Oil SAE Research Articles

Effect of nano-additives on friction and wear characteristics of blended lubricants containing "palm oil and Al-Rashid engine oil SAE 15W_40"

The research aims to evaluate the nano-additives for oil, decreasing friction, surface roughness, and decreasing wear.Wear and friction coefficient are examined using a pin on a disk device; adding 2 wt.% nano-additives to the blended lubricant resulted in maximum friction and wear.In the current research, one of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that the nano-additives increase viscosity and reduce wear and friction coefficient. The highest viscosity values were when adding GNP, and improving the percentage of nano-additives leads to an increase in viscosity.The results reveal that the additive was chosen as the most appropriate concentration in the blended lubricant.An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the effects of nano-additive graphene nano-powder (GNPs), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and titanium oxides (Tio2) in concentrations (0.5%,1%, 1.5%, 2%,2.5% ) as additives to engine oil (Al-Rashid oil) SAE 15W_40 and 5% palm oil.The results presented in the given paper may facilitate improvements in the nano-additives, resulting in increased viscosity compared to the base oil.

The Corrosive Effects of Aftermarket Oil Additives on High-Leaded Tin Bronze Alloy.

Aftermarket additives are used to enhance the performance of internal combustion engines in specific aspects such as reducing wear, increasing power, and improving fuel economy. Despite their advantages, they can sometimes cause corrosion-related problems. This research evaluated the corrosiveness of four aftermarket additives on the corrosion of a high-leaded tin bronze alloy over 28 days at 80 °C in immersion tests. Among the evaluated products, three showed corrosive effects ranging from intermediate to severe. Notably, the visual appearance of the surfaces often did not indicate the underlying corrosive damage. Therefore, the assessment of corrosiveness was based on chemical characterizations conducted on both the drained oils and the bronze surfaces. The study found minimal oil degradation under the testing conditions, indicating that the primary cause of corrosion was the interaction between the specific additives and the metal elements of the alloy, rather than oil degradation itself. A direct correlation was observed between the dissolution of lead and copper and the adsorption of S and Cl-containing additives on the surfaces, respectively. The corrosive impact of Cl-containing additives in aftermarket formulations was significantly reduced when mixed with engine oil SAE 10W-30 (at a 25:1 ratio), suggesting a mitigated effect in combined formulations, which is the recommended usage for engines.

Investigation on lubricity effectiveness Ficus carica lubricant modified with PTFE and TBHQ as additives for steel-steel contact application

The application of additives to the bio-lubricants is essential to improve the base oil tribological properties. A high-frequency reciprocating rig and different operating conditions were used to test the effects of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer on the tribological performance of Ficus carica oil as a base oil for machine lubrication. The viscosity and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) evaluations were carried out to ascertain the additive's effectiveness. A scanning electron microscope was used to analyse the morphologies and the substrate-worn surfaces. When additives were applied separately, 1 wt% of PTFE produced a superior coefficient of friction (COF) and better wear reduction than other examined samples. In terms of wear resistance, commercial lubricant oil (CLO) SAE 5 W-30 performed better than the optimal 1 wt% PTFE + 0.3 wt% TBHQ blended with Ficus carica oil (FCO/L). At an increased frequency of 5 Hz, CLO outperformed FCO/L on COF and wear resistance. When examining the worn surfaces, less iron (Fe) was discovered on the FCO/L than the base Ficus carica oil, demonstrating the mending effect of the used additive as the underlying mechanism of wear reaction. The results show promising potential for the new formulation of a green lubricant since the tribological characteristics of Ficus carica oil were improved by the addition of the selected additives.

Properties Experimental Analysis Bio-Monograde Engine Oil: Blended Mono-Grade Engine Oil SAE 40 with Fresh Coconut Oil

Properties Experimental Analysis Bio-Monograde Engine Oil: Blended Mono-Grade Engine Oil SAE 40 with Fresh Coconut Oil

Substantiation of the Possibility of Diagnosing the Bearing Assembly of a Turbo-compressor by Consumption Characteristics in the MATLAB Environment

The simulation of the process of oil supply of a plain bearing TKR 6.1 was carried out in the Matlab Simulink software package. Values of liquid consumption – oil SAE 30 at a pressure of 0.3 MPa were obtained with a change in its temperature from 30 to 90°С (viscosity from 167.2 to 15.0 cSt) for various values of the total clearances of TKR 6.1, as well as the values of the liquid flow when modeling pressure in the unit from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa and oil temperature 90°C (viscosity 15.0 cSt). The presented results indicate the possibility of using this method to determine the total clearance of the turbocharger bearing assembly when building hardware and software systems for the study, diagnosis and examination of turbochargers and other similar units using the CIP method.

ANALISIS PENGUJIAN KEKUATAN TARIK DAN UJI KEKERASAN TERHADAP PENGELASAN GTAW PADA SAMBUNGAN KAMPUH MODEL X DENGAN VARIASI MEDIA PENDINGIN PADA BAJA ST60

This research has a purpose to find out the value of the tensile strength and hardness of GTAW welding result in ST60 steel double V joint and cooling media variation water, oil SAE20w-50, air. From the research result the highest tensile strength value uses a variation air cooling media, which is 752,33 MPa. The lowest tensile strength value uses a variation of the water cooling media, which is 709,90 MPa.while using a variation of the oil SAE20w-50 cooling media is 71535. The highest hardness value uses a variation of the water cooling media , which is 244,83 HVN. The lowest hardness value uses a variation of the air cooling media, which is 216,9 HVN. While using a variation oil SAE 20w-50 cooling media is 240,93 HVN.

EFFECT OF QUENCHING MEDIA VARIATIONS ON THE HARDNESS AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF AISI O1 TOOL STEEL

Tool steels AISI O1 are widely used in the manufacturing industry to produce a wide variety of tools, moulds, and other applications requiring high wear resistance. Wear resistance is identic with high hardness, and the combination can be obtained by hardening-tempering and cryogenic treatment. However, cryogenic treatment requires liquid nitrogen, which is relatively expensive. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether to cool to produce high hardness, which is close to the hardness value of 69 HRC due to cryogenic treatment. The hardening process was carried out by heating the steel at a temperature of 880 °C and holding it for 30 minutes, then quenching using air, oil SAE 10, water with 15% salt, and ice water. The microstructure of the test sample was observed with an optical microscope, and the hardness was tested with a Rockwell hardness tester. The test results showed that the microstructure changed from pearlite and ferrite to bainite and martensite after hardening-quenching. The lower the quenching media temperature, the higher the hardness. Ice water quenching resulted in a fully martensitic structure, and the highest hardness was 66.37 HRC. Ice water is a quenching medium that can produce hardness almost close to the hardness of cryogenic treatment.

Effect of a Metal Conditioner on the Physicochemical Properties and Tribological Performance of the Engine Oil SAE 5W-30 API SN

Metal conditioners (MC) are added to lubricants to enhance their friction and wear in friction pairs, mainly in engines, gearboxes, and rolling bearings. Its growth in the Brazilian market is primarily focused on internal combustion engines. The effect of mixing MC with commercial engine oil (SAE 5W-30 API SN) was studied regarding the rheological and thermal properties. Also, the tribological performance of steel–steel contact was investigated. The rheological and thermal properties were determined by flow curves (at 20, 40, and 100 °C) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Reciprocating fully-lubricated tests were performed at 40 °C and 80 °C (Po = 1.7 GPa, 5 Hz). Differences in the chemical composition between SAE 5W-30 and its mixture with MC were identified by infrared spectroscopy and related to their tribological performance. The coefficient of friction remained within the range of 0.09–0.1 for all conditions, typical of lubricated steel–steel contacts under boundary and mixed lubrication regimes. However, the mixture improved the wear resistance by around 33% when lubricated at 80 °C compared to the wear resistance offered by 5W-30. The formation of tribofilms with different chemical compositions was confirmed by SEM-EDS for all conditions. At both temperatures, the tribological performance reveals beneficial synergy between the metal conditioner and fully formulated oil additives. The tests lubricated with the mixture at 40 °C showed a less severe wear mechanism when compared to the tests lubricated with neat 5W-30. The study demonstrated that the mixture maintained the physicochemical properties of the commercial oil with a substantial anti-wear action at 80 °C.

An overview of experimental methods for cam-tappet interactions

In an engine, the valve train is responsible for approximately 6% to 35% of the total friction losses, with the value varying with the design and operating conditions. Even a 1% improvement in the fuel economy of a vehicle model is of great economic and environmental relevance. One of the engine systems subject to considerable friction is the control system and actuation of gas admission and discharge valves, the valve control system. Friction efforts and wear between the cam and the tappet depend on the relative speeds of the parts, the state of the surfaces in contact, the lubrication and temperature conditions, and the materials and geometries of the cam and tappet. A carefully project of the cam-tappet system is needed to preserve parts integrity and system functionality. This work presents some important experiments carried out with various cam-tappet systems, measured on engines or constructed using parts of an engine. Several important quantities are measured and analyzed by the reported experiments. The main objective of this paper is to promote a better understanding of these quantities that can be useful to engine designers to minimize energy losses or for optimize desirable mechanical characteristics of the system. Also, this paper allows researchers to plan new experiments and/or rapidly identify typical experimental results. It was possible to conclude that typical friction coefficients between cam and tappet varies from 0.05 to 0.15, that the force between valve stem-valve guide represents only about 1.5 -2% of the force acting on the valve stem, that the cam-follower friction was low for viscous oil SAE 50, compared with other lubricants, whereas camshaft bearing friction was low for lubricant SAE 5W-40 in the same engine, that the friction at the cam-follower interface decreases with increasing engine speed, that viscous oil gave greater oil film thickness as compared to the low-viscosity lubricant at the cam-follower interface, among others.

Formulation and tribological performance of engine oil blended with various non‐edible vegetable oils

AbstractThis present study formulated eco‐friendly lubricants by combining non‐edible vegetable oils with a mineral oil and investigated their efficacy on the friction and wear characteristics of four AISI 52100 chrome steel balls. Multiple formulations containing varying combinations of 0 to 100 vol% of a mineral oil SAE 15W40 (S100), castor oil (C100), and jatropha oil (J100) were prepared using the sonification technique in an ultrasonic homogeniser. A fourier transform spectrometer (FTIR) was then used to investigate the molecular vibrations of each formulation. A tribological test was also performed with a four‐ball tribometer according to ASTM D4172‐94 engineering standards. Finally, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscope (EDX) was used to examine surface morphologies. The 80% S100, 10% C100, and 10% J100 (S80C10J10) formulation provided excellent tribological performance as it contained fatty acids composed of carbohydrates and carbonyl groups, particularly polysaccharides and glycerols.

Friction Behaviour of 6082-T6 Aluminium Alloy Sheets in a Strip Draw Tribological Test.

Aluminium alloy sheets cause many problems in sheet metal forming processes owing to their tendency to gall the surface of the tool. The paper presents a method for the determination of the kinematic friction coefficient of friction pairs. The determination of coefficient of friction (COF) in sheet metal forming requires specialised devices that 'simulate' friction conditions in specific areas of the formed sheet. In this article, the friction behaviour of aluminium alloy sheets was determined using the strip drawing test. The 1-mm-thick 6082 aluminium alloy sheets in T6 temper were used as test material. Different values for nominal pressures (4.38, 6.53, 8.13, 9.47, 10.63, and 11.69 MPa) and different sliding speeds (10 and 20 mm/min.) were considered. The change of friction conditions was also realised with several typical oils (hydraulic oil LHL 32, machine oil LAN 46 and engine oil SAE 5W-40 C3) commonly used in sheet metal forming operations. Friction tests were conducted at room temperature (24 °C). The main tribological mechanisms accompanying friction (adhesion, flattening, ploughing) were identified using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The influence of the parameters of the friction process on the value of the COF was determined using artificial neural networks. The lowest value of the COF was recorded when lubricating the sheet metal surface with SAE 5W40 C3 engine oil, which is characterised as the most viscous of all tested lubricants. In dry friction conditions, a decreasing trend of the COF with increasing contact pressure was observed. In the whole range of applied contact pressures (4.38-11.69 MPa), the value of the COF during lubrication with SAE 5W40 C3 engine oil was between 0.14 and 0.17 for a sliding speed of 10 mm/min and between 0.13 and 0.16 for a sliding speed of 20 mm/min. The value of the COF during dry friction was between 0.23 and 0.28 for a sliding speed of 10 mm/min and between 0.22 and 0.26 for a sliding speed of 20 mm/min. SEM micrographs revealed that the main friction mechanism of 6082-T6 aluminium alloys sheet in contact with cold-work tool steel flattens surface asperities. The sensitivity analysis of the input parameters on the value of COF revealed that oil viscosity has the greatest impact on the value of the COF, followed by contact pressure and sliding speed.

Малозольные моторные масла: технологии и тенденции применения

. Analytical information is presented on the development and implementation of low- and ash-free motor oils in the specifications for promising automotive engines, taking into account global trends in the development of engine building. The technologies of ash-free alkaline number boosters of various composition and structure in motor oils, the features of the use of oils of new categories, including restrictions on the content of sulphate ash in them, are considered. The improvement of the design of these engines, the expansion of the range of their operating conditions determines the specifics of the requirements for the physico-chemical properties of the engine oils used, which in turn provides for changes in the chemical composition of the latter. The increased content of these elements and sulfate ash has a negative impact on the efficiency of the systems for cleaning and neutralizing harmful exhaust gas particles, and sulfate ash additionally negatively affects the formation of deposits in the zone of the cylinder piston group, on the blades and in the turbocharger nozzle, as well as on valve seats. The necessary neutralizing oil reserve, expressed by the value of its base number, is provided by the use of, in particular, low-ash magnesium sulfonates, amino derivatives of ash-free boosters of various chemical composition and structure in the oil. During the development of the oil SAE 5w-30, for the first time, the possibilities of using functional additives of domestic production in its composition were taken into account. At the stage of formulation of the additive package, the synergism of the antioxidant action of the ammonium salt of dialkyldithiophosphoric acid with tetra(2-ethylhexyl) thiuram disulfide obtained by oxidation of di(2-ethylhexyl) was established sodiumdithiocarbamate with an aqueous solution of iodine. A mixture of these heteroorganic compounds in an equimass ratio is recommended as a new high-temperature primary antioxidant. Additional studies have established a sufficient level of anti-wear properties, as well as the inhibitory effect of this mixture in the reactions of accumulation and decomposition of hydroperoxides.

Production of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Pennisetum purpureum fibers and its application as a lubricating additive in engine oil

In the present work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully produced from the Pennisetum purpureum (PP) fibers through ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation. The effect of oxidation temperatures (60, 70, and 80 °C) on the properties of CNCs was characterized. In addition, the influence of CNCs addition (0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 wt%) on the lubrication properties of the base oil SAE 40 lubricant was also investigated. The characteristics of the CNCs were determined by using FT-IR, XRD, TEM, and TGA. The lubrication properties were evaluated using kinematic viscosity and viscosity index measurements. The optimal oxidation temperature was found at 60 °C which resulted in the needle-shaped CNCs particles with high crystallinity (66.56%), an average diameter (15 nm), and an average length (79 nm). The resulting CNCs exhibited higher thermal stability than the PP fibers. Both kinematic viscosity and viscosity index did not significantly change by increasing the CNCs contents. However, a slightly higher viscosity index was exhibited for 0.2 wt% CNCs compared to that of neat base oil SAE 40. The CNCs obtained had high potential as a reinforcing agent of nanocomposites and also as a bio-lubricating additive in engine oil.

DETERMINATION OF TERMINAL VELOCITY AND FLUID VISCOSITY USING FALLING BALL VISCOMETER WITH VIDEO TRACKER APLICATION

Abstract
 The purpose of this study is to determine the terminal velocity and fluid viscosity using falling ball viscometer with video tracker application. The terminal velocity is obtained by videoing the ball falling into a tube 115 cm long and 5 cm in diameter which has been filled with fluid and then the video is analyzed using tracker application. The fluids used are oil SAE 20W-50 and glycerin. The balls used are namely as balls I, II, and III with diameters of 1,09cm, 1,56cm, and 1,57cm. Once the terminal velocity of the sphere is known, the fluid viscosity is obtained by using Stokes law principle. The terminal velocities of balls I, II, and III in oil SAE 20W-50 are 0.247m/s, 0.250m/s, and 0.187m/s, while the terminal velocities of balls in glycerin are 0.092m/s, 0.090m/s, and 0.065m/s. The average fluid viscosity of oil SAE 20W-50 and glycerin are 0,834Ns/m2 and 1,807Ns/m2.

AMALGAMATION, PORTRAYAL AND EFFICACY OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS BIO LUBRICANT WITH NANO ADDITIVE

Owing to the hazardous contribution towards environment from mineral oil-based lubricants, bio-degradable lubricants extracted from vegetable oils seems to be a promising candidate considering climate change, energy security and green environmental approach. In this research work, chemically modified helianthus annuus is considered as a viable option due to its excellent tribological properties and considerable polyunsaturated fatty acid. To further enhance the tribological properties, copper oxide nanoparticles were added to the base oil in varying proportions of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5% by weight fractions. The application of nano enhanced biolubricants on worm and gearbox is studied. The addition of copper oxide nanoparticles enhances dispersion stability of the biolubricant. Tribological characterization was conducted using pin-on disc machine. Tribological properties such as coefficient of friction and wear rate along with kinematic viscosity is analysed for each composition. The obtained results are compared with synthetic oil SAE 75. It is observed that with the inclusion of copper oxide nanoparticles to the biolubricant, there is a notable decrease in wear rate along with lower friction coefficient. KEYWORDS: Nano enchanced BioLubricants, Nano Cupric Oxide, Recycliablity, Kinematic Viscosity, Anti-Friction.

Pengaruh media pendingin dan waktu pada perlakuan pack carburizing-quenching baja karbon rendah SS400

The SS400 low carbon steel is widely used in the agricultural equipment industry because of its specific properties, malleability good corrosion resistance, and high strength to weight ratio. However, according to several research results it has several weaknesses, l ow surface hardness, ductility and wear resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to improve its mechanical properties so that the agricultural equipment products produced are of better quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in time and cooling media in the pack carburizing-quenching treatment of SS400 steel specimens. The pack carburizing treatment was carried out at a temperature of 875 ºC, 90 minutes, the carburizing medium was a mixture of corncob charcoal powder and Picntada maxima shell powder, with a composition of 70%: 30%, followed by a quenching process with variations in time (1, 2, 3, 4). minutes) and cooling medi um (water, oil SAE 40, cane molasses 10% and cane molasses 30%. The results of the study showed that the time and cooling medi um affected the surface hardness, ductility and microstructure of the specimens With 30% cane molasses cooling medi um , quenching time of 4 minutes, the largest specimen absorbed impact energy (toughness) is 2.23 J/mm 2 . On the other hand, the lowest surface hardness number is 285 Kg/mm 2 . The increased ductility causes the cracking marks to disappear on the specimen surface. Based on observations with SEM, there is a decomposition of the martensite structure with coarser grain sizes .

Testing an aerobic fluidized biofilm process to treat intermittent flows of oil polluted wastewater

An aerobic fluidized biofilm process of treating oil-polluted wastewater has been studied. A series of batch experiments were conducted using synthetic wastewater and the kinetic coefficients were evaluated. The maximum rate of substrate utilization per unit mass microorganisms (K) was 1.6 days-1, the substrate concentration at one-half the maximum growth rate (Ks) was 26 mg/L, the maximum specific growth rate (m) was 1.0 days-1, the ratio of the mass cells formed to the mass of substrate consumed (Y) was 0.61, and the endogenous decay coefficient (Kd ) was 0.044 days-1. The kinetic coefficients obtained were within the range of municipal wastewater. It was observed that up to 1500 mg/L oil (Motor oil SAE–40) could be degraded in a fluidized bed bioreactor (FBBR). The experiments, however, were limited to the oil concentration within a range of 1000-2600 mg/L. Average biofilm thickness () under specific conditions was found to be 22 m and average oil degradation rate of 0.053 mg oil/mg biomass/hour was measured in the FBBR. The results also support that the increase in the concentration of oil in the treatment process reduced significantly the degradation rate of non-oil carbon.

Development of oil industry in Azerbaijan

Considering the naphthenic-paraffin nature of the oil fractions of Balakhany oil, the paper presents the results of studies on the use of fully and partially dearomatized oil fractions of this oil as base oils, as well as their use in a mixture with base hydrocracked oil – VHVI, used in amounts of 25-50 %. The PMR spectra of the starting and obtained oils were recorded. The possibility of obtaining semi-synthetic high-stability motor oil SAE 15W-40 by using a mixture of T-46 and high-index hydrocracking oil (VHVI-4) 68 % (T-46 – 65 % + VHVI-4 – 35 %) + additive package was shown Lubrizol – 32 %, which is not inferior in antioxidant properties to the semi-synthetic oil SAE15W-40, containing as a base component a mixture of T-46 oils – 40 % + hydrocracking VHVI-4 – 32 % + selective oil SN-600 – 20 % + package additives of Belarus, as well as pure synthetic oil SAE 15W-40, containing SN-180 – 38 %, VHVI-4 – 27 % concentrate + Lubrizol – 35 %.

Physio-chemical study of traditional lubricant SAE 20 W40 and virgin coconut oil using TiO2 nano-additives

The present work is intended to investigate the effect of nanoparticle on the properties of traditional lubricant SAE 20 W40 and an eco-friendly oil - Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Over the decade, researchers have shown an interest in the use of nano-fluids because of its undue advantages such as reliability, durability, and increase in machinery life. Nanolubricants with varied concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles with base engine oil SAE 20 W40 and VCO have been developed. The effects of TiO 2 nanoparticles on physio-chemical properties of engine oil SAE 20 W40 and VCO have been determined. This work provides a thoughtful requirement for developing the new nanolubricant with better physio-chemical properties. The physio-chemical study has been done for both SAE20W40 and eco-friendly oil (VCO) using TiO 2 nanoadditives. Results obtained from the experiments are analyzed and compared with the physical properties of base Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO).

Effect of cutting fluid and spindle speed on surface hardness in turning AISI 4140 steel

This paper will discuss how the influence of different cutting fluid on surface hardness, how different spindle speed affect surface hardness, and are there interactions between cutting fluid and spindle speed on surface hardness of workpieces produced by conventional lathe. In this study, the variables that are varied are the cutting fluid and spindle speed. The cutting fluid used is: dromus, used oil SAE 40 and used cooking oil. While the spindle speed used is 370 rpm, 665 rpm, and 1040 rpm. Then the hardness of the workpiece surface is tested from the lathe process by varying the cutting fluid and the spindle speed. From the results of the hardness test on the surface of the workpiece, it can be concluded that: the greatest value of the surface hardness of the workpiece is obtained in the lathe process using dromus cutting fluid and the spindle speed used is 665 rpm. Whereas the smallest workpiece surface hardness value is obtained when using dromus cutting fluid using spindle speed of 1040 rpm. Cutting Fluid and Spindle Speed has a significant effect on surface hardness in the turning process of AISI 4140 steel