Oil Shortage Research Articles

Energetic, economic, environmental and climatic analysis of a solar combisystem for different consumption usages with PSI method ranking

Using solar systems is increasing due to oil shortage, environmental effects, and renewability. Solar thermal combisystems use the energy taken to provide for both domestic hot water (DHW) and space heating (SH), which is under investigation by energy researchers. This study uses a dynamic energy analysis of the solar system to evaluate the solar parameters. Also, the environmental and economic effects of using solar systems are discussed. The study is done on four different consumption usages in four different climates of Iran. Energy simulation shows that hot & humid climates, office, and mall usages have the largest solar fraction (minimum of 95.2, 38.5, and 35%, respectively). The lowest optimal collector surface area belongs to a hot and humid climate with 4–21.5 m2 and office usage with 4–159 m2. Also, collector efficiency decreases with higher collector area amounts. 20-year economic analysis shows that the net present value of hospital usage with a maximum of $2216.8, cold climate with a maximum of $768.4, and hot & humid climate with a maximum of $2765.9 are the most affordable. The environmental analysis illustrates that CO2 emission avoidance is highest in hospital usage with a maximum of 1924.5 kg, residential usage with a maximum of 1707.8 kg, and hot & dry climate with a maximum of 1349.2 kg. Lastly, the preference selection index (PSI) method is used to rank all application possibilities, which shows that using systems is highly recommended in cold, hot & humid climates with the best ranks of 1 and 3 and hospital usage with the best rank of 1.

A Quest for hegemony or glory: Ukraine as a battle ground between U.S.A and Russia

The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine is one of the major events of contemporary international politics. It is going to create global tension, increase arms race, pose security threats in different parts of the world and may even end up in a nuclear conflict. Economically, it will be a disaster not only for warring nations but also for entire world. It is resulting in supply shortage of oil, natural gas, food grains, motels and other commodities all over the world as Russia and Ukraine are major exporters of all these items. Rising inflation may result in slow economic growth, increasing poverty and growing hunger in different parts of the world. In a nut shell, the war may change the world order to a great extent. Ukraine has virtually become a battle ground where major powers of the world are show casing their military and technological strength. Generally speaking, the war is being fought on the question of Ukrainian sovereignty to join or not to join NATO. But, a deeper analysis of the whole situation presents a different picture. A War where the U.S. is seeking her national interest only and has put the entire world at stake. A war where Russia is trying to change the world order and desires to regain her past glory which she used to enjoy during the cold war. The present paper wishes to analyze whole situation from different perspectives. Is it Russia who is an aggressor, who desires to regain her past glory of the cold war period? Or is it U.S.A. who wants to weaken Russia and continue its world hegemony through the escalation of war? Whether Russia is in a position to face economic and military superiority of NATO and U.S.A? Or whether it would wise for U.S. to over concentrate on Russia and ignore the real challenge which is there in the form of rising China?

Implementasi Algoritma Apriori Dalam Keterkaitan Data Pada Kelangkaan Minyak Goreng

The shortage of edible oil has caused the price of oil to be significantly higher than normal, which has led to higher oil prices even in certain regions where there are no edible oil inventories at all (empty warehouses). Due to the phenomenon of cooking oil shortages, many traders sell at high prices using correlation techniques, but they are not suitable. Given so many incidents where traders were selling cooking oil with related technology but not suited to consumers' needs, the authors became interested in analyzing the data connections by applying the a priori algorithm so that the goods paired with the cooking oil were not more useless and can be beneficial to buyers. Transaction data as a reference by a correlation by setting a cut-off value of 15% resulting from scanned transaction data, when buying cooking oil, often from 210 samples at the same time, and the samples taken have too good a number to be used as a correlation to become as they have a leverage value > 1.00 so that they can be used as a reference to arrange the cooking oil supply packaging along with other items.

Formation of nanobubbles generated by hydrate decomposition: A molecular dynamics study

Natural gas hydrate is estimated to have huge reserves. Its exploitation can solve the global oil and gas shortage problem. Hydrates decompose into water and methane, and methane molecules are supersaturated to form nanobubbles. Methane nanobubbles can affect the decomposition efficiency of hydrates. They can provide abundant methane sources for the re-nucleation of hydrates. Molecular dynamics is employed in this study to investigate the decomposition process of type I methane hydrate and the formation of methane nanobubbles generated during decomposition under different methane mole fraction, pressures, and temperatures. The results indicate that external pressure inhibits the diffusion of methane molecules, thereby preventing the formation of nanobubbles. A higher mole fraction of methane molecules in the system requires a higher external pressure to generate stable nanobubbles after the decomposition of the hydrate structure. At 330 K, it is easy to form a nanobubble structure. Results of this study can help provide ideas for the study of efficient extraction and secondary nucleation of hydrates.

Chemical Composition in Kernels of Ten Grafted Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Varieties in Southeastern China

As woody oil crop, pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] may be a solution to the shortage of edible oil in the future. In this study, fruit traits, kernel nutrition and fatty acid composition of 10 pecan varieties were determined to assess the potential of pecans for exploitation as edible oil, as well as to further screen varieties that could be used as edible oil resources and to understand their development prospects for cultivation in mountainous hills. The study showed that all the fruit trait indicators measured, including green-fruit weight (mean 28.47 g), nut weight (10.33 g), kernel weight (5.25 g), nut percentage (36.83%) and kernel percentage (50.50%), showed highly significant differences among the 10 varieties. Among the main nutritional indicators of the kernels, the crude fat content was stable (mean 70.01%) with non-significant differences, while protein (67.50 mg·g−1), soluble sugar (10.7 mg·g−1) and tannin (6.07 mg·g−1) showed highly significant differences between varieties. The oil percentage of nuts (kernel percentage * crude fat) averaged 35.36%, with highly significant differences between varieties. The fatty acid composition was dominated by unsaturated fatty acids (mean 91.82%), with unsaturated fatty acids being 11.24 times more abundant than saturated fatty acids. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid was the highest (mean 70.02%), with highly significant differences between varieties, followed by cis-11-eicosanoic acid (0.25%), with non-significant differences between varieties; among the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid was the highest (19.58%), followed by linolenic acid (0.97%), both of which showed highly significant differences between varieties; monounsaturated fatty acids were 2.42 times more abundant than polyunsaturated fatty acids. Compared to other oilseed crops, pecan has the potential to produce “nutritious, healthy and stable” edible oil, while its wide habitat and good productivity benefits offer broad prospects for development in the hills and mountains of subtropical China.

Perlindungan Hukum bagi Konsumen atas Kelangkaan Minyak Goreng Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen

This journal focuses on the position of consumers when there is a shortage of cooking oil as it is today, where cooking oil is one of the 9 staple ingredients that must be guaranteed availability. By using Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection as the main reference material. This research will review about consumer legal protection to meet basic needs and legal remedies for consumers who experience a shortage of cooking oil products. The research method used is normative with a statute approach, using the law as a key instrument. The result is that based on the applicable law, the community can get legal protection for their right to obtain goods, in this case cooking oil, if in certain circumstances there is a scarcity or unavailability of an item or service. The community can even complain about their problems to the appointed agency and can file a lawsuit against the parties concerned for the violation of their rights. Socialization and awareness to the public on consumer protection is absolutely necessary to increase awareness, ability and empowerment of consumer rights.

Crisis and opportunity

It is not a good time for the global economy. Many countries are experiencing an economic downturn due to several factors. COVID-19 remains a persistent challenge to many countries despite high vaccination rates. In Asia and beyond, a new surge of cases has been delaying the ability of economies to recover and “normalize” since early 2020. Another factor is the ongoing Russia–Ukraine war that started in February 2022. With no end in sight, the war has taken a toll on global supply chains including food (i.e., wheat, potatoes) and oil. Rising food and oil prices have affected societies worldwide unequally with the poor and marginalized receiving the greatest negative impact of actions and decisions made beyond their states' borders. Governments will face tremendous challenges in addressing the economic hardship experienced by their people. Their pandemic response has drained their fiscal resources and led many states to borrow extensively. In the Philippines, for example, government debt has doubled since the pandemic began. This has severely limited the ability of its government to effectively respond to inflation and jumpstart the economy. But it is in Sri Lanka where a full-fledged economic crisis wreaked havoc with the resignation of the government. Without sufficient foreign currency reserves, the Sri Lankan economy virtually shut down with a shortage of oil and gas as well as basic food necessities. As seen in the past, such economic hardship caused popular outrage with massive protests unseen in its contemporary history. The global economic downturn is a serious legitimacy challenge to governments of all types. The dire global economic situation requires states and international institutions to immediately act, seriously work in a collective manner, and commit to uplift everyone from the crisis. This is not an easy decision as retreating to protectionist measures is the easy and rational path in the short run. The looming food crisis around the world is not because there is a lack of supply but with political decisions that seek to protect domestic markets at the sacrifice of foreign markets. This “protectionist reflex” could cause more hardship, especially in low-income economies and highly unequal societies. We will have to wait in the coming months whether the global economy can indeed fix these market distortions on its own but as history has taught us, previous international economic crises required proactive measures of states and international organizations. Asian Politics & Policy has published numerous articles on the linkages between economic crisis and political factors. Yu's (2010) study about China's proposal to develop a Western Economic Triangle has been met with skepticism given the various challenges in the country's western frontier. This inequality within one of the world's biggest economies will continue to impact the ability of China to recover from the current economic downturn. China's more assertive stance in the region will also influence its ability to present itself as a problem solver to the current economic crisis. The country's ability to integrate itself into the global economy and be more interdependent with other countries has not necessarily released the mechanisms attributed by international relations theory regarding liberal or democratic peace. Leon (2017) argued that this is because China remains in a process of power transition. Thus, it will take some time before China can act as a responsible economic actor. Finally, existing regional trade arrangements such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership may require adjustments to appropriately and sufficiently address the current challenges faced by economies in the Indo-Pacific region. In one study, such trade arrangements may have to balance the desire to be autonomous from the global trade order with the necessity of linking with other economies to address the global economic crisis (Novikov & Shumkova, 2018). In this issue of Asian Politics & Policy, we are pleased to publish original research articles that covered topics ranging from military history, Taiwan's soft power diplomacy, irrigation policy reforms in Southeast Asia, policy brokers for infrastructure projects in Thailand, and youth violence in Nepal. We are also featuring two policy review articles regarding COVID-19 policy responses in Indonesia and Hong Kong as well as the usual media and book reviews. We hope that our journal can be a good academic medium for serious and rigorous debates and discussions on public policies and international affairs in Asia.

Cycle-resolved visualization of lubricant-induced abnormal combustion in an optical natural gas/hydrogen engine

The carbon-free policies and the shortage of crude oil have made engines fueled with natural gas get more and more attention, but actual engines fueled with natural gas often suffer from low engine power output and thermal efficiency. Hydrogen addition and high boosting are effective ways to improve natural gas engines’ efficiency and power output, however, abnormal combustion may occur and prevent the further increase in engine performance. In this study, the inner mechanism of lubricant-induced abnormal combustion was studied based on an optical natural gas/hydrogen engine. The test fuel was chosen as M70H30 and the in-cylinder lubricant was achieved by smearing the piston with excessive lubricating oil. Simultaneous pressure acquisition and high-speed direct photography were used to study flame propagation and abnormal combustion processes. The results show that the lubricant-induced auto-ignition occurred randomly, while no knock occurs due to the low energy density of M70H30. Besides, the abnormal combustion is observed to be directly related to the retained hot spot, and an early auto-ignition always results in too much negative work and low thermal efficiency. Comparing the location of abnormal combustion, it is found that the effect of auto-ignition on combustion also strongly depends on the location of hot spots. Furthermore, the comparison between end-gas auto-ignition cycle and normal cycle implied that non-knocking end-gas auto-ignition is favorable for improving natural gas/hydrogen engines’ efficiency, because the heat release is more concentrated. The current study shall give insights into understanding the abnormal combustion in high-power natural gas/hydrogen engines.

LABORATORY STUDIES OF WATERFLOOD FROM OIL RESERVOIRS IN INDONESIA

The continual shortage of domestic crude oil requires optimum oil and gas conservation practices to ensure maximum recovery from the reservoirs. Oil production from reservoirs by natural (primary) drive mechanisms is often an inefficient process which may leave considerably more “residual” oil trapped behind the reservoirs than can be produced.

Using PV Fuzzy Tracking Algorithm to Charge Electric Vehicles

Due to the possible shortage of oil and gas, increasing the number of cars, global warming, air pollution, and outages, there is a special need for renewable energy sources and electric vehicles (EVs). The new battery-electric vehicles BEVs can be charged by the power grid. However, the existing fossil fuel power plant cannot provide enough power for this purpose, and the only choice is renewable energy sources (RECs). Comparing RECs, solar energy is abundant and accessible in any part of the world. Needless to state that a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system is required in order to extract maximum power from solar modules. In this paper, a charging strategy is proposed via using a solar system, a boost converter, and a fuzzy tracking algorithm. The main research contribution of the presented paper is to charge an EV without putting stress on the power grid. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by the MATLAB Simulink and LTSPICE results.

Dorado on Cue for midyear FID in the Midst of Crude Chaos and a Cold War

George Orwell might have been labelled over imaginative had he scripted the Carnarvon Energy story that has brought Australia’s biggest oil discovery in 30-years, Dorado-1, to the cusp of FID just as Australia and the world re-enters an east-west cold war sparking oil shortages with crude prices touching all-time, record highs.

Integrated geophysical analysis of the Sembar Formation, Central Indus Basin, as an unconventional resource

The ever-increasing demand for new energy sources witnessed at present is leading to a shortage of oil and gas resources throughout the world. At the same time, polluting energy sources such as coal are being gradually replaced by gas, new fuel types and electricity produced by renewable methods. Unconventional shale gas reserves, relying on the presence of substantial volumes of good quality, thermally mature organic matter, are therefore crucial in shaping the economic future of multiple regions in the world. Using seismic reflection data to estimate Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in the underexplored Sembar Formation of the Qadirpur Area, Central Indus Basin, this study investigates the potential of a new unconventional resource in Pakistan. We estimate TOC based on well-log data using Passey's Δ Log R, Schmoker's, and Schwarzkopf's methods. In a second stage, thermal maturity modelling was carried out for the formations encountered in Well Qadirpur Deep-01, while focusing primarily on the Sembar Formation. Petrophysical and petroelastic properties were determined and cross-plotted to identify potential zones favourable to hydraulic fracturing. The results show calculated TOC values ranging from 2 to 4 wt% based on the multiple methods indicated above, proving that the Sembar Formation is a good to excellent unconventional oil gas play. Thermal maturity modelling further confirms that the organic matter in the Sembar Formation is mature. Our seismic based spatial distribution indicates that TOC values are particularly favourable in the lower part of the formation, which is also prone to hydraulic fracturing based on its petroelastic evaluation. This study presents a valid approach to characterise source-rock potential in sedimentary basins throughout South Asia and around the world.

Conformance control by a microgel in a multi-layered heterogeneous reservoir during CO2 enhanced oil recovery process

Injecting CO2 into the underground for oil displacement and shortage is an important technique for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). One of the main problems during the CO2 injection is the channeling plugging. Finding an effective method for the gas channeling plugging is a critical issue in the CO2 EOR process. In this work, an acid-resistance microgel named dispersed particle gel (DPG) was characterized and its stability was tested in the CO2 environment. The microgel size selection strategies for the homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoirs were respectively investigated using the single core flooding and three parallel core flooding experiments. Moreover, the comparison of microgel alternate CO2 (MAC) injection and water alternate CO2 (WAC) injection in the dual core flooding experiments were presented for the investigation of the role of microgel on the conformance control in CO2 flooding process. The results have shown that the microgel featured with NH and CN groups can keep its morphology after aging 7 days in the CO2 environment. Where, the small microgel with unobstructed migration and large microgel with good plugging efficiency for the high permeability zone were respectively featured with the higher recovery factor in homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions, which indicate they are preferred used for the oil displacement and conformance control. Compared to WAC injection, MAC injection had a higher incremental recovery factor of 12.4%. It suggests the acid-resistance microgel would be a good candidate for the conformance control during CO2 flooding process.

The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the global protein supply

The contribution of aquatic animal protein to the global, animal-source protein supply and the relative importance of aquaculture to capture fisheries in supplying this protein is relevant in assessments and decisions related to the future of aquatic food production and its security. Meat of terrestrial animals, milk, and eggs resulted in 76,966 Kt crude protein compared with 13,950 Kt or 15.3% from aquatic animals in 2018.While aquaculture produced a greater tonnage of aquatic animals, capture fisheries resulted in 7,135 Kt crude protein while aquaculture yielded 6,815 Kt. Capture fisheries production has not increased in the past two decades, and aquaculture production must increase to assure the growing demand for fisheries products by a larger and more affluent population. We estimated based on status quo consumption, that aquaculture production would need to increase from 82,087 Kt in 2018 to 129,000 Kt by 2050 to meet the demand of the greater population. About two-thirds of finfish and crustacean production by aquaculture is feed-based, and feeds for these species include fishmeal and fish oil as ingredients. Aquaculture feeds require a major portion of the global supply of fishmeal and fish oil. An estimated 71.0% of fishmeal and 73.9% of fish oil are made from the catch with the rest coming from aquatic animal processing waste. The catch of small, pelagic fish from the ocean is not predicted to increase in the future. Aquaculture should reduce its fishmeal and oil use to lessen its dependency on small wild fish important to the integrity of marine food webs and food security for the poor in many coastal areas. Fishmeal and fish oil shortages for use in aquaculture feed will result in a limit on production in the future if goals to lessen their use in feeds are not met.

Factors Influencing the Acceptance of E Cars to Battle Air Contamination and Oil Shortage. The Delhi Viewpoint

Factors Influencing the Acceptance of E Cars to Battle Air Contamination and Oil Shortage. The Delhi Viewpoint

Potential Analysis and Technical Conception of Exploitation and Utilization of Tar-Rich Coal in Western China

The resources of tar-rich coal in Western China are abundant and are available for large-scale development. Understanding the oil and gas resource properties of tar-rich coal and promoting the development and transformation of tar-rich coal to produce oil and gas are crucial for increasing domestic oil and gas supply, relieving external dependence on oil and gas, and ensuring national energy security of China. This study estimated the potential of tar-rich coal resources in Western China based on the current exploration results of coal resources, reviewed the current status and existing problems, and proposed the basic concept and technical conception for the development and utilization of tar-rich coal in Western China considering the new requirements for carbon reduction, intelligent green development, and compensation for oil and gas shortage. The study concluded that the development and utilization of tar-rich coal needs to focus on key technologies, including high-precision comprehensive exploration, high-recovery-rate mining, underground in-situ pyrolysis, pyrolysis and gasification integration, and in-situ pyrolysis char CO₂ storage. Furthermore, we suggest that the tar-rich coal should be included in the management of unconventional oil and gas resources, scientific and technological research on the development and utilization of tar-rich coal should be strengthened, a national demonstration area should be established, and development of new energy and tar-rich coal in Western China should be coordinated, so as to maximize the special advantages of tar-rich coal as coal-based oil and gas resources and realize the low-carbon and high-value utilization of coal resources.

The Effect of Bio-Oil on High-Temperature Performance of Bio-Oil Recycled Asphalt Binders

Bio-oil recycled asphalt binders in road engineering can help solve the problem of oil shortage and reduce the environmental pollution and sustainability. This paper investigated the road performance of the aged asphalt binder by adding bio-oil so that the aged asphalt binder could be reused to reach purpose of reuse. The residual soybean oil was selected as rejuvenator and blended with aged asphalt binder at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%, respectively. The results showed that bio-oil increased the penetration of aged asphalt binder, the penetration of bio-oil recycled asphalt binder with a bio-oil content of 6% reached the standard of 70# matrix asphalt binder. The addition of bio-oil reduced the viscosity, mixing and compaction temperature of aged asphalt binder. As a common knowledge, bio-oil helps to increase the lightweight components of the aged asphalt binder, which diminishes the high-temperature rutting resistance of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders. The high-temperature deformation resistance of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders had not decreased linearly with the bio-oil dosage. Meanwhile, the high-temperature performance of the bio-oil recycled asphalt binder with a 6% bio-oil was superior to matrix asphalt binder. Bio-oil increased the light components of the aged asphalt binder, thus reducing the high-temperature rheological properties of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders as the bio-oil dosage increases. The above test results showed that the bio-oil could restore the aged asphalt binder to the initial level to reach the reuse target.

The Economic Influence of Oil Shortage and the Optimal Strategic Petroleum Reserve

The Economic Influence of Oil Shortage and the Optimal Strategic Petroleum Reserve

Optimization of Combustion Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fueled by Biofuels and Its Diesel Blends with Additive Titanium Dioxide Nano-Particles

The fuel crisis throughout the world made many countries to be aware of their vulnerability to oil shortages. So many researches are still in progress and focus on the growth of bio fuel usage. In this regard, alternative fuels and the drivetrain play a major rule in critical emission issues. However, at the same time, enormous and vast number of vehicles have started to claim and place their heavy demand for alternative sources of fuel. Of course, gasoline and diesel, the conventional fuels will become scarce and much costlier. With a present known reserves and steep rise of demand and rate of consumption, hope of crude oil import is not going to last long. The CFD investigation is to find the combustion characteristics of the BioFuel with the various compositions of mixing with diesel, the Kirloskar IC Engine is taken for this research and the results of pressure, velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, temperature gradients, fuel combustions, oxidizers volume fractions also obtained from the CFD analysis results. CFD Analysis of Biodiesel combustion done in ANSYS Fluent. Software modeling of IC Engine done in CATIA V5 Software. Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) and Mahua Methyl Ester (MME) are used for this research. Combustion characteristics in addition to emission parameters are assessed then a conclusion can be drawn.

Early warning method for overseas natural gas pipeline accidents based on FDOOBN under severe environmental conditions

The completion and operation of transnational long-distance oil and gas pipelines will not only alleviate shortages of oil and gas resources in China, but also lead to new development opportunities in the countries along their routes. However, the frequent occurrence of severe environmental disasters has led to several uncertainties regarding the long-term safe and stable operation of overseas pipelines, including pipeline fracture, fire, explosions, etc. In this paper, the fuzzy dynamic object-oriented Bayesian network (FDOOBN) theory was introduced to establish an early warning method for overseas natural gas pipeline accidents under harsh environmental conditions. Firstly, for the harsh environmental conditions (lightning, rain, and wind) at pipeline laying stations, accident scenarios under a single harsh environmental condition and the combination of multiple harsh environmental conditions were constructed. The object-oriented concept was adopted to modularize the station system and equipment, and the dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model of each subsystem of the station was established. Then, the conditional probability parameters in the model were determined by the fuzzy mathematical method. The DBN model of each subsystem and the dynamic object-oriented Bayesian network (DOOBN) model of the entire station system based on the process flow of the station and the object-oriented concept were introduced in turn to establish the fuzzy dynamic Bayesian network (FDBN) model and the FDOOBN model respectively. The dynamic early warning system for station risk under harsh environmental conditions was finally realized. Finally, the prediction errors of environmental parameters, such as meteorological conditions, were introduced to modify the reliability of the model. The results show that compared with the traditional model, the error-corrected FDOOBN model not only has a better performance in simplifying the modelling process and fully integrating expert experience, but also has an increase in dynamic warning range, further improving the reliability of accident warnings.