Oil Solubility Research Articles

Formulation, Analytical Method Development and Validation of an Emulsion of Multi-enzyme with Carminative Oils

Introduction:: Indigestion leading to Flatulence is a common problem for infants, and tackling it is tedious for the parents. So, addressing the issue with an ideal formulation should likely have a combination of digestive enzymes and carminatives. Methods: A formulation containing enzymes like Fungal Diastase (Amylase) and Papain (Protease) for the digestion of Carbohydrates and Protein, respectively, along with aromatic, volatile, carminative oils like Dill Oil, Anise Oil, and Caraway Oil can serve the purpose to mitigate problems associated with infant indigestion and flatulence with maximum compliance. Results: The stability of multi-enzyme and analysis of carminative oil mixtures still need to be improved due to their inherent characteristics. Enzymes are very likely susceptible to changes in temperature and pH, while the solubility of carminative oils is minimal in the aqueous phase. Also, each enzyme is stable in different pH ranges. Nine emulsions were developed using a suitable buffer system and analyzed by HPLC method. Conclusion:: The optimum pH range was found, and analytical method validation was done for the method's accuracy, precision, and repeatability. The optimum pH was 6-6.5, and the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) assay was found within the acceptable limit of NLT, 90% for enzymes and 90-110% for carminative oils.

Development, Characterisation of Menthol based non-alcoholic propolis extracts and its effect on chemical composition of propolis analysed using RP-HPLC

Propolis had been used as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antibacterial and antiviral agent since ages and proven to cure wounds, sore throats and colds. The challenge throughout these years has been its poor solubility, several methods have been applied to improve its solubility in water, oil and waxy mixtures, as ethanolic extracts have its limitation to be applied in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Active ingredients  of propolis are readily soluble in ethanol, though they are scarcely soluble in the oil, water or waxy extracts. To address this issue menthol in combination with lactic acid and salicylic acid based propolis extract was developed and its chemical composition was analysed and compared with the alcoholic extract as control. Non-alcoholic extract showed 2-fold less solubility of propolis compared to control. HPLC of menthol based non -alcoholic extracts indicated the presence of active ingredients such as Ferulic acid, Cinnamic acid, Naringenin, Pinocembrin, Chyrsin and Galangin similar to alcoholic extract except Quercetin. These solvents find their application in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry as topical formulations, as terpenes enhance the permeability of the active ingredients.

Effects of water-soluble secondary antioxidants on the retention of carotene and tocols during hydrolysis of crude palm oil catalysed by Eversa® Transform 2.0 for alcohol-free production of palm phytonutrients concentrate

The liquid lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 (ET 2.0) was used to catalyse the hydrolysis of crude palm oil (CPO) to concentrate and extract carotene and tocols, which is then followed by separation. Nonetheless, the production of free fatty acids (FFA) promotes auto-oxidation, resulting in significant loss of the palm carotenes and tocols during hydrolysis. Therefore, this study explores the effects of incorporating several secondary acid antioxidants namely ascorbic acid, citric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), on the production of FFA and retention of palm phytonutrients during the enzymatic hydrolysis of CPO. Generally, the results revealed that the addition of these secondary antioxidants notably enhanced the retention of the palm phytonutrients. However, citric acid at high concentrations were found to impose a negative effect on the production of FFA, primarily due to the acid denaturation of the lipase after at low pH conditions. It can be concluded that EDTA is the best performing antioxidant as it efficiently retained 98% of the palm carotene and 97% of the tocols after 24 h of reaction without disrupting the FFA production, remarkably at much lower concentrations (0.01 wt%) in comparison to the other antioxidants. It was deduced that the reason for this is mainly its low solubility in both oil and water phases of the reaction. Finally, separation of the FFA from the oil using vacuum distillation at 200 ℃ and 100 Pa for 1 h successfully enriched the palm carotene and tocols by 2.7-fold and 8.8-fold, respectively.

Discovering novel cryo-oleofoams with excellent overrun: Synergistic effect between zein and monoglyceride at interface

Oleofoams are solidified and whipped oils with different applications, including the substitution of saturated fats in the food industry. Until now, numerous molecules were used for their stabilization except proteins due to their scarce oil solubility and air-oil interface activity. In this study, oleofoams containing zein and monostearin (MAG) were created and characterized. An innovative approach was followed, which included the creation of emulsions at different water:oil ratios, followed by a whipping step and freeze drying. The cryo-oleofoams presented outstanding overruns that could not be obtained through conventional methods. Moreover, the localization of the emulsifiers was studied through CLSM throughout each step of the process which revealed the presence of zein and MAG both at the air-oil interface and in the continuous oil phase. Furthermore, SAOS and LAOS measurements revealed the rheological properties of the oleofoams. Higher water:oil ratios were responsible for the higher G′ and G″ and for the creation of a rigid network that was damaged at medium strain. Overall, the cryo-oelofoams were characterized by strain rate softening behavior, with a mild strain rate thickening at medium strain, and strain rate thinning at large strain.

The Bioactivity and Physicochemical Properties of Emulsions Based on Tamanu, Moringa, and Inca Inchi Oils.

With increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics, novel strategies for protection against microbial infections are crucial. Emulsions enhance the solubility of natural antibacterial oils and their uptake, making them promising drug delivery systems. However, it is important to find the right emulsifier to ensure that the oil has the right dispersion and does not adversely affect its antibacterial properties. Hence, this study investigated emulsions created from three vegetable oils: moringa oil from Moringa oleifera seeds, inca inchi oil from Plukenetia volubilis seeds, and tamanu oil from the Calophyllum inophyllum fruit. Emulsions were formed using two natural emulsifiers, lecithin and casein, at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% (w/w). The study assessed the oil and emulsions' characteristics, including the zeta potential, creaming index, and particle size distribution. The antimicrobial properties of these oils and the most stable emulsions were examined. Gas chromatography was used to analyze the oil compositions. The potential antimicrobial properties of emulsions formulated with natural oils was proved. Particularly noteworthy were emulsions containing a 2.5% inca inchi or tamanu oil, stabilized with casein. The particle size ranged between 100 nm and 900 nm with the average size 300 nm. These emulsions also showed antibacterial activity against selected strains, and the strongest effect was observed for the system with inca inchi oil, which reduced S. epidermidis bacterial activity by more than 60%. Therefore, it can be expected that the completed research will allow the development of antibacterial systems based on inca inchi or tamanu oils for use in the food industry.

Liquid-liquid surfactant partitioning drives dewetting of oil from hydrophobic surfaces

HypothesisSessile droplets solubilizing in surfactant solution are frequently encountered in practice, but the factors governing their non-equilibrium dynamics are not well understood. Here, we investigate mechanisms by which solubilizing, sessile oil droplets in aqueous surfactant solution dewet from hydrophobic substrates and spread on hydrophilic substrates. ExperimentsWe quantify the dependence of droplet contact line dynamics on drop size and oil, surfactant, and substrate chemistries. We consider halogenated alkane oils as well as aromatic oils and focus on common nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants. We correlate these results with measurements of the interfacial tensions. FindingsCounter-intuitively, under a range of conditions, we observe complete dewetting of oil from hydrophobic substrates but spreading on hydrophilic substrates. The timescales needed to reach a steady-state contact angle vary widely, with some droplets examined taking over a day. We find that surfactant surface adsorption governs the contact angle on shorter timescales, while partitioning of surfactant from water to oil, and oil solubilization into the water, act on longer timescales to facilitate the complete dewetting. Understanding of the role played by surfactant and oil transport presents opportunities for tailoring sessile droplet behaviors and controlling droplet dynamics under conditions that would previously not have been considered.

Emulsifier Dari Minyak Pliek U Dengan Reaksi Gliserolisis Menggunakan NButanol Sebagai Co-Solvent Dan Katalis MgO

Emulsifiers or emulsifying agents are one of the oleochemical products that have high economic value. One of the alternative ingredients that can be used as emulsifiers is Aceh palm oil (pliek u oil). In this study n-Butanol solvent is used which can increase the solubility of oil in glycerol so that the glycerolysis reaction can be carried out at low temperatures. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature and solvent ratio on the emulsifier produced. The catalyst used in the reaction is MgO (4% of oil weight), where the test variables used are reaction temperature (70, 80, 90, and 100◦C), 2 hours contact time, and the ratio of n-butanol to oil ( 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3 and 1: 4 v / v). The analysis was carried out in the form of an analysis of decreased levels of free fatty acids (ALB) by acid-base titration and Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) analysis to determine the type of emulsifier produced. The results showed that the greatest decrease in free fatty acid levels was found in the solvent to oil ratio of 1: 4 (v / v), and the temperature of 100◦C was 91.26%. The resulting HLB value of 19.68 is categorized into oil in water (o / w). The results obtained from this study indicate that pliek oil can be used as raw material for making emulsifiers using n-Butanol solvent and MgO catalyst.

Effects of cosolvents on CO2 displacement of shale oil and carbon storage

Molecular dynamics method was used to establish composite wall/inorganic nanopores of three pore sizes, three shale oil systems, five CO2-cosolvent systems, and pure CO2 system. The process of CO2-cosolvent displacement of crude oil in shale nanopores and carbon storage was simulated and the influencing factors of displacement and storage were analyzed. It is shown that the attraction of the quartz wall to shale oil increases with the degree of hydroxylation. The higher the degree of quartz hydroxylation, the more difficult it is to extract the polar components of shale oil. Nanopore size also has a great impact on shale oil displacement efficiency. The larger the pore size, the higher the shale oil displacement efficiency. The closer the cosolvent molecules are to the polarity of the shale oil, the higher the mutual solubility of CO2 and shale oil. The more the non-polar components of shale oil, the lower the mutual solubility of CO2 and shale oil with highly polar cosolvent. Ethyl acetate is more effective in stripping relatively high polar shale oil, while dimethyl ether is more effective in stripping relatively low polar shale oil. Kerogen is highly adsorptive, especially to CO2. The CO2 inside the kerogen is not easy to diffuse and leak, thus allowing for a stable carbon storage. The highest CO2 storage rate is observed when dimethyl ether is used as a cosolvent, and the best storage stability is observed when ethyl acetate is used as a cosolvent.

Solution gas-oil ratio estimation using histogram gradient boosting regression, machine learning, and mathematical models: a comparative analysis

ABSTRACT Quantifying gas solubility in oil under reservoir conditions is essential in reservoir engineering. Several laboratory techniques have been suggested to quantify it; nevertheless, these procedures are characterized by their demanding time requirements and high costs. Estimating the solution gas-oil ratio relies significantly on applying mathematical and artificial intelligence models. The research commenced by collecting 757 datasets from published articles. Subsequently, the data was partitioned into two distinct categories: training and test data. Following this data preparation phase, artificial intelligence models, including Histogram Gradient Boosting Regression (HGBoost), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), were employed to model the solution gas-oil ratio. Additionally, the Memetic algorithm (MA) was employed to recompute the coefficients of the Petrosky and Farshad model, initially developed with 81 data points, using an expanded dataset of 605 training instances. Subsequently, model accuracy and performance were assessed through statistical and visual analyses. The results indicate that the HGBoost model performs best, achieving an overall R2 of 0.9886 and an overall RMSE of 41.29 scf/STB. Notably, among the mathematical models, the modified Petrosky and Farshad model stands out with an overall R2 of 0.9078 and an overall RMSE of 114.49 scf/STB. The Taylor diagram and violin plot both indicate that the HGBoost model and the modified Petrosky and Farshad model outperform other machine learning models and mathematical models, respectively. These results demonstrate the accuracy of the models described in this study.

Effect of static magnetic field pretreatment on the structure and oil absorption properties of normal maize starch

In this work, we report the effect of static magnetic field (SMF) on normal maize starch (NMS) structure and oil absorption properties. The results showed that the untreated NMS had the total oil absorption of 83.90%, solubility of 19.00%, swelling power of 20.32 g/g, and amylose content of 26.95%. Besides, compared with untreated NMS, pretreatment with different SMF strengths significantly reduced the total oil absorption (61.78–78.12%), solubility (16.99–18.61%), swelling power (17.62–19.02 g/g), and amylose content (19.77–24.73%) of NMS. Besides, the SMF-pretreated NMS had a rough surface with more pits and pores, a denser particle structure, and a smaller specific surface area and particle size than untreated NMS. However, the high SMF intensity (50 mT) made NMS form a porous structure, leading to the highest oil absorption of NMS (78.12%), but still less than untreated NMS (83.90%). FT-IR, XRD, and DSC studies further showed that SMF pretreatment improved the structural ordering and thermal stability of NMS particles, inhibiting the oil absorption of NMS. To investigate whether SMF pretreatment could reduce starch-based fried food oil absorption, LF-NMR was used to determine the oil content of fried NMS treated with different SMF strengths. Results indicated the oil content of NMS after frying was significantly reduced by SMF pretreatment than untreated NMS, and the lowest was 0.2751 g/g for SMF-30. Therefore, SMF pretreatment can effectively reduce the oil absorption capacity of NMS before and after frying and serve as a prospective technology to reduce the oil content of starch-based fried foods.

FT-IR data discrimination using principal component analysis toward the green extraction of avocado oil: A study comprehending electrostatic misfits of polar solvents

Avocado oil is renowned for its nutritional and health benefits. This study examines the avocado oil extraction process using ethanol and acetone as green solvents to evaluate yield, kinetics, mass transfer, thermodynamics, and oil quality, compared to hexane nonrenewable solvent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis (PCA) is used to evaluate the oil composition. UNIFAC and COSMO-SAC models are used to understand the solubility of avocado oil in ethanol and acetone at infinite dilution. In addition, density functional theory is applied to explain the extraction mechanisms. PCA identified key wavelengths in the lipid fingerprint region, while the dry avocado pulp exhibited critical features at around 2924, 2367, 3755, and 2754 cm-1, avocado oil demonstrated crucial signals at 1746, 3746, 3690, and 3801 cm-1. This study found that the oil extracted with acetone and hexane had comparable compositions. The UNIFAC and COSMO-SAC models estimated ΔH∞ values between -8.156 to -47.889 kJ.mol-1 and ΔS∞ between -0.201 to 0.008 kJ.mol-1.K-1. The chemical hardness was calculated to be about 40% higher for ethanol than acetone, while molecular entropy was 10% lower. The results indicate that acetone has the potential to be a greener solvent for avocado oil extraction.

Targeted delivery of essential oils of Salvia officinalis L to AGS cancer cells using PLA-spermine-PEG-FA

The MTT test was used in this study to evaluate anticancer potential of Salvia officinalis L's essential oil on AGS cells. The results showed that the Salvia officinalis L's essential oil has high potential anticancer activity against AGS cells. To improve the solubility of the essential oil and its targeted administration to AGS cells, poly lactic acid-spermine-poly ethylene glycol-folic acid (PLA-Spermine-PEG-FA) (FPSP) was utilized. For this purpose, Salvia officinalis L's essential oil and silver nanoparticles were encapsulated into the PLA-Spermine-PEG-FA (FPSP) using the solvent diffusion technique. Then, using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively, morphology, zeta potential, as well as average particle size characteristics of the nanoparticles were evaluated. The FPSP/essential oil nanoparticles (FPSP/EO) were spherical in shape and had an average particle size of 200–300 nm. The mean particle dimensions for both PSP/silver/EO and FPSP/silver/EO nanoparticles assemblies are measured at 236.52 ± 22.64 nm and 248.95 ± 28.17 nm, respectively. The results showed that the zeta potential values for PSP/silver/EO and FPSP/silver/EO were −18.3 ± 0.7 mV and −20.6 ± 1.3 mV, respectively. The results of this test showed that FPSP/Silver/EO significantly reduced the percentage of AGS cell viability better than EO and PSP/Silver/EO. The best treatment in this experiment was FPSP/Silver/EO at a concentration of 50 μL/mL and time 72 h. The minimum value of IC50 in FPSP/Silver/EO was observed as 21.11 μL/mL in 72 h.

Hydroxytyrosyl oleate is a promising safe additive to inhibit the oxidation of olive oil

The antioxidants used in food oils that are prone to oxidation have attracted broad attention from the food industry. Hydroxytyrosol is a potent antioxidant, but due to its low solubility in oil, hydroxytyrosyl oleate was prepared, and its antioxidant capacity in the bulk oil was comprehensively evaluated. Hydroxytyrosyl oleate exhibited moderate free radicals scavenging, Fe3+ reducing, and oxygen adsorption abilities. Moreover, during accelerated oxidation, hydroxytyrosyl oleate delayed olive oil's peroxide value generation, acid value increase, and hydroperoxides production better than hydroxytyrosol (HT), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and Vitamin E (VE). The induction period of olive oil containing hydroxytyrosyl oleate was 77.12 h, which was 1.6, 8.7, 3.0, and 4.0 times that of HT, VE, BHT and TBHQ, respectively. Furthermore, hydroxytyrosyl oleate significantly prevented fatty acid oxidation and undesirable odors production in olive oil. These results indicate that hydroxytyrosyl oleate is a safe antioxidant that could be widely used in foods rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, thus reducing lipid oxidation and food spoilage.

Molecular morphology & interactions, functional properties, rheology and in vitro digestibility of ultrasonically modified pearl millet and sorghum starches

The present research investigated to study the effect of ultrasound treatment on isolated pearl millet starch (PMS) and sorghum starch (SS). Ultrasonication was applied to PMS and SS for 10, 15, and 20 min. Ultrasonically modified pearl millet and sorghum starches evaluated for their techno-functionality, pasting profile, morphology, in vitro starch digestibility, XRD, and molecular interactions. Ultrasound treatment increased water and oil absorption capacity, swelling power, and solubility with treatment time. For ultrasonicated PMS and SS, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in paste clarity (PC) (70.05 % and 67.23 %), freeze-thawing stability (FTS), gel consistency (GC) (25.05 mm and 32.95 mm), and in vitro starch digestibility were observed (57.70 g/100 g and 50.29 g/100 g), whereas no significant changes were recorded for the color values after the ultrasound treatment. Variations in pasting property were also observed in ultrasonicated starches with treatment duration. SEM images confirmed ultrasonication mainly forms pores and indentations on starch granule surface. FTIR spectra and X-ray diffractogram for ultrasonicated starches revealed a slight decrease in the peak intensity and A-type X-ray pattern with lower relative crystallinity (RC) than the native starches. G′ > G″ value, indicating the elastic behavior and lower tan δ value, depicting viscous behavior and high gel strength.

Development of machine learning-based solubility models for estimation of Hydrogen solubility in oil: Models assessment and validation

This research was done to build computational models for estimating solubility of hydrogen (S) in a given system based on the inputs of temperature (T) and pressure (P). In fact, multiples models were built considering double inputs and single output. To achieve this, three different regression algorithms were trained and tested on a comprehensive dataset using the optimization technique of Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO). The three models used were Elastic Net, Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Automatic Relevance Determination (ARD) Regression. R2 score, root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error were just few of the measures used to assess the models' overall efficacy (MAE). The Elastic Net model achieved the highest R2 score of 0.965 with an RMSE of 8.84×10−2 and an MAE of 7.79×10−2. The SVR technique also performed well, indicated R2 of 0.949, an RMSE of 9.81×10−2, and an MAE of 7.79×10−2. The ARD Regression model revealed an R2 of 0.905 with an RMSE of 1.53×10−1 and an MAE of 1.32×10−1. These findings highlight the potential of machine learning models and metaheuristic algorithms such as GWO in accurately estimating gas solubility in oil, which can have significant implications for various industrial applications.

SYNTHESIS OF AMINATED EPOXY DERIVATIVES OF POLYBUTADIENE AND THE STUDY OF THEIR ANTI-CORROSION PROPERTIES IN THE COMPOSITION OF CONSERVATION LIQUIDS

The synthesis of amino derivatives of epoxidized polybutadienes was carried out by the amination reaction. The composition and structure of the amino derivatives were confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopy. It has been established that the synthesized amine derivatives have a synergistic effect, accelerate the solubility in mineral oils and significantly improve the anticorrosion properties of conservation fluids. Samples of aminated epoxidized polybutadienes were tested for corrosion resistance in a hydro chamber, in sea water and in a sulfuric acid environment. Their high efficiency against corrosion has been established. Keywords: liquid polybutadiene, epoxidation, amination, corrosion inhibitor.

Physicochemical Properties of Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa) Starch.

Native starch extracted from wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) was evaluated for its intrinsic physicochemical properties. From the results, essential metals such as K, Ca, P, and Fe were detected along with some nonessential heavy metals below the WHO permissible limits. Bulk density was 0.13-0.63 g/mL. The water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling power, and solubility of the starch were pH-responsive. Thermal profiles showed onset temperature, To (59.21 °C), peak temperature, Tp (60.22 °C), endset temperature, Tc (63.12 °C), gelatinization enthalpy, ΔHgel (0.54 J/g), temperature range of gelatinization, R (3.91 °C), and peak height index, PHI (1.87 J/g °C). Exhibiting a crystallite size of 0.03 nm, absorption peaks of 15.3119°, 24.4120°, and 18.4170°, corresponding to interplanar d-spacings of 3.7500 Ǻ, 5.14000 Ǻ, and 4.954610 Ǻ, were obtained. Evidence of C-H at 1338.1 cm-1, C-O at 640.0 cm-1, C-H stretch at 2829.7 cm-1, and a strong and broad O-H group at 3291.2 cm-1 were obtained. The starch granules had low particle sizes, were homogeneous, and were aggregates of irregular shapes. At a lower pH (2-4), the wild yam starch studied could be a potential absorbent material in the production of disposable diapers and female napkins and as biodegradable films due to its high hydrophobicity at a high pH (8-12).

A New Adaptive Implicit Method for Multicomponent Surfactant-Polymer Flooding Reservoir Simulation

Summary In the oil industry, chemicals can improve oil production by mobilizing trapped and bypassed oil. Such processes are known as chemical-enhanced oil recovery (CEOR). Surfactants and polymers are important chemicals used in CEOR with different mechanisms to improve oil recoveries, such as reduction in residual saturation, oil solubilization, and mobility control. However, both surfactant and polymer may increase the cost of oil production, making optimizing these processes essential. Reservoir simulators are tools commonly used when performing such field optimization. The simulation of surfactant flooding processes has been historically performed with the implicit pressure explicit composition (IMPEC) approach. The injection of surfactants requires modeling the brine/oil/microemulsion phase behavior along with other processes, such as capillary desaturation and retention. The microemulsion phase behavior and the complex relative permeability behavior can lead to convergence issues when using fully implicit (FI) schemes. Only recently, the FI approach has been efficiently applied to simulate this process using new modeling. The adaptive implicit method (AIM) can combine the benefits of the FI and IMPEC approaches by dynamically selecting the implicitness level of gridblocks in the domain. This work presents a new AIM in conjunction with recently developed models to mitigate discontinuities in the microemulsion relative permeabilities and phase behavior. The approach presented here considers the stability analysis method as a switching criterion between IMPEC and FI. To the best of our knowledge, the approach presented here is the first AIM to consider the brine/oil/microemulsion three-phase flow in its conception. The new approach uses the finite volume method in conjunction with Cartesian grids as spatial discretization and is applied here for field-scale problems. The new approach is tested for polymer flooding and surfactant-polymer (SP) flooding for problems with several active cells ranging from about a hundred thousand to almost a million. The AIM approach was compared with the FI and IMPEC approaches and displayed little variation in the computational performance despite changes in the timestep size. The AIM also obtained the fastest performance for all cases, especially for SP flooding cases. Furthermore, the results here suggest that the gap in performance between the AIM and FI seems to increase as the number of gridblocks increases.

Development of functional active films from blend of gelatin with crude orange juice pomace pectin: Test for packaging of virgin olive oil

AbstractThe food packaging sector is focused on developing innovative materials to enhance food safety and quality while reducing environmental impact. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop packaging based on bovine gelatin (G) blended with crude sweet orange juice pomace pectin (SOPP) at different ratios (G/SOPP = 85/15, 65/35, 50/50, w/w). The obtained crude SOPP was highly methylated and exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial properties due to the presence of galacturonic acid (&lt;70%) and phenolic compounds (58.2 ± 0.8 mg/g SOPP). High‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection analysis revealed the presence of hesperidin, catechin, and naringin as major phenolic compounds in SOPP. Further, the incorporation of this latter improved gelatin‐based packaging structural homogeneity, opacity, water vapour barrier features, glass transition temperature and tensile strength. G‐SOPP (50/50) film showed efficient antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and high antioxidant potential reaching values of 0.7, 48.7%, 76.7% and 68.9% for reducing power, β‐carotene bleaching inhibition, DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2,2′‐azinobis‐[3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid]) radicals scavenging activities, respectively. Another interesting finding is that the combination of G and SOPP reduced the oil solubility of G‐SOPP films suggesting great physical integrity of the film over 63 days. The polyphenol content released from G‐SOPP blend film in a fatty simulant increased as SOPP content of films was increased. G‐SOPP (50/50) film, designed as a pouch, delays the photooxidation process of virgin olive oil over 63 days of storage time, without altering its organoleptic properties. Overall, these outstanding results highlighted the potential use of gelatin–pectin blend films for active packaging of oils and lipid‐based foods.

Characterization of Ozonated Pearl Millet and Sorghum Starches: Pasting Profile, Functional Properties, In Vitro‐Digestibility, Molecular Interactions, and Morphology

AbstractThe present research is undertaken to study the effect of ozonation on isolated pearl millet starch (PMS) and sorghum starch (SS), at various concentrations (0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 L min−1) for 60 minutes. The ozonated starches is evaluated for the techno‐functional properties, in vitro starch digestibility, pasting properties, morphological characteristics, X‐ray diffraction, and FTIR interactions. Functional properties such as water and oil absorption capacity and solubility, paste clarity (PC), gel consistency (GC), and freeze‐thawing stability (FTS) increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05). However, swelling power (SP) increased for all treatments with rise in temperature but a reverse trend is observed with an increase in ozone treatment. Although, reduction in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) for treated PMS i.e. 44.59 to 29.20 g 100 g−1 maltose and 30.80–28.76 g 100 g−1 maltose for SS is observed. Slight difference is observed for the color values is observed. Higher values of peak and final viscosity whereas, lower breakdown viscosity, and setback viscosity are observed for all treatments. The crystalline pattern of PMS and SS remained unaffected with ozone treatment, whereas relative crystallinity (RC) decreased with ozone treatment. SEM images confirmed indentations, and enlargement of surface pores for ozonated starches. While, FTIR spectroscopy revealed a slight decrease in the peak intensity.