Oil Transportation Research Articles

Integrated radiative and evaporative cooling beyond daytime passive cooling power limit

Radiative cooling technologies can passively gain lower temperature than that of ambient surroundings without consuming electricity, which has emerged as potential alternatives to traditional cooling methods. However, the limitations in daytime radiation intensity with a net cooling power of less than 150 W·m⁻² have hindered progress toward commercial practicality. Here, we report an integrated radiative and evaporative chiller (IREC) based on polyacrylamide hydrogels combined with an upper layer of breathable poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) fibers, which achieves a record high practical average daytime cooling power of 710 W·m⁻². The breathable fiber layer has an average emissivity of over 76% in the atmospheric window, while reflecting 90% of visible light. This IREC possesses effective daytime radiative cooling while simultaneously ensuring evaporative cooling capability, enhancing daytime passive cooling effectively. As a result, IREC presents the practicability for both personal cooling managements and industrial auxiliary cooling applications. An IRECbased patch can assist in cooling human body by 13 °C low for a long term and biocompatible use, and IREC can maintain the temperature of industrial storage facilities such as oil tanks at room temperature even under strong sunlight irradiation. This work delivers the highest performance daytime passive cooling by simultaneous infrared radiation and water evaporation, and provides a new perspective for developing highly efficient, scalable, and affordable passive cooling strategy.

RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR: TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS SUPPORT FOR GRAIN SUPPLY CHAIN IN REGIONAL FOOD SAFETY

With the agricultural industry being vital for regional food safety, the extreme conditions under which it operated in Ukraine during the first half of 2022 has offered a unique insight on vulnerabilities of supply chains as well as the necessity of ensuring transport and logistics support for grain supply chain using adaptive methods. During that time frame, existing infrastructure, logistics, and involved materials were at risk of being stolen or by being destroyed due to direct combat damage or resulting fires. Established food transportation routes suffered from blockades, destruction, or congestion. Switching modes of transport for crop grains proved difficult with the absence of required transport and logistics support. The switch to vegetable oil transport proved harder still. Meanwhile, the re-established naval transportation shed a spotlight on GIS instruments that became critical for the safety of regional food supply chain. This inspired the idea of implementing methods of assessing the safety of transport facilities with the direct participation of the user based on geographic information. These methods can be key in enabling new export routes as part of a stable grain supply chain, supporting logistics behind constructing pipelines for transportation of vegetable oils. As the food safety of the world depends on new export routes, ensuring their efficiency and security will always remain relevant.

THE IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLE REPORTING ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF ENERGY AND GAS COMPANIES LISTED ON THE BUCHAREST STOCK EXCHANGE. AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH

The financial performance of a company whose operating activity has a significant social impact on the environment is influenced by the sustainable reporting of these two indicators, for investors that manifest interest, whose orientation involves sustainable development, being a new economic concept. This research aims to highlight how sustainable reporting has a direct impact on an entity’s performance, by quantifying the environmental variable and the social variable in a scoring matrix, by assigning values based on the completeness of reporting the data found in the reports of 8 entities in the field of energy and the exploitation and transportation of natural gas and oil listed in category I on the Bucharest Stock Exchange, regarding the programs undertaken, the approvals obtained or the quality standards to which they aligned. The research results are based on correlation and regression econometric calculations to identify the correlations between the score variable and financial performance.

Research on magnetic inversion in alternating current magnetic flux leakage testing

Defects bring significant security risks to pipelines, which are essential carriers in oil and gas transportation. However, when alternating current magnetic flux leakage (AC-MFL) testing is applied to pipeline defect detection, the morphological reversal of the detection signal under specific parameters has adverse effects on defect identification and quantification. This paper identifies and explains the phenomenon of detection signal morphological reversal in AC-MFL testing, which is defined as magnetic inversion (MI). Based on the AC-MFL testing mechanism, the causes of MI are analysed. The influence of the excitation current frequency, excitation current intensity and defect depth on MI is numerically analysed using the finite element method. The excitation current frequency and the defect depth are important factors causing MI, but the excitation current density is not. MI only occurs when deep defects are detected under low-frequency excitation. The boundary conditions of AC-MFL testing are further clarified.

Robust Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control for a Riser-Vessel System With Input Hysteresis and Time-Varying Output Constraints.

Recently, with the development of the marine economy, marine risers have garnered increasing attention as they present facile and reliable methods for oil and gas transportation. However, these risers are susceptible to vibrations, which can lead to system performance degradation and fatigue damage. Therefore, effective vibration control strategies are required to address this issue. In this study, a novel adaptive fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategy is adopted to suppress the vibrations of a 3-D riser-vessel system against the effects of actuator failures, backlash-like hysteresis, and external disturbances. A barrier-based Lyapunov function is merged to eliminate the time-varying output constraints of the system. Adaptive FTC laws with projection mapping operators are designed to compensate for parameter uncertainties and consider input nonlinearities to improve system robustness. Finally, a rigorous Lyapunov analysis and numerical simulations are performed to verify the validity of the proposed controller and guarantee uniformly bounded stability of the system.

Site Formation Processes and Pollution Risk Mitigation of World War II Oil Tanker Shipwrecks: Coimbra and Munger T. Ball

Site Formation Processes and Pollution Risk Mitigation of World War II Oil Tanker Shipwrecks: Coimbra and Munger T. Ball

A Promising De-Ionized Water Cooling Based ERIP Bushing-II: Cooling Mechanism and Effect of Parameters

Overheating has become a key factor that threatens the safe operation of the epoxy resin impregnated paper (ERIP) HVDC bushing and restricts its engineering application. The de-ionized water cooling based ERIP (DIWC-ERIP) bushing utilizes diffusion and convective heat transport to achieve low temperature distribution in the DIWC-ERIP bushing. In this manuscript, the temperature, heat flux density and the heat flux distribution of the DIWC-ERIP bushing are analyzed and the cooling mechanism is discussed. The heat flux density in the current carrying conductor (CCC) is mainly in axial direction. In the ERIP it is mainly in negative radial direction in oil tank side, and in positive radial direction in flange area and air box side of the bushing. The effect of the flow rate and temperature at inlet of de-ionized water on the temperature distribution of the bushing is studied by experiments and simulations, and the simulation results are very close to the measured results. The parameters of the thermal resistance per unit length of the thermal thin layer and the radii of water tubes have little effect on the temperature distribution of the bushing. The temperature distribution of the bushing can be controlled by the temperature of water at the inlet. Due to the strong heat dissipation capacity of de-ionized water, as the flow rate is 2 L/min, the maximum temperature of the ERIP doesn't exceed 120 ℃.

Modes of Operation and Forcing in Oil Spill Modeling: State-of-Art, Deficiencies and Challenges

Oil spills may have devastating effects on marine ecosystems, public health, the economy, and coastal communities. As a consequence, scientific literature contains various up-to-date, advanced oil spill predictive models, capable of simulating the trajectory and evolution of an oil slick generated by the accidental release from ships, hydrocarbon production, or other activities. To predict in near real time oil spill transport and fate with increased reliability, these models are usually coupled operationally to synoptic meteorological, hydrodynamic, and wave models. The present study reviews the available different met-ocean forcings that have been used in oil-spill modeling, simulating hypothetical or real oil spill scenarios, worldwide. Seven state-of-the-art oil-spill models are critically examined in terms of the met-ocean data used as forcing inputs in the simulation of twenty-three case studies. The results illustrate that most oil spill models are coupled to different resolution, forecasting meteorological and hydrodynamic models, posing, however, limited consideration in the forecasted wave field (expressed as the significant wave height, the wave period, and the Stokes drift) that may affect oil transport, especially at the coastal areas. Moreover, the majority of oil spill models lack any linkage to the background biogeochemical conditions; hence, limited consideration is given to processes such as oil biodegradation, photo-oxidation, and sedimentation. Future advancements in oil-spill modeling should be directed towards the full operational coupling with high-resolution atmospheric, hydrodynamic, wave, and biogeochemical models, improving our understanding of the relative impact of each physical and oil weathering process.

Квазиведомственные нормативные правовые акты в энергетическом праве

In this article, the author reviews the existing views of legal theoreticians on internal acts of legal entities that have been lately acknowledged by legal publications as independent law sources. The paper singles out the main attribute that gives local acts of legal entities the statutory regulation quality, being the delegation of statutory regulation issuance powers to the company by the law or sanctioning by means of approval by a competent state authority. The author suggests that legal acts of legal entities issued without the delegation right or approval by the state but having statutory qualities should be reviewed on a standalone basis, as a separate law source. The article notes that a characteristic feature of such acts is their issuance by subjects of natural monopolies created as a result of market economic reforms held in Russia in the late 20th century based on branch ministries governing separate national economy sectors (electrical energy industry, gas and oil transportation system). It is the first case in legal publications when the author that makes an attempt at understanding the nature of these acts concludes that they differ from corporate and departmental acts. Due to the fact that law making by subjects of natural monopolies was actually replacing regulatory activities of ministries and other state departments, the author suggests naming the documents they issue quasi-divisional legal acts. Based on the obtained results, the author words the concept of quasi-divisional legal acts in the energy law as one of law sources.

Combination of molecular dynamics simulation and COSMO to understand asphaltenes aggregation

ABSTRACT Asphaltenes interaction produces problems in oil transport and recovery, and understanding the association process is vital to improving economic and industrial production. Here, we propose the COSMO model in combination with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to complement the results obtained by Newtonian mechanics with quantum results to get reliable association data. Four asphaltene molecules were studied with toluene and heptane solvents. COSMO showed molecular interaction tendencies, which were later verified with MD. The average aggregation number was calculated through MD and turned out to be entirely dependent on the aromaticity due to π-π stacking. The aromatic rings are responsible for aggregation, while the sulfur heteroatom plays a less fundamental role. Viscosity is also related to the aggregation process; a higher tendency in aggregation increases the dynamic viscosity. Diffusion coefficients were correlated with the aromaticity, dipole moment, and molecular weight. Finally, a mathematical comparison between COSMO and MD results is accomplished.

Oil tanker under ice loadings

As a result of global warming, the area of the polar pack ice is diminishing, making merchant travel more practical. Even if Arctic ice thickness reduced in the summer, fractured ice is still presenting operational risks to the future navigation. The intricate process of ship-ice interaction includes stochastic ice loading on the vessel hull. In order to properly construct a vessel, the severe bow forces that arise must be accurately anticipated using statistical extrapolation techniques. This study examines the severe bow forces that an oil tanker encounters when sailing in the Arctic Ocean. Two stages are taken in the analysis. Then, using the FEM program ANSYS/LS-DYNA, the oil tanker bow force distribution is estimated. Second, in order to estimate the bow force levels connected with extended return periods, the average conditional exceedance rate approach is used to anticipate severe bow forces. The vessel’s itinerary was planned to take advantage of the weaker ice. As a result, the Arctic Ocean passage took a meandering route rather than a linear one. As a result, the ship route data that was investigated was inaccurate with regard to the ice thickness data encountered by a vessel yet skewed with regard to the ice thickness distribution in the region. This research intends to demonstrate the effective application of an exact reliability approach to an oil tanker with severe bow forces on a particular route.

THE IMPACT STRENGTH AND CORROSION RATE OF THE GTAW WELDING TECHNIQUE ON AA5083 MATERIAL

The 5xx series of Aluminium has strong corrosion resistance, excellent weldability, and good cold workability and also medium strength. This series is being utilized extensively in marine building applications for the construction of Oil tankers, pressure vessels, offshore, ships and other vessels. The purpose of this study is to verify and to ascertain how the welding process affects the corrosion rate and impact strength of 5083 Aluminium. In this experiment, four AA 5083 specimens were warmed to chosen variations of 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, and 250°C. The amount of energy absorbed during the fracture process was then determined by subjecting the welding results to a Charpy impact test with varying loads. The best specimen was tested for corrosion rate using the Corrosion Tester 3-Electrode device after comparing impact toughness. According to the study's findings, the specimen with a 250°C preheating step had the maximum impact toughness (0.415) and corrosion rate (0.11353 mmPy).

Legal Support of Environmental Safety of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation in the Exploration and Production of Oil and Gas under Sanctions

The paper analyzes and assesses the prospects for the development of the Russian legislation in the field of environmental safety of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the exploration and production of oil and gas. In the context of the existing risks and threats to energy security, the author proves that the use of traditional types of energy resources will still have an important role in the structure of the fuel and energy balance of almost every modern state. This results in the growing importance of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, which should be considered as an important geostrategic object, the use of natural resources of which will make it possible to gain energy independence and sustainable development for present and future generations in the long term. The paper highlights the modern environmental and legal problems of the Arctic zone, primarily the processes and consequences of global warming, as well as the problems of ensuring environmental safety in the transportation of oil and petroleum products, including on the continental shelf of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Possible ways to solve legal problems under sanctions are suggested. The author proves that it is necessary to update the existing documents of state strategic planning in the field of environmental protection, subsoil use, as well as in the field of ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.

Boost and Contraction of Flow by Herringbone Surface Design on the Microfluidic Channel Wall

AbstractThe handling of yield‐stress fluids typically involves a jammed‐to‐flow transition that is pivotal for many injection and transport technologies on different scales, such as additive manufacturing, injection molding, food rheology, and oil transport. For all of these applications, it is crucial to be able to tune the fluidization under constant load. The pressure‐driven flow of emulsions is reported within a microfluidic channel, one wall of which is patterned by a herringbone‐riblet roughness comprising a regular array of V‐shaped grooves. With respect to the pressure gradient, this pattern displays a convergent (divergent) orientation that provides a forward (backward) direction. At the tip of the herringbone pattern, the forward and backward flows are almost identical for a viscous Newtonian fluid and a diluted emulsion, whereas a surprising flow boost in the forward direction is observed as the emulsion approaches a jammed state. The flow boost is more effective at small herringbone angles and low pressure loads. 3D velocity profiles along the channel cross‐section unravel unexpected heterogeneous stress, band‐like distributed, with evidence of nonlocal correlations.

Influence of Thermal Treating Temperature on the Performance of EVA Wax Inhibitor for Changqing Shale Oil

Ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) is a kind of efficient wax inhibitor for waxy crude oil. To ensure good performance of EVA, thermal treating at temperatures ≥60 °C is needed for the doped waxy crude oil. Shale oil, which often contains a substantial amount of wax, is an important unconventional petroleum resource and has been exploited all over the world. To better guide the pipeline transportation of shale oil, in this paper, the effect of thermal treating temperature (40–60 °C) on the performance of EVA (with the fixed dosage of 50 ppm) wax inhibitor for specific Changqing shale oil was investigated through the rheological measurement, wax depositing test, microscopic observation of wax crystals, and particle size test of asphaltenes. The results showed that the performance of EVA is poor at thermal treating temperatures <50 °C. At the thermal treating temperatures ≥50 °C, adding 50 ppm EVA could outstandingly improve the flowability and inhibit the wax deposition of the shale oil. Increasing the thermal treating temperature to 50–60 °C greatly facilitates the adsorption of EVA molecules on the asphaltenes and then outstandingly reduces the particle size of asphaltenes (form the average size of 399.75 nm without EVA to 78.54 nm with EVA at a thermal treating temperature of 50 °C). Therefore, the thermal treatment at 50–60 °C favors the formation of more EVA/asphaltene composite particles. The formed EVA/asphaltene composite particles trigger the formation of larger and spherical-like wax crystals, thus further enhancing the performance of the EVA inhibitor.

Wax appearance temperature study of model waxy oils: influence of nanofluids prepared with iron magnetic nanoparticles

Wax deposition creates many problems in the crude oil production, storage and transportation. The present work is in line with the efforts being made to address wax deposition issues. Nanofluids were prepared with different concentrations of the Fe-magnetic nanoparticles (Fe-MNPs). The same were used to monitor the wax appearance temperature (WAT) of the model waxy oil samples through pour point and differential scanning calorimetry in comparison to the control sample. The effect of increase in the amount of nanofluid and concentration of the Fe-MNPs in the nanofluid had the synergistic effect and the nanofluid prepared with 5% Fe-MNPs exhibited the most positive effect on the reduction of pour point. The results demonstrated that the nanofluid decreased the WAT and increased the flowability and could be used successfully as potential flow improver for real crude oils in industry for controlling the wax deposition issues.

The impact of marine safety in improving the management of marine vessels

The aims of current article to activate the maritime safety culture of the Iraqi Oil Tanker Company's naval crews, which is reflected in improving the work of offshore vessels and increasing their operational efficiency, as well as preventing the occurrence of risks through prior assessment of maritime accidents. The researcher distributed the checklist to diagnose the problem for the article survey, and to achieve the research objectives, the researcher prepared the hypothetical chart showing the kind of the association between the primary factors reflected in the dependent variable (maritime management) and the independent variable (maritime safety), and where the study population consist of (300) people and the sample contained (169) people. The sample, which consists of people who work on marine vessels owned by the Iraqi Oil Tanker Company, received the questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, the researcher used statistical software (EXCEL V.10, SPSS.V.23).The main hypothesis, which seeks to understand the relationship of correlation and impact among the dependent variable (management of marine vessels) and the independent variable (maritime safety) , in addition to identify the flaws which jeopardize the safety of Iraqi marine vessels owned by the Iraqi Oil Tanker Company, was accepted based on the research's findings.

Effects of particle concentration and size on the dissipation rate and turbulent kinetic energy of oil

AbstractThe presence of particles in oil can change the quasi‐sequence structure of the turbulent flow of the oil, and it is extremely important to explore the turbulent energy dissipation rate of the particulate‐containing oil and ensure the safe and stable operation of the oil‐using equipment. Thus, the flow field of the oil containing particles in the pipeline was experimentally studied by a particle image velocimeter (PIV); the turbulent kinetic energy of the oil was calculated using the transient velocity vector field measured by the PIV; and the dissipation rate distribution was calculated using the large eddy PIV method. The influence of different particle sizes and particle concentrations on the normal distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate was analyzed. The results show that the distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy in the normal direction is non‐unidirectional and in a parabolic shape. The 25 μm particle size has a great influence on the turbulence kinetic energy and the dissipation rate of the oil; with increasing particle concentration, the flow field distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy increases in the region near the wall, and gradually decreases in the central region. The turbulent kinetic energy distribution of the oil is in the shape of a quasi‐cosine; the flow field of the dissipation rate is larger in the near‐wall region and the central region and shows an inverted ‘W’ shape. This provides a theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of oil transportation, discussing the monitoring of particulate matter in oil, and reducing oil pollution.

Marine vessel energy efficiency performance prediction based on daily reported noon reports

ABSTRACT The marine vessel performance is quite critical in the maritime applications. In addition to internal variables like fuel, propulsion type, and loading condition, external factors such as fouling, sea state, currents, and more affect ship performance. The goal of this study is to create a model to predict ship slip rate based on specified noon report data which contain sea, wind, WED, and, DAS. 30 different noon report values of a crude oil tanker have been conducted on the same route with similar loading condition and they have been analysed by the MLR and the ANN respectively. Although a meaningful relationship between the variables couldn’t create among the variables by the MLR, predicted ship slip values are very close to the verified ones in the ANN. Minor differences could be caused by changes in the amount of hull fouling, vessel loading conditions, reverse or different currents, quite unsettled weather, and sea conditions.

Design and Reachability Analysis of a Rigid–Flexible Robot for Interior Wall Spraying of Large Oil Cabins

Product oil tankers are essential transportation equipment for petroleum transfer. Due to petroleum products’ intense penetration and solubility, the quality requirements for coating product oil tankers are high, and regular maintenance is needed. Currently, this relies on manual labor, which involves working in enclosed spaces with harsh conditions, high labor intensity, long working time periods, and unstable quality. We proposed a lightweight, rigid–flexible robotic system using a cable-driven parallel robot with a serial framework-type manipulator arm to address this with conceptual design and dimensional analysis. Based on the kinematic and static modeling, we analyzed the workspace of the cable-driven parallel robot. Considering the interference issues under different robot poses, we analyzed the dimensions of the framework-type manipulator arm and the terminal reachability of the rigid–flexible robotic system. The results show that the proposed rigid–flexible robot can cover all areas to be coated, providing a new automated solution for the specialized coating of product oil tanker cabins.