely inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC=0.39 mg l-1), Candida albicans (MIC=0.83 mg l-1), Aspergillus brasiliensis (MIC=378 mg l-1) and Bacillus subtilis (MIC=704.8 mg l-1). This protocol offers an economical and efficient alternative for antimicrobial activity and safety determination of essential oils, can be used for the evaluation of several applications of essential oils, as disinfectant agent in inhabited environments.

Rapid Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Production and Shelf-Life Extension of Cooked Germinated Rice Using Ultrasonically Activated Nano-Lime Oil Vapor

Rapid Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Production and Shelf-Life Extension of Cooked Germinated Rice Using Ultrasonically Activated Nano-Lime Oil Vapor

Robotic Process Automation for Commercial Proposal Preparation and Approval Process

OFSAC series machine is dependable, small, and easy to service, which means less time spent on it. When the presence of even a trace amount of oil vapour is intolerable at any point in the production process, oil-free air must be used. When the presence of even a trace amount of oil vapour is intolerable at any point in the production process, oil-free air must be used. If the client wants to know about a particular model detail, they can give their response in MS Form and then the flow is created. The correct flow response will be excluded in the Excel. When making product offers to clients and potential clients based on predetermined terms and circumstances, sales quote processing comes in handy. Existing customers, prospects, and potential buyers are given the opportunity to assess the costs of the items or services offered by the company through sales quotations. You can incorporate the products from an opportunity into your quote right from the start. Your company's sales staff may use SAP Cloud for Customer from any internet-connected desktop, laptop, or tablet to generate and manage quotes in real time. We can easily generate new quotes, duplicate current ones, or edit the ones we already have. Everything in the company database, including products and services, can be added or updated by the user. Together with your sales staff or other coworkers, the solution can establish approval workflows prior to presenting estimates to clients or potential clients. To improve the sales quotation process, the client administrator can set elements that impact quotes, such as party processing, document kinds, integration, and follow-up documents. Improving service and making it easy for customers to see the cost of air-cooled and water-cooled compressors are the major objectives. The customer can make use of the OFSAC template That generated in MS Excel.

Experimental study on falling film evaporation heat transfer outside a horizontal tube in refrigeration system

Experimental study on falling film evaporation heat transfer outside a horizontal tube in refrigeration system

VOC source apportionment: How monitoring characteristics influence positive matrix factorization (PMF) solutions

Positive matrix factorization (PMF) can be used to develop more targeted air quality mitigation strategies by identifying major sources of a pollutant in an area. This technique is dependent, however, on the ability of PMF to resolve factors that accurately represent all sources of that pollutant in an area. We investigated how the accuracy of PMF solutions might be influenced by monitoring data characteristics, such as temporal resolution, monitoring location, and species composition, to better inform the use of PMF in VOC mitigation strategies. We applied PMF to five VOC monitoring programs collected within a four-year period in Colorado and found generally consistent factors, which we identified as oil extraction, processing, and evaporation; natural gas; vehicle exhaust; and liquid gasoline/short-lived oil and gas. The main determinant influencing whether or not a dataset resolved each of these sources was whether the dataset had a comprehensive list of VOC species covering key species of each source. Pollution spikes were not well-modeled in any of the solutions. Hyperlocal and volatile chemical product factors expected to be resolved in the industrialized, urban location were also missing, highlighting three limitations of PMF analysis. Wind direction dependence and diurnal trends aided in source identification, suggesting that high-time resolution data is important for developing actionable PMF results. Based on these findings, we recommend that air monitoring for PMF-informed VOC mitigation efforts include high temporal resolution and a comprehensive array of VOC species.

Impact of petroleum expulsion and evaporation losses on shale oil assessment using pyrolysis techniques

Shale reservoirs contain petroleum that undergoes losses through oil expulsion and evaporation, with uncertain implications on shale oil reserves and mobility evaluation. This study focuses on understanding the influence of these losses on open‐system pyrolysis, the primary method for assessing shale oil content and mobility. Comprehensive analyses were performed on 26 lacustrine shale samples from the Chang7 Member, encompassing total organic carbon (TOC), programmed pyrolysis, solvent extraction, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The research examines the impact of petroleum losses on petroleum fractions, the oil saturation index (OSI), and multi‐step pyrolysis outcomes. The findings indicate that Chang7 shale with TOC content above 7% experiences more substantial petroleum losses than those with TOC below 7%. Petroleum losses result in significant fractional distillation of crude oil in the shale, leading to the deterioration of shale oil properties and a notable reduction in free oil content in S1, ultimately causing a decline in OSI values. As a result, Chang7 shale with TOC below 7% demonstrates a higher potential for shale oil recovery, whereas Chang7 shale with TOC exceeding 7% should be considered more significant as a hydrocarbon source rock. Moreover, multi‐step pyrolysis is not suitable for assessing petroleum mobility in shale with low free oil content (OSI values below 100 mg/g). This limitation arises from the loss of free low‐boiling components in Chang7 shale, and the currently detected low‐boiling pyrolysis products may predominantly exist in an adsorbed state.

A combinatorial approach of Monarda citriodora essential oil (MEO) and linalool vapors to control fruit rot of Citrus limon caused by a new pathogen, Aspergillus foetidus, and its underlying mode of action.

Citrus limon (lemon) is a widely cultivated citrus fruit. Significant postharvest losses due to fungi plague its production. Environmental and human health hazards have made the application of synthetic fungicides unsuitable. Despite the previous reports of antifungal activities of essential oil (EO) vapors, their synergistic combinations are understudied. Synergistic vapor combinations are advantageous due to less concentration of active components. This study aimed to isolate and identify postharvest fungal pathogens lemon and to evaluate the antifungal effects of synergistic Monarda citriodora EO (MEO)-constituent vapor combinations in vivo and in vitro. Postharvest fungal pathogens of lemon (C. limon) were isolated from various infected samples. The most pathogenic isolate was identified through morphology and its ITS-based rRNA gene sequencing as Aspergillus foetidus (O4). This is the first report of A. foetidus as a postharvest pathogen of lemon. The minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of MEO vapors treatment against O4 were 1346.15µL/L air. For carvacrol, hexanal, and linalool, MFC was same (96.16µL/L air). Checkerboard assays demonstrated that 1/4 MFC of MEO (336.54µL/L air) and 1/4 MFC of linalool (24.04µL/L air) (M+L) were synergistic against O4. M+L vapors reduced the O4 growth on lemons during storage by 64%±1.50% and preserved their quality (low weight loss %, unchanged pH, increased ascorbic acid content). Propidium iodide staining, ergosterol content analysis, calcofluor white staining and chitin content analysis revealed the integrity loss of the O4 plasma membrane and cell wall. 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining revealed accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis exposed the M+L treated mycelia with malformations. M+L vapors offer protection for lemons from A. foetidus and preserve their quality during storage.

Can lubricant oil promote undesired self-ignition of the charge in hydrogen engines?

Hydrogen utilization in internal combustion engines is deemed a viable solution for promoting a rapid transition towards a carbon-free mobility, especially for those hard-to-electrify applications. However, critical aspects still poorly understood remain and need to be investigated in order to accelerate the development of such a promising technology. Some of these might originate from the undesired but unavoidable participation of lubricant oil to the combustion process. The present work aims at ascertaining if the lubricant oil chemical characteristics can be at the basis of the onset of certain uncontrolled self-ignition modes of the charge. Considering a lubricant oil droplet suspended in a H2/air environment, an analytical model was developed to derive essential information about mixture composition and thermodynamic conditions that might establish where oil contamination occurs. The results were used to initialize zero-dimensional numerical simulations performed in the OpenSMOKE++ framework with the aim of highlighting charge reactivity variations induced by the presence of oil vapour in the vicinity of an oil droplet. A reduced chemical model, developed for this very purpose in a previous recent work, was employed in the simulations for emulating the reactivity properties of the H2/oil/air mixture.

The obstructive phenotype of chronic posttuberculosis disease - is there a role for the occupational exposure?

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) disease is treatable, but the postTB lung disease in previously treated patients is a reality which must not be ignored. A case report of a 52-year-old male patient, heavy smoker (50 pack-years), alcoholic, with occupational exposure to chemical hazards (such as gaz oil vapors, distillate fuels and industrial solvents), physical hazards (thermal extremes, noise, vibration, UV radiation), ergonomic hazards (manual handling activities); and psychosocial hazards (e.g. overload, isoloation from family and friends), was delayed diagnosed with severe extensive cavitary pulmonary TB disease in 1999, treated till 2001. The assessment of lung function was neglected before or after antiTB therapy ended, so COPD was ignored till 2009, when the patient was admitted in a Pneumology Hospital. Other long term postTB disorders, as left fibrothorax, bronchiectasis, cavitary open healling syndrome, were also identified. Chronic postTB lung disease (PTLD), centered on COPD, had unfavorable progressive evolution till September 2022, when premature death occured. In conclusion, the obstructive phenotype of PTLD was delayed diagnosed and had multiple risk factors as tobacco smoking, occupational exposure and severe TB disease itself. A protocol for monitoring obstructive lung disorders among workers in oil industry, especially those diagnosed with TB disease, should be properly adapted through a collaborative approach between the occupational and the chest physician.

Prolonging broccoli shelf life through controlled release of plai essential oil using palm wood sachet as a novel absorbent material with reusable properties.

Palm wood powder derived from palm wood waste was utilized as a novel absorbent material. The investigation involved exploring its pore structure and size to achieve the controlled release of bioactive compounds from plai oil, providing protection against pathogenic bacteria and thereby extending the shelf life of broccoli. The palm wood sachet was prepared before being placed into the broccoli bag. The process to create the sachet involved freezing the palm wood at -10°C and then drying it at a temperature of 200°C. After drying, the material was ground to achieve a particle size of 20 mesh and then packaged into sachets made from wood pulp. The optimized palm wood plai oil sachet (PWPS), measuring 5×7cm, with a thickness of 0.58µm, was produced by soaking 2g of palm powder in plai oil at a concentration of 30µL/mL before drying and packing it inside a 5-L polyethylene plastic bag (24×34cm) along with broccoli (150g). The packages were kept at 4°C for 20days to determine the antimicrobial activity of the PWPS and broccoli quality. PWPS significantly inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes in broccoli for at least 20days. The sachet demonstrated complete inhibition of all bacteria when reused at least two times and an 80% reduction in efficacy after three uses. Moreover, the PWPS controlled the growth of total aerobic bacteria and yeast and mold in broccoli, meeting microbiological criteria for up to 14days. Broccoli stored with PWPS showed good quality results and contained high antioxidant value. These results demonstrate the potential application of PWPS in controlling food pathogens and spoilage microbes during storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study introduces a novel absorbent material made from palm wood powder, addressing the need for utilizing abundant waste palm wood in the food industry. The material benefits the safe transportation of vegetables from farms to markets. Its porous structure allows efficient absorption of plai oil emulsion, ensuring pathogen-free and high-quality treated broccoli. The reusable sachets benefit farmers seeking to extend the shelf life of fresh produce. This cost-effective method utilizes plai oil vapor, making it suitable for large-scale production.

Methane Huff-n-Puff in Eagle Ford Shale – An Experimental and Modelling Study

Injection pressure, soaking duration, and depletion strategy are crucial operational parameters for a successful gas Huff-n-Puff (HnP) pilot. There is limited experimental data on efficiency of natural gas (C1) HnP, particularly in the Eagle Ford Formation. This study aims to optimize this technique using an organic shale sample from this formation. We use a state-of-the-art visualization cell for real-time monitoring of gas-oil interactions under 1) bulk-phase and 2) core HnP conditions to investigate synergy between these two experiments. We consider two injection pressures of 22.55 and 36 MPa with soaking durations of 200 and 480 h to assess their impact on gas diffusion in oil. We develop a mathematical scaling technique that incorporates HnP field data to select appropriate depletion strategies for lab-scale experiments. We adopt a hybrid depletion strategy consisting of fast and slow depletions. We estimate bulk-phase and apparent diffusion coefficients of C1 in oil and quantify the tortuosity of the shale sample. Compositional analysis reveals key oil-recovery mechanisms, including solution-gas drive, oil swelling, and oil vaporization. Longer soaking intervals result in more gas diffusion into the core under both pressure conditions, with higher injection pressure leading to more diffused gas. Bulk-phase and apparent diffusion coefficients are on the order of 10-8 and 10-10 m2/s, respectively, with an average tortuosity of 1.66. Both coefficients decrease by increasing pressure due to suppressed gas mobility. Compositional data reveals the extraction of C5 to C9 oil components through the oil vaporization mechanism, with minimal pressure impact on the composition of extracted oil. Following a single-cycle C1 HnP, ultimate oil recovery factors range from 27.9 to 46.1 % of the initial oil-in-place, with recovery increasing with higher pressure and longer soaking durations.

Experimental and numerical investigation of cooling effectiveness of nano minimum quantity lubrication

The literature on nano-minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) machining suggests that its effectiveness is due to the increased thermal conductivity of the base oil and the reduced friction at the cutting interface due to the rolling effect of the nanoparticles. However, the relative contribution of the increased nanofluid thermal conductivity and nanofluid lubricity on the performance of NMQL has not been investigated. This study presents an experimental and a numerical investigation of NMQL cooling effectiveness and compares it with that of pure minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). A lumped system analysis was carried out on a flat Inconel workpiece with different heat inputs. Two different heat sources, an aluminum electric resistor and a propane torch, were used for three different cooling strategies: dry, MQL and NMQL. A propane torch was used to replicate the machining operational conditions involving vaporization of the base oil. The experimental results showed minimal improvements in the cooling effectiveness and the heat transfer coefficient of NMQL cooling when compared to MQL. There was less than a 1 % reduction in the surface temperature of the workpiece when using NMQL cooling compared to that of MQL. Additionally, the increase in the heat transfer coefficient for a flow rate of 22 ml/h was 1.07 %, while an increase of 1 % was observed at a flow rate of 44 ml/h. The experimental results suggest that the benefits of nano minimum quantity lubrication observed in the literature could be mostly associated with the lubrication benefits of the nanoparticles. This conclusion was derived from the experimental comparisons of the cooling effectiveness of NMQL over MQL, which yielded only minor improvements. Additionally, this paper presents a novel multiphase numerical model for NMQL. This model considered nanoparticles as distinct discrete particles along with the oil droplets, and it captured the flow conditions, average surface temperatures, and average heat transfer coefficient. This CFD model estimated the surface temperatures with errors below 10 %, while the heat transfer coefficient values had an average error of 12.05 %. This is the first attempt in the open literature to model a nano minimum quantity lubrication and cooling strategy using a two-phase approach.

Multiphase Multicomponent Transport Modeling of Cyclic Solvent Injection in Shale Reservoirs

Summary A thorough understanding of fluid transport in ultratight shale reservoirs is crucial for designing and optimizing cyclic solvent injection processes, known as huff ’n’ puff (HnP). We develop a two-phase multicomponent numerical model to investigate hydrocarbon and solvent transport and species mixing during HnP. Unlike the conventional modeling approaches that rely on bulk fluid (advective) transport frameworks, the proposed model considers species transport within nanopores. The chemical potential gradient is considered the driving force for the movement of nonideal fluid mixtures. A binary friction concept is adopted that considers friction between different fluid molecules and between fluid molecules and pore walls. After validating the developed model against analytical solutions and experimental data, the model examines solvent HnP enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanisms by considering four-component oil and Eagle Ford crude oil systems. The impacts of injection pressure, primary production duration, soaking time, and solvent type on the oil recovery are examined. The results reveal that the formation of a solvent-oil mixing zone during the huff period and oil swelling and vaporization of oil components during the puff period are key mechanisms for enhancing oil recovery. Furthermore, the incremental recovery factor (RF) increases with injection pressure, even when the injection pressure exceeds the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), implying that MMP may not play a critical role in the design of HnP in ultratight reservoirs. The results suggest that injecting solvents after a sufficient primary production period is more effective, allowing reservoir pressure depletion. Injecting the solvent without enough primary production may result in significant production of the injected solvent. The results show that the solvent-oil mixing zone expands, and the solvent recycling ratio decreases as soaking time increases. However, short soaking periods with higher HnP cycles are recommended for improving oil recovery at a given time frame. Finally, CO2 HnP outperforms CH4 or N2 HnP due to the higher ability of CO2 to extract a larger amount of intermediate and heavy components into the vapor phase, which has higher transmissibilities as compared with the liquid phase.

The antifungal mechanism of Monarda citriodora essential oil, hexanal and their combined vapours on Aspergillus foetidus

BackgroundThe increased reliance on synthetic fungicides for managing postharvest pathogens resulted in the rise of fungicide-resistant pathogen strains. Previous studies have reported essential oils (EOs) as a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides. However, higher concentrations are required for their practical application, which can alter the taste profile of the stored produce. Synergistic combinations of EO volatiles can reduce the active concentrations, thereby mitigating undesirable taste profile changes. However, very few studies have emphasised the changes in the mode of action of EO volatiles when applied as a synergistic combination. This study aimed to decipher the mode of action of Monarda citriodora essential oil (MEO) and hexanal vapour combination (M + H) against the newly identified postharvest pathogen of apple Aspergillus foetidus. ResultsThe M + H vapour treatment synergistically inhibited the spore germination of A. foetidus at the concentration of 144.23 μL L−1 air (MEO) and 96.15 μL L−1 air (hexanal). Propidium Iodide staining and ergosterol content analysis revealed that vapours compromised the plasma membrane integrity. Hence, there was an extracellular leakage of cytoplasmic components, reduced extracellular pH and increased conductivity. Furthermore, calcofluor white staining showed reduced fluorescence intensity, indicating a compromised cell wall. Reduced chitin content in the cell walls of vapour treated mycelia authenticated the results. 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) staining revealed the generation and accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) within the vapour treated mycelia. ConclusionThe accumulated ROS interferes with ergosterol and chitin synthesis leading to the collapse of the plasma membrane and cell wall; consequently, extracellular leakage occurs.

Control of Ceratocystis paradoxa causing point-end rot disease on salak fruit with clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) oil vapour in vitro

Salak is an indigenous Indonesian fruit susceptible to point-end rot disease. Disease control during storage is crucial to maintain the quality of the fruit until it reaches consumers. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil vapour in controlling the causal agent of point-end rot on salak. Morphological identification of pathogenic fungi causing point-rot disease was carried out by observing macroscopic and microscopic morphology using a 40x magnification microscope. Genomic DNA amplification of isolates was using Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers 1 and 4. The assay with vapour exposure was using three concentrations (4, 8, and 12 µl) of cinnamon and clove oil, respectively and without essential oil, with four replicates and 3 Petri dishes as treatment units. The parameter was percent of mycelial growth, diameter of colony and fungal viability. The result showed that based on morphological and molecular characterization of the SB1 sample, the pathogen could be classified as C. paradoxa. Clove and cinnamon oil vapours with concentrations ranging from 4 µl can inhibit the growth of C. paradoxa fungi in vitro. The lowest fungal viability was when exposed to clove and cinnamon essential oils with 12 µl and 8 µl, respectively.

Simulation analysis of oil droplet-catalyst collision, heat transfer and vaporization in residue fluidized catalytic cracking

Simulation analysis of oil droplet-catalyst collision, heat transfer and vaporization in residue fluidized catalytic cracking

Essential Oil Vapors Assisted Plasma for Rapid, Enhanced Sanitization of Food-Associated Pathogenic Bacteria

Essential Oil Vapors Assisted Plasma for Rapid, Enhanced Sanitization of Food-Associated Pathogenic Bacteria

Analysis of oil vapor leakage from the accidental hole in the tank wall based on numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiments

ABSTRACT Tanks have been widely used for oil storage in the petroleum industry. However, there exists deterioration or damage to the tank walls. The leakage and diffusion of oil vapor from the accidental hole in the tank wall can cause serious hazards. With the increasing emphasis on safety and environmental protection, it is more significant to study the microscopic mass transfer mechanism of oil vapor. Based on the wind tunnel experiments and simulations, the model of oil vapor leakage and diffusion from the accidental hole was established and verified. The influence of wind speed and hole diameter was investigated, and the actual scene of fire dike and tank group was also considered. Results show that the influence of wind speed and hole diameter on the overall distribution of velocity and pressure is not obvious, and the influence on the backflow below the accidental hole is pronounced, with the variation of velocity up to 1.91 times at the center of backflow. The oil vapor mass below the accidental hole and the boundary emission outside the fire dike deserve intense attention. When the wind speed is 2 m∙s−1 and the radius is 1.0 m, the concentration of the oil vapor mass increases to the explosion limit. When the wind speed is between 2 m∙s−1 and 4 m∙s−1 and the hole radius is no less than 0.5 m, the boundary emission exceeds the pollution standard. The safety and environmental concerns are highly prominent when the radius of accidental hole is no less than 0.5 m at the wind speed no more thsan 4 m∙s−1. The results further reveal the migration mechanism of oil vapor and provide a basic reference for the safety and environmental protection of oil depots.

Composition Characteristics of VOCs in the Atmosphere of the Beibei Urban District of Chongqing: Insights from Long-Term Monitoring

Reducing anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the most effective way to mitigate O3 pollution, which has increased over the past decades in China. From 2012 to 2017, special stainless-steel cylinders were used to collect ambient air samples from the urban area of Beibei district, Chongqing. Three-step pre-concentration gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to detect the collected air samples. The composition, concentration, photochemical reactivity, and sources of VOCs in Beibei were analyzed. During the observation period, the annual average VOC concentration was 31.3 ppbv, which was at an intermediate range compared to other cities in China. Alkanes (36.8%) and aromatics (35.6%) were the most abundant VOC groups, followed by halo-hydrocarbons (14.4%) and alkenes (12.6%). The overall trend of seasonal distribution of VOC concentration was high in summer and autumn, and low in winter and spring, with a statistically significant difference between summer and winter concentrations. The ozone formation potential (OFP) showed that alkenes were the most active species, followed by aromatics and alkanes, and summer was the season with the highest OFP (131.6 ppbv). Three major emission sources were identified through principal component analysis (PCA), i.e., vehicle exhaust emissions (66.2%), fuel oil evaporation (24.8%), and industrial sources (9.0%). To ameliorate the air quality within the study area, concerted efforts should be directed towards curtailing traffic emissions and mitigating the release of alkenes, particularly emphasizing more stringent interventions during the summer season.