Oilseed Cakes Research Articles

PERFORMANCE OF CUCUMBER VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT NUTRIENT SOURCES IN THE RIVERBED OF KANCHANPUR DISTRICT

A field experiment was carried out in riverbed of Kanchanpur district to know the performance of cucumber varieties under different nutrients sources. The research site was facing the problem of low productivity of cucumber due to the use of indigenous variety and traditional cultivation practices. So the research was conducted to know the best variety of cucumber with different nutrients source under riverbed condition. The research was carried out from 13th December 2016 to 15th May 2017. The soil of experimental field was sandy loam with pH 6.2. The crop geometry was 75 cm×75cm and the size of each plot was 14.0625 m2. The research was carried out in RCBD design with 8 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment combination used for the field experiment were FYM + Ninja-179, FYM + Malini, Poultry manure + Ninja-179, Poultry manure + Malini, Oilseed cake + Ninja-179, Oilseed cake + Malini, NPK + Ninja-179 and NPK + Malini. Data were collected on the following parameters such as vine length, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf breadth, days to first flowering, days to first fruiting, days to first fruit maturity, male and female flower ratio fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit yield. It is revealed that the performance of different combination of treatments, NPK + Ninja-179 was found to be the best high yielding variety for this locality with yield of 68.79 ton/ha. Besides fruit yield, the treatment combination of NPK + Ninja-179 was superior to other treatment combination in others parameters like vine length(64.67 cm), number of leaves(17.93), fruit length(21.8 cm), fruit weight (535.31g) and fruit diameter(6.00 cm). The study reveals that the treatments combination of inorganic fertilizer with Ninja variety was found to be best under riverbed condition.

Substitution of Leucaena hay for oil seed cake meal in total mixed rations for goats

This study investigated the effects of incorporating different protein sources (oil seed cakes versus Leucaena leucocephala hay) in a total mixed ration (TMR) on intake, digestibility, growth and carcass meat quality of Saanen goats. Sixteen Saanen male goats were allocated to TMR diets formulated with or without L. leucocephala hay at 25% of total dry matter (DM). The TMRs were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous, isocaloric and iso-neutral detergent fibre using two sources of crude protein from Leucaena hay or oilseed cake meal (OSCM), which is a blend of soybean, sunflower and cottonseed cake meal. Data were collected on nutrient digestibility and carcass quality parameters. The goats fed TMR with Leucaena had greater (P <0.05) dry matter intake compared with those fed the control diet. In contrast, the digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and feed conversion ratio did not differ (P >0.05) between the two dietary treatments. Between treatments, no differences were detected for slaughter bodyweight, empty bodyweight carcass weight, and dressing percentage. Nor were differences detected (P >0.05) for cooking loss percentage, back fat cover, and area of eye muscle (longissimus dorsi) and WarnerBratzler shear force between goats fed the two TMR diets. Replacing a portion of oilseed cake meal at 15% DM with Leucaena hay at 25% DM in TMR for Saanen goats would help rural farmers to reduce the cost of feeding.Keywords: body composition, digestibility, feed intake, growth, meat quality

In vitro Evaluation of Corn Germ Meal as Ruminant Feed

The present study was taken up to assess the chemical composition and in vitro nutritional worth of corn germ meal (CGM) in comparison to conventional oilseed cakes used in livestock feeding. The CP content of protein sources varied from 18.59% in CGM to 49.41% in soybean meal (SBM). CGM had the highest ether extract (EE) content, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and total carbohydrates. However, total ash, acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) and neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) was lowest in CGM. In vitro net gas production in CGM (267.91 ml/g DM/24 h) was higher (P<0.05) than other conventional oil cakes. The digestibility of organic matter varied from 85.12% in DMC (deoiled mustard cake) to 96.19% in SBM. The ME availability was highest (P<0.05) in CGM (9.63 MJ/kg DM). Ammonical nitrogen in CGM was lower (P<0.05) than SBM and GNC (groundnut cake).The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) production (mM/dl) was highest (P<0.05) in GNC (12.56) and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM (9.31). Methane production was lowest (P<0.05) in CGM than other conventional oil cakes. Hydrogen recovery (%) was higher (P<0.05) in CGM (65.76) and SBM (65.78) than other protein sources tested. Fermentation efficiency (%) was higher (P<0.05) in SBM (77.02) and GNC (76.75) while volatile fatty acids utilization index (VFA UI) was higher (P<0.05) in CGM (2.92) and DMC (2.84) than other protein sources tested. The results revealed that CGM can be used as a potential protein source for ruminants.

Effects of feeding UFA-rich cold-pressed oilseed cakes and sainfoin on dairy ewes’ milk fatty acid profile and curd sensory properties

A lactation study was carried out utilizing 72 ewes in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement involving two forages: Tall fescue (FES) and sainfoin (SAIN) hays; and 3 concentrates, which contained hydrogenated prilled palm fat (CTR), cold-pressed sunflower cake (SUN) or cold-pressed rapeseed cake (RPS) as fat sources. Ewes were divided into 6 equilibrated groups of 12 ewes each, according to milk yield and days in milk. Concentrates were offered individually and forage was group fed ad libitum. Milk yield was daily recorded; individual samples of milk were taken for fat, protein, lactose and for fatty acid (FA) composition analysis. Dry matter intake (DMI) and organic matter apparent digestibility (OMD) were estimated using two markers. Feeding behaviour was recorded for 48 h. Blood samples were collected for non-esterified fatty acids, blood urea nitrogen and IGF-1 determinations. Curd acceptance test was carried out using a non-trained sensory panel using a 10-point line scale for the attributes of appearance, flavour, odour, texture and overall acceptability. Milk yield and composition were analysed using the MIXED procedure for repeated measures with fixed effects of concentrate, forage and week, their interaction and the initial record measured at week 0 as covariate, and day and ewe as random effects. Total, hay and concentrate DMI, OMD, plasma metabolites and milk FA profile were analysed using the GLM procedure. Feeding behaviour and sensorial data were analysed using the previous statistical model but without including a covariate. SUN reduced milk total saturated fatty acids (SFA) compared to CTR with both forages, while RPS only reduced SFA with SAIN. Polyunsaturated FA were increased with both cakes and SAIN. SUN increased n-6:n-3 ratio compared to CTR (+54%) and RPS (+62%), and SAIN reduced this ratio compared to FES (−27%). SUN reduced milk index of atherogenicity compared to CTR (up to −33%) with both forages, while RPS reduced (up to −31%) this index only with SAIN. Concentrate did not affect milk production, digestibility and intake, but SAIN increased these traits together with plasma IGF-1. Neither concentrate nor forage affected curd acceptance traits. Healthier milk can be obtained with cakes. Nevertheless the forage used in the ration seems to be of great importance. Neither cakes nor SAIN had a detrimental effect on digestibility, production performance or curd acceptance in lactating ewes.

Kluyvera georgiana MCC 3673: A Novel Electrogen Enriched in Microbial Fuel Cell Fed with Oilseed Cake.

A novel electrogenic bacterial species, Kluyvera georgiana MCC 3673, was isolated by enrichment in microbial fuel cells (MFC) using oilseed cake as a growth substrate. CHNS analyses showed that oilseed cakes are rich in carbon and nitrogen content. Utilization of these compounds by bacteria was evident from 50% reduction in chemical oxygen demand. The maximum power density of 379 ± 8mW/m2 was produced from sesame seed cake media with mixed consortia inoculum from lake sediment. Enrichment was carried out for over 15 cycles by renewing the media periodically on drop of the voltage. A pure culture of enriched electrogen was isolated by dilution plate technique. Physiological and biochemical studies were performed on the isolate as per standard methods. Genetic analysis by 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that this organism is closely related to Kluyvera georgiana. When inoculated in MFC as pure culture, the maximum power density of 158 ± 11mW/m2 and 172 ± 13mW/m2 was produced with sesame and groundnut oilseed cake media, respectively. The performance increased in LB media producing maximum power density of 394 ± 6mW/m2. This bacterium has also scope for application in wide range of MFC as it can produce electricity even in suspended culture. To our knowledge, this is the first report on bio-electricity generation using oilseed cake as substrate in MFC.

Decrease of Phorbol Esters in Composting of Jatropha Seed Oil Cake

Decrease of Phorbol Esters in Composting of Jatropha Seed Oil Cake

English

The experiment was conducted in Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center with the objective of evaluating the effects of sources of dietary protein supplemented to oat-vetch mixture hay on milk yield, milk composition and profitability in lactating crossbred dairy cows. Four high grade cross bred (Holstein Friesian × Boran) dairy cows with similar lactation stage (mid lactation) and parity were used. The experimental diets were T1 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + noug seed cake), T2 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + cottonseed cake), T3 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + linseed cake) and T4 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + mixture of the three oil seed cakes). A 4 × 4 Latin square design was used for the feeding experiment with four dietary treatments assigned to animals at random initially. The animals were offered hay at a rate sufficient to allow for a 20% refusal and the amount of concentrate offered was at 0.5 kg/l of milk in all treatments. The concentrate mix consisted of 33% oil seed cakes (OSC), 66% wheat bran and 1% salt. Treatment effects on milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, lactose and total solids were significantly different (P<0.05). Economic analysis showed that T2 based supplementation was feasible than the remaining dietary treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that T2 can optimize both biological and economic response of dairy cows. Key words: Cottonseed cake, dairy cow, linseed cake, milk, noug seed cake, oat-vetch, wheat bran.

Plasma Purine Derivatives Concentration in Barbari Goats Fed Diets with Different Oil Seed Cakes

Plasma Purine Derivatives Concentration in Barbari Goats Fed Diets with Different Oil Seed Cakes

Antioksidativna aktivnost biopolimernih filmova na bazi uljane pogače tikve golice dobijenih različitim postupkom filtracije

In this work, pumpkin seed oil cake that remains after process of cold pressed oil extraction, was used for the production of composite biopolymer based packaging films. During the production of films, four degrees of filtration were applied. The obtained composite biopolymer films were analyzed for antioxidant activity using three different antioxidant activity assays: the ability to capture free radicals, including •DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical, •OH, as well as reduction power assay of the analyzed films. By comparing the antioxidant activity of the films obtained with different degrees of filtration, it can be concluded that the films obtained by finer filtration (smaller diameter of the filter pore) exhibit greater ability to capture •DPPH radicals, as well as higher reducing power, while the ability to capture hydroxyl radicals showed different trend. Films obtained from the coarser filtered fractions (higher diameter of the filtrate medium) showed greater •OH scavenging ability.

Effect of Compost and Mixed Oilseed Cake Application Rates on Soil Chemical Properties, Plant Growth, and Yield of Organic Bulb Onions

Effect of Compost and Mixed Oilseed Cake Application Rates on Soil Chemical Properties, Plant Growth, and Yield of Organic Bulb Onions

Possibilities of Usage of Oilcakes from Non-traditional Oil Plants for Development of Health-friendly Functional Food Products

Research studies have shown that the nutrition of Lithuanian population is not healthy. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibilities of usage of oilcakes from non- conventional oil plants for the development of new food products and estimation of their quality and nutritional properties. For this purpose the standard methods were used to determine and compare the nutritional value of non-traditional oilseed cakes, analyzed the possibilities of their use for development of new confectionery products. During experimental tests, the bread samples were developed and made enriched with 2.5%, 5% chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oilcake flour and also the donuts enriched with 2 to 8% citrus fibers Citri – Fi and with 8% chia oilcake flour.The physico-chemical quality, organoleptic properties of oilcakes and new products were determined by standard methods. Nutritional value of new breads was calculated using Excel program. It was found that oilcakes from non-traditional oilseeds contain up to 50 % protein and up to 35 % fiber. Chia oilcake is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Laboratory tests showed that the bread with 2.5 % chia oilcake addition was distinguished by the best technological and organoleptic characteristics. The use of chia oilcake in the production of yeast donuts reduced the loss of fritting fat and the amount of fat in the donuts was lower by about 40% than the amount of fat in the control sample. Chia oilcakes have the same technological properties as citrus fibers Citri-Fi.

Proximate analysis of cold-press oil cakes after biological treatment with Trametes versicolor and Humicola grisea.

In order to increase the current knowledge on cold-press oil cakes composition, the present study aims to determine the chemical composition of oil cakes from hull-less pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and hemp (Canabis sativa L.) before and after the biological treatment with Trametes versicolor and Humicola grisea using fungal-based solid-state technology. After 10days of treatment, the content of ash, total nitrogen, total proteins, and total organic carbon increased in all the three oil cakes, while the content of ether extracts decreased. After treatment, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates decreased in pumpkin and hemp seed oil cakes, whereas it increased in flaxseed oil cake. During treatment with T. versicolor, the content of fructose significantly increased in hull-less pumpkin seed oil cake. Fiber content decreased in pumpkin and flaxseed oil cakes after treatment with both of the fungi, whereas it increased in flaxseed oil cake.

Growth performance, organ weights, and blood parameters of nursery pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of cold-pressed canola cake.

Oilseed cakes have high oil content, and thus their inclusion in swine can lead to reduced dietary inclusion of oil, and hence reduced cost of feed. An experiment was conducted to determine effects of including Brassica napus-derived cold-pressed canola cake (CPCC) in diets for nursery pigs on growth performance, organ weights relative to live body weight (BW), and blood parameters. A total of 160 pigs (initial BW: 7.8 ± 0.9 kg), which had been weaned at 21 d of age were housed in 40 pens (4 pigs/pen) and fed 4 diets (10 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design for 35 d. The 4 diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet and the basal diet with corn and SBM replaced by 20, 30, or 40% of CPCC. The diets were fed in 2 phases, Phase 1 from day 0 to 14 and Phase 2 from day 14 to 35; and were formulated to meet NRC (2012) nutrient recommendations for nursery pigs and to have the same net energy, standardized ileal digestible amino acid, and digestible P contents. Increasing inclusion of CPCC in diets was achieved by partial replacement of corn, SBM, limestone, and mono-calcium phosphate. Growth performance was determined by phase. On day 35, 1 pig from each pen was euthanized for determining organ weights and blood parameters. The CPCC contained 7.63% moisture, and on a dry matter basis, it (CPCC) contained 39.6% crude protein, 2.32% Lys, 0.74% Met, 1.63% Thr, 0.50% Trp, 16.0% ether extract, 20.7% neutral detergent fiber, and 14.9 µmol/g of glucosinolates. Increasing dietary CPCC from 0 to 40% linearly reduced (P < 0.05) overall (day 0 to 35) average daily gain and average daily feed intake (0.440 to 0.288 kg/d and 0.739 to 0.522 kg/d, respectively). Increasing dietary CPCC from 0 to 40% resulted in a linear increase (P < 0.05) in liver weight by 0.1 g/kg of BW and in thyroid gland weight by 2.2 mg/kg of BW, but in a linear reduction (P < 0.05) in serum tetraiodothyronine (T4) level by 0.2 ng/mL for each 1% increase in CPCC at 35 d of age. No differences were observed in heart and kidney weights relative to live BW, and in serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentration. In conclusion, increasing dietary CPCC from 0 to 40% by reducing corn and SBM levels resulted in depressed growth performance, increased metabolic activity in liver and thyroid gland, and reduced serum T4 level of pigs. Thus, the amounts of CPCC included in nursery pig diets should be based on targeted growth performance and cost of other feedstuffs in relation to that of CPCC.

Effect of year, location, compost, and mixed oilseed cake on bulb and scale characteristic, nutrients and organic compounds in bulb and leaf, and storage quality in organic bulb onion

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of years and different locations, beef cattle manure compost (BCMC) and mixed oilseed cake (MOC) application rates on bulb and scale characteristics, nutrient content and nutrient uptake in bulb and leaf, and storage quality of intermediate-day onions (Allium cepa L.) at two organic onion growers' fields during the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 growing seasons. Treatments included BCMC applied at rates of 0, 30 ton·ha-1 and MOC applied at rates of 0, 3, 6, 9 t·ha-1. Average temperature at two experimental locations during the growing season in 2013/2014 was 1.2°C higher than in 2012/2013, while total rainfall was 206.6 mm higher in 2012/2013 than in 2013/2014. Onion bulb diameter, bulb fresh weight, scale thickness and fresh leaf weight were significantly greater in 2013 than in 2014, but bulb dry matter was greater in 2014 than in 2013. Nitrogen, potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) contents and uptakes in bulb were significantly higher in 2013/2014 than in 2012/2013. BCMC application at 30 t·ha-1 rate increased K and Mg contents in bulb and leaf as compared with no BCMC. Total soluble solids (TSSs), pyruvic acid (PA), total phenolics (TPs) and total flavonoids (TFs) contents were higher in 2013/2014 than in 2012/2013. BCMC application at 3 t·ha-1 decreased TSSs and PA content compared with no BCMC. MOC application increased PA content. Rot and weight loss on 8 September in cold room storage were lower in 2013/2014 than in 2012/2013, but the loss on 14 October and 10 December were not significantly different between two years. In conclusion, high air temperature and low rainfall in Mar. and Apr. increased fresh bulb weight and bulb thickness, while high temperature, low rainfall and long sunshine duration increased TSSs, PA, TPs and TFs contents. Compost and oilseed cake application increased fresh bulb weight, scale thickness, while they decreased TSSs and did not affect organic compounds.

Utilization of unprocessed and fibre-reduced oilseed cakes of rapeseed and sunflower seed in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykissW.) nutrition-Evaluation of apparent digestibility and growth performance

Two digestibility trials were carried out to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL) and energy of unprocessed and two differently processed fibre‐reduced rapeseed and sunflower seed oil cakes (sieved oilseed cakes and oilseed cakes produced from partially dehulled seeds) in rainbow trout (40 fish per tank; four tanks per diet). Each trial was followed by a 63‐day growth trial, wherein the respective oilseed cakes with the highest ADCs were evaluated as fishmeal substitutes, based on digestible CP. Oilseed cakes of rapeseeds and sunflower seeds had low nutrient ADCs (Trial 1). Nonetheless, the protein in rapeseed cake was able to replace up to 10% of the fishmeal protein in a diet without negatively affecting performance traits (Trial 2). Fibre reduction increased the ADCs of both types of oilseed cakes substantially (Trial 3). However, when fish were fed diets with 0%, 25% and 50% fishmeal protein replaced with dehulled rapeseed or dehulled sunflower seed cake protein, performance traits decreased with increasing substitution levels (Trial 4). Nonetheless, the amount of fishmeal needed per unit weight gain was lower for all fish fed the diets containing either one of the dehulled oilseed cakes than for the reference diets.

Rare Hybrid Dimers with Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities from a Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Seed Oil Cake.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds. However, during the production process of seed oil, a large amount of the oil cake is thrown away or fermented as fertilizer to improve the homing rate of pigeons. Therefore, to solve the ecological problem and develop its new function, we investigated the chemical constituents of a safflower seed oil cake, and six new hybrid dimers, (±)-carthatins A-F (1-6, respectively), with a phenylpropanoid and a feruloylserotonin fused via a dihydrofuran ring, together with four known compounds, including sinapyl alcohol (7), coniferyl alcohol (8), serotobenine (9), and feruloylserotonin (10), were isolated. The extensive nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, combined with electronic circular dichroism analysis and chiral high-performance liquid chromatography, allowed the complete structural assignments of (±)-carthatins A-F. Moreover, we evaluated their anti-acetylcholinesterase activities. Racemic carthatins A and B (1 and 2, respectively) showed anti-acetylcholinesterase effects with IC50 values of 17.96 and 66.83 μM, respectively. To some extent, our findings provide a new scaffold of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which could be beneficial for developing therapeutic molecules for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and supporting folk application of a safflower seed oil cake.

Effect of Inoculum Dosage Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae mixture with Fermentation Time of Oil Seed Cake (Jatropha curcas L) to the content of Protein and Crude Fiber

Jatropha curcas L already widely cultivated for its seeds pressed oil used as an alternative fuel. This plant productivity per hectare obtained 2.5-5 tonnes of oil/ha / year and jatropha seed cake from 5.5 to 9.5 tonnes/ha/year, nutrient content of Jatropha curcas seed L potential to be used as feed material, However, the constraints faced was the low crude protein and high crude protein. The purpose of the research was to determine the dosage of inoculum and fermentation time of Jatropha seed cake by a mixture of Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae on crude protein and crude fibre. The study was conducted by an experimental method using a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) factorial design (3×3). The treatment consisted of a mixture of three dosage levels of Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae (= 0.2% d1, d2 and d3 = 0.3% = 0.4%) and three levels of fermentation time (w1 = 72 hours, 96 hours and w2 = w3 = 120 hours) each repeated three times. The parameters measured were crude protein and crude fibre. The results showed that dosages of 0.3% (Aspergillus niger Rhizopus oryzae 0.15% and 0.15%) and 72 hours (d2w1) is the dosage and the optimal time to generate the highest crude protein content of 21.11% and crude fibre amounted to 21.36%.

Substrate kinetics of thiol activated hyperthermostable alkaline lipase of Bacillus sonorensis 4R and its application in bio-detergent formulation

Abstract The substrate kinetics of a hyperthermostable alkaline lipase from Bacillus sonorensis 4R (BSL) was studied and the enzyme was used to develop presoak formulation for removing oil stains at 37 °C and 80 °C. The purified BSL was thiol activated with 112.49% and 37.49% enhancement in presence of 5 mM thiourea and dithiothreitol (DTT) respectively. BSL displayed higher specificity for mustard oil and cotton seed oil cake than olive oil as a standard substrate. The maximal velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km) values determined in presence of olive oil, mustard oil and cotton seed oil cake were 5.0, 7.14, 5.55 µM and 3.22, 2.5 and 2.22 µM/ml/min respectively. Effect of phenylmethylsulfonyl flouride (PMSF) and N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) on BSL catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil, mustard oil and cotton seed oil cake were studied in terms of changes in Vmax, Km, catalytic efficiency and substrate utilization capacity. BSL catalyzed improved hydrolysis of cotton seed oil cake in presence of thiourea and retained 100% stability in presence of non-polar solvents, surfactants and detergents. BSL (15 Eu/100 ml) was effective in removal of olive oil stains studied at three aging periods (0, 7 and 15 d) and two washing temperatures (37 °C and 80 °C). The BSL action during wash performance studies for all aging periods was demonstrated clearly by quantitated fatty acid release. BSL exhibited excellent olive oil removal capacity than buffer (pH 9.0) and Tide (1%). The combination of BSL and Tide proved best formulation for stain removal of olive oil soiled fabrics.

Replacing fishmeal with oilseed cakes in fish feed – A study on the influence of processing parameters on the extrusion behavior and quality properties of the feed pellets

The use of suitable fishmeal substitutes for feed in aquaculture is highly desirable to ensure sustainable and economic fish farming. Soybean, linseed, rapeseed, and sunflower seed cakes were investigated as potential fishmeal substitutes. A replacement of 25% (w/w) of the reference fishmeal formulation with oilseed cakes produced pellets with similar nutritional profiles to the reference fish feed but with less pronounced expansion, increased sedimentation velocity, lower water stability and abrasion resistance. The sedimentation velocity of the pellets containing oilseed cakes could be reduced by improving their radial expansion, which was achieved by altering the screw configuration of the extruder, namely by increasing the number of reverse elements and kneading blocks. A reduction in sedimentation velocity could be similarly achieved using finer milled oilseed cake particles. This study indicates that a partial replacement of fishmeal using oilseed press cakes as a by-product from oil-production is feasible. Additionally, the present findings demonstrate that the physical properties of the final fish feed pellets can be modified to be more similar to the fishmeal reference pellets by varying specific parameters in the extrusion process.

Enhancement of Oxidative Stability of Flaxseed Oil Through Flaxseed, Evening Primrose and Black Cumin Cake Extracts

The study focused on antioxidant potential of extracts obtained from flaxseed, evening primrose and black cumin defatted cakes and their effectiveness in enhancing the cold-pressed flaxseed oil stability. The highest total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power (FRAP) exhibited evening primrose cake extract, followed by black cumin and flaxseed cake extracts. The influence of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% oilseed cake extracts and 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on stability of cold-pressed flaxseed oil incubated at 40C for 21 days was assessed by PV and p-AV measurements. The effect of addition was dependent on the kind of extract and concentration used. The highest protective efficiency toward flaxseed oil exhibited 0.2% flaxseed cake extract, which was more effective than synthetic antioxidant (0.02% BHT). Therefore, the flaxseed cake extract might be used as an alternative natural source of antioxidants for inhibition of flaxseed oil oxidation. Practical Applications Oilseed cakes are byproducts of oilseeds pressing and they are normally used as fodder in animal nutrition or as a fuel in heating plants. From an economical point of view oilseed cakes seem to be underutilized as they provide an excellent source of raw material with potential applications as nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients. The low oxidative stability of cold-pressed flaxseed oil impose the investigation for alternative natural substances with antioxidant properties. Enrichment of flaxseed oil with flaxseed cake extract enhances the stability and nutritional value of oil.