Oil Resistance Properties Research Articles

Dichlorocarbene modified butadiene rubber (DCBR): Preparation, kinetic study, and its properties in natural rubber/DCBR blend vulcanizates

Dichlorocarbene modified butadiene rubber (DCBR) was prepared via the addition of the dichlorocarbene group in the presence of 2 phase transfer agents (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and tetraethylammonium chloride). The effects of the reaction temperature and time, amount of dichlorocarbene precursor, and the type and amount of phase transfer agent on the chlorine content were investigated. The highest chlorine content (30%) in DCBR was obtained using 0.062 mol chloroform and 0.003 mol cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at room temperature for 19 hours although 27.9% was obtained after 12 hours. The kinetics of this dichlorocarbene modification was best described by the pseudo–first order rate law with 2 rate constants. For practical applications, the DCBR with chlorine contents of 10%, 20%, or 30% were blended with natural rubber (NR) and then vulcanized using the sulfur‐curing system. Although the polarity of DCBR was increased, a good compatibility between NR and DCBR still existed, resulting in improved mechanical properties. The oil resistance, flame retardant, and ozone resistance properties of the NR/DCBR blend vulcanizates were enhanced compared to those of a NR/butadiene rubber blend vulcanizate, which was related to the amount of chlorine incorporated into the DCBR.

TUNING PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY IN HIGH VINYL CONTENT SBS BLOCK COPOLYMER, A THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER VIA THIOL-ENE MODIFICATION

ABSTRACT Thiol-ene modification of high vinyl content thermoplastic elastomeric styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) block copolymer (BCP) was carried out using different thiolating agents in toluene at 70 °C. 1H NMR analysis confirmed the participation of vinyl double bond in the thiol-ene modification reaction of SBS. Surface morphology of the block copolymers evaluated by atomic force microscopy analysis showed higher roughness after the thiol-ene reaction. The thiol-modified SBS block copolymer showed better adhesion strength and oil resistance properties than the pristine SBS.

Potential Application of ENR/EPDM Blends

Since the process and conversion of natural rubber into epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was discovered and patented by I. R. Gelling of the Malaysian Rubber Product Research Association (or now known as the Tun Razak laboratory), Brickendonbury, Hertford, in the United Kingdom, there are more than 10 000 technical and technological papers cited in the internet. Information on ENR is available, not only in the the English language but also other languages like Chinese, Malay, French, Thai and even German languages are used.NR is the most versatile and reactive rubber/elastomer. It is an advanced natural rubber which could be potentially used as a starting material for the development of other rubbers, modifie elastomers, for grafting, plastic-based materials and also thermoplastic rubbers. Its reactivity is dependent on its epoxy groups, the opening of its ring structure, and also the subsequent structures of carboxylic groups and the in-situ side-chains “carbon – carbon” double bonds (> C = C <). In some instances, up to 65% epoxidation of NR is possible and achieved for more oil resistance. For these reasons, there are many new and advanced materials which have been formed and developed in the last two decades.Among them, some of the recent research work is listed here. Apart from studies of compounding the ENR itself and its potential uses, there are many rubber-rubber blends and ENR rubber-plastics blends, some of the studies cited are “uses of new and advanced chemicals” and synthetic rubbers: ENR/NBR, ENR/PVC, ENR/polylactic acid blends, ENR/copolyester blends, ENR/Copolyamide Blends, ENR/poly (vinylidene fluoride)blends, ENR/Carbon Nanotubes with co-agent Trimethylol Propane Triacrylate, ENR /recycled silicon materials, and ENR/copolymer of n-butyl acrylate/butyl methacrylate “grafted”. Each of these blends has its own characteristics in terms of processing, enhancement of processing like safety, scorch, oil and water resistance properties, or some in the development of potential thermoplastic rubber and its thermoplastic vulcanizates.In this paper, the author would like to share some findingsof the ENR/EPDM blends that have good flexand dynamic properties, relatively low compression set, and tolerant tensile properties that satisfy most rubber products that are required for and used in the industrial, mechanical, and even automotive parts. More importantly, the sliding skid resistance/frictional property and wear resistance of the blends are also examined. In some blends, the thermal dynamic behaviour is also measured over a temperature range depicting the low-temperature stability, its temperature of transition and the dynamic factor like tangent delta (σ). These are the potential factors that could enhance the blend properties that give possible, good high speed and traction, applicable in tyres.

Effect of chitosan silver nanoparticle coating on functional properties of Korean traditional paper

Abstract The effect of chitosan silver nanoparticle (CSN) coatings on functional properties of Korean traditional paper (Hanji) was investigated as a function of dilution. In a typical process, CSN solution was prepared from AgNO 3 and chitosan via microwave irradiation. The as-prepared CSN solution was diluted to several concentrations (10, 1, 0.1 v/v% of undiluted CSN solution) and also used as prepared for coating Hanji by a dip coating method. The mechanical, oil resistance (TAPPI T559 pm-96), air resistance (TAPPI T 460), and antibacterial properties (JIS Z 2801) against Escherichia coli were investigated. Among the various concentrations, the minimum concentration that can positively influence the mechanical, air resistance, oil resistance and antibacterial properties of Hanji was identified as 1, 1, 10, 0.1% of the pure CSN solution, respectively. These findings are significant, since an improvement for a specific property of Hanji can be achieved by coating respective concentration.

One‐step latex compounding method for producing composites of natural rubber/epoxidized natural rubber/aminosilane‐functionalized montmorillonite: enhancement of tensile strength and oil resistance

AbstractMontmorillonite (Mt) was intercalated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and functionalized with three types of aminosilane (3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, n‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3‐[2‐(2‐aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyltrimethoxysilane). The modified Mt was compounded with natural rubber (NR)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) via one‐step latex compounding. The effect of the modified Mt content on the oil resistance and mechanical properties of the NR/ENR/modified Mt composites was investigated. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of the composites showed partial intercalation/exfoliation of the modified Mt in the rubber matrix. Cryogenic fracture and X‐ray fluorescence results revealed highly dispersed modified Mt in the composites in the presence of 10 phr ENR. All three aminosilane groups slightly improved the oil resistance, with the long‐alkyl‐length group producing the greatest improvement. The addition of a small amount of modified Mt improved both oil resistance and tensile strength by increasing in the average diffusion path length in the NR matrix and enhancing the interaction between the modified Mt and the epoxide groups in ENR. The addition of 1.0 phr of modified Mt increased the tensile strength by 18% and decreased the elongation at break by 12% compared with a neat NR/ENR blend. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

Study on the Oil Resistance, Morphological and Dynamic Mechanical Properties, Flame Retardance of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer and Ethylene Propylene Rubber Compounds

In this experiment, blends of ethylene vinyl acetate rubber (EVM) with a vinyl acetate (VA) content greater than 40 wt% and ethylene propylene rubber (EPM) were prepared by mechanical mixing; a number of parameters of the blends, including oil resistance, morphological and dynamic mechanical properties and flame retardancy, were subsequently measured. In the 100℃ oil resistance test, both the ammonium polyphosphate/dipentaerythritol/expandable graphite (APP/DPER/EG) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) flame retardant systems showed an increase in volume change with increasing EPM content. For the ATH system, the dispersion shape was coarse and aggregation was observed. The results of a dynamic mechanical test showed slightly higher E` and E`` for the APP/DPER/EG flame retardant system when compared to the single ATH system. For both the APP/DPER/EG and ATH systems, the limited oxygen index (LOI) tests performed at increasing content of EPM showed a LOI value higher than 30, indicating excellent flame resistance.

Improving properties of Hanji by coating chitosan–silver nanoparticle solution

A chitosan–silver nanoparticle solution (CSNS) was applied as a coating material to Hanji (Korean traditional paper), and the properties of the coated paper were investigated as a function of the dilution ratio. The required CSNS was first prepared from AgNO3 (30mmol) by utilizing chitosan as a reducing and stabilizing agent via ultrasonication. The as-prepared CSNS was diluted to various ratios (undiluted, 1/10, 1/100, and 1/1000) and applied to Hanji by a dip-coating method. The tensile, burst, oil resistance, and antibacterial properties of the coated Hanji against Escherichia coli were evaluated. Among the various dilution ratios, the maximum level of dilution that can positively influence the tensile, burst, oil resistance, and antibacterial properties of Hanji was identified as 1/10, 1/100, 1/10 and 1/1000 of the pure CSNS, respectively. These findings are significant because a specific property of Hanji can be economically improved by changing the dilution ratio.

Scrutinizing the influence of peroxide crosslinking of dynamically vulcanized EVA/TPU blends with special reference to cable sheathing applications

ABSTRACTA novel thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) based on the blends of ethylene vinyl acetate/thermoplastic polyurethane (EVA/TPU) at various blend ratios has been developed via dynamic vulcanization at 180 °C using di‐(2‐tert‐butyl peroxy isopropyl) benzene (DTBPIB) peroxide as the cross‐linking agent. Modification of the EVA/TPU blends via dynamic crosslinking significantly improves the tensile strength and modulus of the system and the improvement is more significant for EVA/TPU 50/50 and 60/40 blends. AFM study shows that crosslinked EVA particles are dispersed in the continuous TPU matrix and the dispersed EVA domain sizes are relatively smaller in EVA/TPU 50/50 and 60/40 blends leading to good mechanical properties. FTIR spectroscopy has been used to characterize the specific chemical changes occurring due to dynamic vulcanization. This TPV has excellent retention of physico‐mechanical properties even after reprocessing twice and the blends also have very good thermal resistance as indicated by aging study. The samples were found to exhibit remarkable improvement in oil resistance property as compared to their uncrosslinked counterpart. The creep behavior of the blends significantly improves after dynamic crosslinking and blends with higher TPU content show better creep resistance. Volume resistivity of all the peroxide vulcanized blends is in the range of 1013ohm cm, which is suitable for cable sheathing application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43706.

Super thermoplastic vulcanizates based on carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) and polyamide (PA12)

Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) are special classes of thermoplastic elastomers, in which dynamic vulcanization of the rubber phase takes place during melt mixing with a semi-crystalline thermoplastic matrix phase at elevated temperature. TPV is characterized by processing behaviour like thermoplastic at elevated temperature and performance properties of vulcanized rubber at ambient temperature. High performance TPVs or super TPVs are new generation TPVs which exhibit high heat resistance as well as excellent oil resistance property suitable for automotive under-the-hood applications. In the present work, a new super TPV based on carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) and polyamide (PA12) has been developed. (XNBR:PA12) TPVs of different blend ratios have been prepared by using a fixed concentration of novel cyclic monofunctional peroxide. Final morphology of TPVs varies from either a co-continuous to a dispersed one depending on the blend ratio. TPV of 50:50 XNBR-PA12 shows the highest mechanical properties as well as superior thermal stability among all other TPVs. From differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) study, it can be clearly seen that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of XNBR has shifted to high temperature range in case of all TPVs as compared to that of uncrosslinked blend system. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) also demonstrates that tanδ values of all the TPVs are lower and the storage moduli are higher than the uncrosslinked blend system. Lowest tanδ peak of TPV of 50:50 blend ratio of XNBR:PA12 indicates the highest degree of crosslinking and this is also supported by the swelling studies. The highest level of mechanical properties and superior thermal stability support that phenomenon. Heat aging and oil resistance study have also been carried out in details to understand the performance behaviour of these super TPVs at service condition.

A novel ionomeric polyurethane elastomer based on ionic liquid as crosslinker

A novel flexible polyurethane was prepared using ionic liquid as crosslinker. It showed lower Tg, superelastomeric behavior with very high elongation, better tensile and oil resistance properties than a non-ionic crosslinked PU or a linear PU.

Preparation and Characterization of Self-Reinforced Antibacterial and Oil-Resistant Paper Using a NaOH/Urea/ZnO Solution.

This paper describes self-reinforced antibacterial and oil-resistant properties that were successfully prepared by surface selective dissolution of filter paper in a NaOH/Urea/ZnO (weight ratio of 8:12:0.25) aqueous solution. The effect of the processing time on the mechanical properties of this paper was evaluated at -12°C. The paper morphologies were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The oil-resistance and antibacterial properties of the produced paper were also investigated. Excellent mechanical properties were observed for an optimized handling time. The tensile and burst strengths of the modified paper were in excess of 100% of the original. Meanwhile, the treated paper was completely oil-resistant within 24 h and demonstrated good antibacterial properties when exposed to Staphylococcus aureus. The traces of residual zinc oxide were found to be safe for food.

Enhanced oil resistance and mechanical properties of nitrile butadiene rubber/lignin composites modified by epoxy resin

ABSTRACTThis is probably the first report on developing nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites with enhanced performancesvia lignin bridged epoxy resin in the rubber matrix. NBR/lignin masterbatch has been prepared through latex‐compounding method, and then epoxy resin (F51) was added in the NBR/lignin compounds by the melt compounding method. Lignin‐epoxy resin networks were synthesizedin situduring the curing process of rubber compounds through epoxide−hydroxyl reactions. Compared with lignin filler, lignin‐F51 networks showed an improved oil resistance ability and led to increased mechanical properties, crosslinking density, and thermal stability of the rubber composites. This method provides a new insight into the fabrication of novel interpenetrating polymer networks in rubber composites and enlarges the potential applications of lignin in high performance rubber composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42922.

Preparation and properties of a novel bio‐based and non‐crystalline engineering elastomer with high low‐temperature and oil resistance

ABSTRACTA series of poly(succinic acid/sebacic acid/itaconic acid/butanediol/propanediol) bio‐based and non‐crystalline engineering elastomers (BEE) were obtained by changing the molar ratio of succinic acid (SA) to sebacic acid (SeA) from 5:5 (BEE‐5) to 8:2 (BEE‐8). We prepared bio‐based engineering elastomer composites (BEE/CB) by mixing BEE with carbon black N330. The low‐temperature and oil resistance properties of the BEE/CB composites were investigated in terms of low‐temperature brittleness, coefficient of cold resistance under compression, oil resistance test at different temperatures, and tensile properties. The results showed that the low‐temperature brittleness temperature of the BEE/CB composites ranged from −50 to −60°C and the coefficient of cold resistance under compression was 0.18 high at −60°C for BEE‐7/CB and 0.23 high at −40°C for BEE‐8/CB. The oil resistance properties of BEE‐7/CB were higher than those of nitrile‐butadiene rubber N240S (NBR N240S), and the oil resistance properties of BEE‐8/CB were even as high as those of nitrile‐butadiene rubber N220S (NBR N220S). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42855.

Effects of renewable materials coatings on oil resistant properties of paper

Effects of renewable materials coatings on oil resistant properties of paper

Effects of renewable materials coatings on oil resistant properties of paper

Effects of renewable materials coatings on oil resistant properties of paper

Poly (Ethylene-Co-Vinyl Acetate)/ Magnetite Nanocomposites: Interaction of Some Liquid Fuels, Thermal and Oil Resistance Studies

Nanocomposites of poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) with magnetite (Fe3O4) particles were prepared in a laboratory size two roll mixing mill. The extent of interaction of nanoparticles in EVA was studied by X- ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD patterns showed that the nanoparticles enhanced the crystalline nature of the polymer. Composite with 7 parts per hundred (phr) of Fe3O4 showed the uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in the EVA phase. The TGA result showed that the decomposition temperature of EVA/ Fe3O4 nanocomposites was much higher than the decomposition rate of pure EVA. Petrol, diesel and kerosene sorption by nanocomposites in the temperatures range of 28 to 50 °C have been investigated. The minimum solvent uptake was obtained for the composite with 7 phr of filler and the value increased with increase in concentration of nanoparticles was due to the aggregation of nanoparticles at higher loading. Diesel showed the lowest interaction with composites compared to petrol and kerosene. It was found that the temperature activates the diffusion and the activation parameters were calculated. The oil resistance properties of the nanocomposite were higher than that of EVA and resistance to oil increased with increase in concentration of nanoparticles.

Oil resistance and mechanical properties of polysiloxane nanocomposites prepared by in situ reaction of reactive polar monomers

ABSTRACTA series of poly(methylvinylsiloxane) elastomer (VMQ) composites with improved oil resistance were prepared by introducing uniform polar polymer phases into VMQ matrix through the in situ reaction of reactive polar monomers—hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA)—during peroxide curing. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared measurements demonstrated that HEMA and HPMA had high reactivity and most of the monomers participated in the in situ reaction during peroxide curing. Transmission electron microscopic images showed that the uniform nanophases with the diameters in the range of 20–50 nm formed in the VMQ vulcanizates. The generated nanophases could interact with silica to form a strong filler network in the VMQ matrix, resulting in a significant increase of the modulus at low elongation of the VMQ vulcanizates. With increasing the content of polar monomers, the tensile strength decreased slightly, the elongation at break, the hardness and the 100% modulus increased, but the 300% modulus decreased significantly due to the decrease of the crosslink density. The incorporation of HEMA or HPMA into VMQ matrix could significantly improve the oil resistance of polysiloxane elastomer, and the oil resistance of the composites containing HEMA was a little better than that of the composites containing HPMA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40983.

Novel thermoplastic natural rubber based on polyamide 12 blends

Dynamically cured 60/40 epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/polyamide 12 (PA-12) and unmodified natural rubber (NR)/PA-12 blends with different types of curing systems (i.e. sulfur- and peroxide-cured systems) were prepared. It was found that mixing torque, shear viscosity, tensile strength, hardness, stress relaxation, thermal, and oil resistance properties of the ENR/PA-12 blends were higher than those of the NR/PA-12 blends. This is attributed to the chemical interaction between polar functional groups in ENR and PA-12 molecules which caused the formation of ENR-grafted PA-12. Smaller vulcanized rubber domains dispersed in the PA-12 matrix was observed in the dynamically sulfur-cured ENR/PA-12 blends. This is attributed to higher shear and elongational viscosities during mixing operation at high temperature. However, the peroxide-cured blends exhibited higher relaxation property, oil resistance, and cross-link density than those of the sulfur-cured blends due to strong reversion effect observed in the sulfur-cured system.

Modifying terylene/cotton blend fabric with P(AMPS/NIPA) intelligent hydrogel by graft polymerization initiated with MLTP

In order to modify the performance of terylene/cotton blend fabric and improve the water-proof, oil-resistant, and thermal-insulative properties of the fabric, P(AMPS/NIPA), as an intelligent binary hydrogel, was grafted on the blend fabric by initiation of microwave low-temperature plasma. The grafting technique was analyzed and optimized; the temperature sensitivity and pH sensitivity of the grafted fabric were investigated. The infrared spectra proved that P(AMPS/NIPA) hydrogel could be grafted on fabric and the micrographs demonstrated great changes in the surface morphology of the grafted fabric. Besides, the performance parameters, such as hydrostatic pressure, air permeability, and break strength of the treated fabric, were measured and ideal for special protective textile.

Characterization of organoclay-networks modified low-temperature hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber composites

The low-temperature grade hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (LTG-HNBR) composites with organoclays were successfully prepared for the purpose of using the clay-networks to improve bulk properties. In order to construct different clay-networks, three montmorillonite (MMT) modified by surfactants were added and then their dispersions and affinities in the rubber were compared. Transmission electron microscope and small-angle X-ray scattering results showed that 10 phr organoclays form partially exfoliated and intercalated structures in the matrix despite of modifier types. FTIR and particle analysis data display that increasing the number of alkyl tails of modifier molecules decreases the affinities of clays and their extent of intercalation in rubber whereas the special modifier with coupling agent enhances their compatibility with the bulk. The mechanical, oil resistance, and thermal properties of the composites are greatly reinforced by clay-networks which parallel their interactions. Importantly, the addition of clays barely changes glassy temperature (Tg) of rubber bulk, but it improves its low-temperature elasticity. Therefore, it is stressed that organoclay hybrid networks are very useful to modify low-temperature rubber. We believe that LTG-HNBR composites with organoclays may serve some applications of oil-sealing products. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:1306–1317, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers