Oil Resistance Research Articles

Sustainable barrier coatings for paperboard packaging: Effect of VeoVa-10 on 2-EHA and MMA containing water-based emulsions

Developing environmentally benign barrier coatings may provide a sustainable alternative to the packaging sector and facilitate minimizing the consumption of single-use plastics in packaging. The synthesis of seven different water-based (W/B) emulsions was achieved via seeded emulsion polymerization using 2-Ethylhexylacrylate (2-EHA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and a varying amount of vinyl ester of Versatic™ acid 10 (VeoVa-10) to impart the hydrophobic properties. Potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) was used as an initiator. Antifoaming agent and biocide were also added to improve the application and shelf-life of these coatings. The coatings were evaluated by conducting various analytical tests, including pH measurement, viscosity assessment, determination of solid content, measurement of drying time, evaluation of gloss, water absorption testing using Cobb's Test, and assessment of oil and grease resistance via the Kit Test. The coatings were also analyzed using advanced characterization techniques, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Zetasizer Nano ZS, and contact angle analysis. The results indicated that as the amount of VeoVa-10 increases in barrier coatings, the coated paperboard demonstrated improved moisture and oil/grease resistance compared to the control paperboard (uncoated). Furthermore, the coatings were also applied on paperboard trays and stored at 0 °C and 90 °C to confirm their practical usefulness, a careful examination after an hour showed no leakage/seepage of hot and cold water through the coated trays, unlike the uncoated ones. Barrier coatings offer sustainable and eco-friendly options that could positively impact the packaging industry, helping reduce environmental footprints while enhancing packaging performance.

Preparation and characteristics of zein/ethyl cellulose composite coating applied in aqueous system

Zein and ethyl cellulose (EC) were used as raw materials to prepare a composite coating applied in aqueous systems with mechanical properties, water stability, water solubility (including room-temperature (RT)/high-temperature and neutral/acidic conditions), and oil resistance as evaluation index. Results showed the most suitable conditions were mass ratio of zein/EC at 1:9, 93 % (v/v) aqueous ethanol, oleic acid as the plasticizer with the amount of 0.3 g/g, and curing temperature at 70 °C. Under these conditions, the tensile strength of composite coating was 4.61 MPa and elongation at break was 21.60 % after 4 weeks of soaking in water. Oil seepage was not observed within 1 week. The water solubility of coating in neutral water was 5.13 % at RT for 24 h, and 3.79 % at 80 °C for 2 min; in acidic water (pH = 4) was 4.54 % at RT for 24 h, and 5.44 % at 80 °C for 2 min. SEM results showed swelling occurred in zein coating after soaking, presenting micropores in soaked zein coating; zein microparticles in composite coating partially broke down and fell off after soaking. Water contact angle results revealed surface hydrophobicity by the following order: EC coating > composite coating > zein coating. FTIR results showed composite coating was physically compounding by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds.

Investigating the Effect of Nano-Crystalline Cellulose in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Matrix for Improved Thermo-Mechanical Properties

The escalating demand for sustainable rubber products has spurred research into alternative reinforcing fillers, driven by concerns regarding the detrimental effects of using conventional fillers like carbon black and silica. In this investigation, nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC), derived from micro crystalline cellulose (MCC), sourced from sugarcane bagasse via acid hydrolysis, serves as a bio-filler to reinforce Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) matrices. NBR-NCC nano-composites were prepared using a two-roll mill, varying NCC from 1–5 parts per hundred rubber matrices, followed by hot press curing. NCC and NBR-NCC nano-composites were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), curing characteristics, thermo-mechanical testing, thermal aging and motor oil resistance. Chemical interactions between the NCC and NBR matrix were verified with FTIR. The SEM images of the NCC showed a combination of rod-like and spherical morphologies and a homogenous dispersion of NCC in NBR-NCC nano-composites with some agglomeration, notably at higher percentages of NCC. It is shown that the cure time decreases with increasing NCC loading which mimics a shorter industrial production cycle. The results also showed an increase in tensile strength, hardness, oil resistance and a rise in degradation temperature when compared to NBR at approximately 34%, 36%, 38% and 32 °C, respectively, at 3 phr NCC loading. Furthermore, NBR-NCC nano-composites showed a lower decrease in mechanical properties after aging when compared to NBR. The findings of this research suggest that the NBR-NCC nano-composites may find applications in high oil resistance seals and rubber gloves where higher thermal stability is strictly required.

Dopamine triggered the polymerization and co-deposition of HEMA on PVDF membranes to prepare oil-water separation membranes

A one-step co-deposition method based on dopamine and hydrophilic hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was proposed for the modification of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, which could ameliorate its oil-water separation performances and hydrophilicity. A range of modified membranes were prepared by adding different content of HEMA in the reaction solution. For the improved membrane, the minimum water contact angle can reach 13.63°, and the maximum underwater oil contact angle can reach about 150°. The pure water flux for the improved membrane reaches 9668 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1, showing excellent hydrophilicity. In addition, the separation efficiency of the improved membrane for a variety of oil-water emulsions exceeds 98%, indicating good permeability and circulating oil resistance. At the same time, this approach is also applicable to other membranes on account of the extensive availability of dopamine.

Enhancing anti-carbonation properties of oil well cement slurry through nanoparticle and cellulose fiber synergy

The anti-carbonation property of oil well cement (OWC) is critical for sealing efficiency of wellbores under geological CO2 sequestration. However, gas migration through OWC around wellbores may lead to a deterioration and failure of the entire storage system. Developing carbon-resistant cement has been the emerging trend in the research community. Previous studies mainly focused on nanoparticles alone to enhance performance of OWC, and the purpose of the research is to explore the synergy of nanoparticles and cellulose fiber (CF) in enhancing engineering properties (e.g., carbonation resistance) of oil well cement slurry. The focus was on investigating compressive strength, permeability, pore structure, and carbonation depth associated with the micro-level texture in a CO2 corrosion environment using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis methods. Four nanoparticles, namely, nano-SiO2 (NS), nano-TiO2 (NT), nano-Al2O3 (NA), and nano-CaCO3 (NC), were selected for the mixture design. Results indicated that the incorporation of 1∼2 % NPs into the OWC paste resulted in a notable decrease in portlandite and an increase in calcium silicate hydrates, thereby enhancing compressive strength and hydration process. In addition, the single admixture of CF could minimize the formation of cracks in the cement matrix and reduce the average carbonation depth by 54 %. More importantly, the synergy of CF and NP significantly improved the resistance of OWC to carbonation, and the OWC mixed with CF and NS displayed the highest carbonation resistance.

Study on Oil Resistance of Polyurethane Protective Material

Abstract The polyurethane protective tape is a new type of protective material made by coating high performance pressure-sensitive adhesive on polyurethane elastomers, which is widely used in aviation. During its operational life, the polyurethane protective tape inevitably comes into contact with oil, and its oil resistance directly impacts its lifespan. This study focuses on the polyurethane protective tape and conducts immersion tests in No. 15 aviation hydraulic fluid, aircraft gear oil 4450 and RP3 aviation kerosene at room temperature. A comparative analysis was also conducted on the tensile strength, tear resistance, fracture morphology, chemical structure, and thermophysical properties before and after immersion. The research indicates that the tensile properties of polyurethane protective tapes remain essentially unchanged after immersion in RP3 aviation kerosene. After being immersed in No.15 aviation hydraulic fluid and aircraft gear oil 4450, the tensile strength of the polyurethane protective tape gradually decreases. Furthermore, compared to No.15 aviation hydraulic fluid, the rate of tensile strength reduction in polyurethane protective tape immersed in aircraft gear oil 4450 is more rapid. The resistance to tearing of polyurethane protective tapes diminishes gradually with prolonged immersion, with the rate of decline being greater for aircraft gear oil 4450 than for No.15 aviation hydraulic fluid, and even greater for RP3 aviation kerosene. The decrease in mechanical properties of polyurethane protective tapes after immersion in oil is attributed to the swelling effect of the oil, which reduces the intermolecular forces within the polyurethane material and leads to a decrease in physical cross-linking. This process is physical aging, with no evident chemical aging occurring.

Effect of nano-aluminum hydroxide on the liquid phase properties and fire-fighting foam performance of the mixed surfactants solution

Short-chain fluorocarbon surfactants show synergistic effects with hydrocarbon surfactants in foaming and foam stability. Nano-aluminum hydroxide (nano-ATH) was added as an additive to the short-chain fluorocarbon surfactant mixture solution, which was found to increase the surface tension and viscosity of the surfactant mixture solution, and decrease the foaming properties of the solution, as measured by Wilhelmy method, Waring Blender method and viscometer. By measuring zeta potential experiments, surfactant molecules were found to be adsorbed on nano-ATH through charge gravity, which increased the desorption energy of nano-ATH. Measuring the visco-elastic modulus of the solution by rheometer, it was found that nano-ATH increased the visco-elastic modulus of the surfactant mixture solution, which improved the foam's resistance to the external disturbances. Observed by the image analysis system on the foam, the uniform distribution of nano-ATH in the liquid film reduced the coarsening and coalescence speed of foam .Through the self-developed oil resistance test, nano-ATH enhanced the oil resistance stability and inhibition of fuel vapour diffusion of the foam by about 12%; through self-developed foam fire extinguishing and anti-burning tests, nano-ATH shortened the fire extinguishing time of the two-phase foam by 25%, and showed better fire extinguishing and anti-burning performance than the foam.

A facile and sustainable strategy to construct recyclable paper with enhanced water and oil resistance for eco-friendly food packaging

As a potential substitute for petroleum-based plastics as food packaging material, application of paper is hampered by weak resistance to water and oil. In light of this, paper barrier coating was prepared based on sodium alginate and alkyl ketene dimer. The properties of the obtained SAKD emulsion were investigated and stabilizing mechanism was proposed. Furthermore, SAKD emulsion was applied on paper surface for enhancing barrier properties against both water and oil. After coated, oil resistance KIT was increased from 0 to 8, sizing degree increased by 3977 % and Cobb30 decreased by 66.08 % probably because a more closed structure formed with lower surface energy. Barrier properties to air, water vapor and organic solvents were also strengthened. Additionally, the coating exhibited good stability after folded repeatedly. Furthermore, SAKD coating layer did not negatively affected degradability of paper and the coated paper could be efficiently recycled via a facile treatment, confirming its eco-friendliness. This work demonstrates a sustainable and simple route to prepare paper with good barrier properties and provides the feasibility of developing eco-friendly paper packaging for food based on bio-based materials.

In vitro and in vivo Evaluations of the Antifungal Activity of Salicylic Acid and Silicon Against Ganoderma Boninense

Basal stem rot disease (BSR) in oil palms is one of the primary diseases that has led to the wide use of fungicides. This increased the development of fungal isolates resistant to fungicides and led to the search for alternative strategies to replace the use of fungicides. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of salicylic acid (SA) and silicon (Si) in inhibiting mycelial growth of Ganoderma boninense using Poison Food Technique and to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of Si treatment on oil palm seedlings growth and resistance towards G. boninense. Percentage inhibition of radial mycelial growth (PIRG) was assessed, and Si treatment significantly reduced mycelial radial growth of G. boninenseup to 100% inhibition at concentrations of 200 and 250 mg/L. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) for Si was 68.57 mg/L, while for SiO2, it was 273.95 mg/L. The EC50 for salicylic acid was 381.33 mg/L. For in vivo evaluation, oil palm seedlings treated with Si at 150, 200, and 250 mg/L showed the lowest severity of leaf chlorosis and necrotic symptoms, which were 7.36%, 6.49%, and 4.05%, respectively. In contrast, the seedlings without Si showed the highest severity of leaf symptoms. Examination of internal bole tissues of oil palm seedlings treated with Si at a concentration of 250 mg/L also recorded a 3.0% mean percentage of disease severity compared to the untreated infected seedlings, which showed 35.0% disease severity. Our findings demonstrated the potential of Si application in controlling the BSR disease caused by Ganoderma boninense.

Influence of polar‐modified ESBO on the thermal and mechanical properties of FKM/EPDM rubber blends

AbstractRenowned for its oil, heat, and chemical resistance, fluoroelastomer rubber (FKM) also presents notable drawbacks, such as inferior low‐temperature performance. In this study, 2,2‐trifluoroethylamine (TF) and 2,4‐difluorobenzylamine (DF) were grafted onto epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) to generate two innovative plasticizers: ESBO‐TF and ESBO‐DF that they were specifically designed to augment the low‐temperature performance of FKM. A thorough investigation into the effects of ESBO‐TF/DF on FKM/EPDM blends' properties was conducted. The study demonstrated that the integration of ESBO‐TF and ESBO‐DF enhanced the vital properties of the FKM/EPDM blends, including elongation at break, tear strength, and, significantly, low‐temperature performance. There was a noticeable decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg), dropping by 3.54 and 2.95°C with the incorporation of 10 phr ESBO‐TF and ESBO‐DF, respectively. These respective plasticizers showed positive effects on the plasticization and compatibilization of the FKM/EPDM blends, thus proposing a novel methodology for developing new plasticizers for FKM and related blends.

Systematic Investigation on the Swelling Response and Oil Resistance of NBR Using the Prediction Models Determined by the Modified Flory-Huggins Interaction Parameter.

The equilibrium swelling test was employed to determine the swelling response of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) with various acrylonitrile (ACN) contents, and the three-dimensional solubility parameter (HSP) and modified Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χHSP) were used to establish the prediction model of the oil-resistant property. The results indicate that the energy difference (Ra) between NBR and solvents calculated by HSP values can be correlated with the swelling response qualitatively with an inversed "S-shape", and high swelling response occurs at Ra < 8 MPa1/2 for NBR. For the purpose of establishing the prediction model, the new modified χHSP value has been calculated and fitted with the swelling response using exponential and logarithmic fittings, respectively. Two prediction models considering all the possible influencing factors have been obtained to determine the swelling response and oil resistance of NBR-based rubber products in bio-fuels, represented by the bio-diesel and IRM 903 test oil in this work. The swelling response of NBR can be evaluated precisely, and high swelling regions can be predicted and avoided in the new emerging fuels through the prediction models. Thus, the oil resistance of NBR-based rubber products, such as seals, holes and gaskets can be well predicted now.

A new strategy applying ternary blends of modified natural rubber with fluoroplastic and fluorocarbon elastomer for high-performance thermoplastic vulcanizate

High-performance thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) are a class of specialty polymers with exceptional mechanical properties, rubber-like elasticity, excellent processability and recyclability, and an excellent price-performance ratio that make them ideal for a variety of industrial applications. In this work, a successful method of creating high-performance TPV using a ternary blend of poly(methyl methacrylate) modified natural rubber (MGNR), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and fluorocarbon elastomer (FKM) was employed. Combining NR known for its exceptional rubber elasticity and resilience, with fluoropolymers, known for their exceptional chemical resistance and thermal stability, resulted in materials with a synergistic blend of properties. The developed PVDF/FKM/MGNR blend showed higher elasticity, tensile strength, and elongation at break than PVDF/FKM and PVDF/MGNR blends because the ternary blend had greatly improved phase morphology and compatibility between the three phases. The domain size in the ternary blend was smaller than 150 nm. The ternary blends also exhibited excellent thermal properties, where melting and crystallization temperatures were reduced significantly with MGNR due to possible dipole-dipole interactions. At the same time, the oil resistance and shape memory behavior of PVDF/FKM/MGNR were improved at an appropriate blend ratio. The ternary TPVs demonstrated good shape fixities (90–100 %) and shape recoveries (70–80 %). This research offers valuable insights into the design of high-performance thermoplastic elastomers based on natural rubber, which have excellent mechanical properties, solvent resistance, and potential for intelligent and lightweight application.

Design of multiple anti-fouling and honeycomb-like NH2-AgBiS2 @g-C3N4 hydrogel layer onto PAN fiber membrane for multicomponent pollutant-oil-water emulsion treatment

Nano-structured hydrogel with unique anti-oil fouling property exhibits big advantage in oil/water separation, but its application in complex oily wastewater (contain oils, organic matter, bacteria, etc.) cleanup is hampered by the insufficient capabilities in multi-antifouling and synergistic treatment. Herein, we constructed the amino-rich NH2-AgBiS2/PANI (polyaniline)-g-C3N4 based multi-functional hydrogel functional layer onto the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber membrane via polyphenol-mediated chitosan gelation and vacuum-assisted self-assembly techniques. The unique honeycomb-like structure and super-wetting feature synergistically contributed to the powerful oil resistance and flux breakthrough of composite membrane. Such membrane achieved superior permeability (up to 3558 L−1 m−2 h−1) for various SDS-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions and remarkable synergistic treatment efficiency of multicomponent pollutant-oil-water emulsion. The rational design of hydrogel layer on membrane surface intensified the photo-response ability and multiple electron transport channels, which offered the favorable photocatalytic self-cleaning performance towards degradation of organic dyes. According to the free radical quenching and EPR experiments, the photocatalytic mechanism was proposed. In addition, the inhibition rate of E. coli could reach 100 % under illumination of 24 h. Therefore, the integration of ultra-low oil adhesion, photocatalytic self-cleaning, and antibacterial features endows membrane with exceptional multiple anti-fouling performance, exhibiting unique advantages over traditional membranes in handling complex membrane fouling issues.

Exploiting the Properties of Non-Wood Feedstocks to Produce Tailorable Lignin-Containing Cellulose Nanofibers.

Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) are mainly produced commercially from treated wood pulp, which can decrease some of the carbon-negative benefits of utilizing biomass feedstock. In this work, LCNFs are prepared from non-wood feedstocks, including agricultural residues such as hemp, wheat straw, and flax. These feedstocks allowed for the preparation of LCNFs with a variety of properties, including tailored hydrophobicity. The feedstocks and their subsequent LCNFs are extensively characterized to determine the roles that feedstocks play on the morphology and properties of their resultant LCNFs. The LCNFs were then incorporated into paper handsheets to study their usefulness in papermaking applications, which indicated good potential for the use of wheat straw LCNFs as a surface additive to improve the oil resistance coating.

Morphology and properties of carbon black‐filled thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) composites based on hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and thermoplastic polyester elastomer

AbstractThe unique morphology of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) reveals a significant correlation between the microstructure and performance, and the development of high‐performance TPV composites for specialized applications has become a current research priority. This study is devoted to developing heat‐ and oil‐resistant TPV composites filled with carbon black (CB) based on hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) and thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE) following the masterbatch procedure of dynamic vulcanization. Herein, it focuses on the effects of CB content on the morphology, filler network structure, and properties of the TPV/CB composites. As observed by morphological studies, CB nanoparticles are interconnected and aggregated to form a dual network structure of rubber and CB particles in the composite. With the increasing CB content, it's demonstrated that dual networks have enhanced and shifted to rigid. Consequently, the hardness, thermal stability, and oil resistance of TPV/CB composites are improved, with a 104% elevation in the stress at 300% strain. The flowability in the molten state, toughness (the elongation at break decreased from 690% to 310%), and elasticity deteriorated by oversized (0.5 ~ 1.2 μm) CB agglomerates and rigid rubber particles. This study gives new insight into the microstructure‐properties relationship of TPVs, offering theoretical guidance for fabricating HNBR‐based TPV composites.

The Influence of Oil and Thermal Aging on the Sealing Characteristics of NBR Seals.

Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) is widely used as a sealing material due to its excellent mechanical properties and good oil resistance. However, when using NBR material, the seal structure is unable to avoid the negative effects of rubber aging. Hence, the influence of oil and thermal aging on the characteristics of NBR seals was studied by coupling the mechanical behavioral changes with the tribological behavioral changes of NBR in oil and the thermal environment. For this paper, aging testing and compression testing of NBR were carried out. Additionally, friction testing between friction pairs under different aging times was carried out. The surface morphology of the NBR working surface under different aging conditions was also observed. Finally, coefficients of different test conditions were introduced into the finite element model of NBR seals. It can be seen from the results that the elastic modulus increased with the increase in aging time in the thermal oxidative aging testing. The elastic modulus after 7 days of thermal oxidative aging increased by 135.45% compared to the unaged case, and the elastic modulus after 7 days of oil aging increased by 15.03% compared to the unaged case. The compression set rate of NBR increased significantly with the increase in aging time and temperature. The coefficient of friction (COF) between friction pairs increased first and then decreased with the increase in aging time. The maximum contact pressure decreased by 2.43% between the shaft and sealing ring and decreased by 4.01% between the O-ring and groove. The proportion of the effective sealing area decreased by 3.05% between the shaft and sealing ring and decreased by 6.11% between the O-ring and groove. Furthermore, the sealing characteristics between the O-ring and groove were better than those between the shaft and sealing ring.

CROSSLINK DENSITY AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN HEAT AND OIL RESISTANT ELASTOMERS BY DOUBLE QUANTUM NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

ABSTRACT Double quantum (DQ) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to characterize the crosslink density, crosslink density distribution, and defect level in a series of heat and oil resistant elastomers. A wide range of defect levels, crosslink densities, and crosslink density distributions was measured, and results depended on elastomer type and compound formulations, including the vulcanization system. The sol fraction defect level generally correlated with the concentration of added plasticizer in the formulation. The presence of polar side chains appeared to cause additional dynamic contributions to the dangling chain end fraction. The large differences in elastomer composition and rubber formulations prevented meaningful correlation of the measured crosslink densities with the low strain modulus. Fast Tikhonov regularization and log normalization fitting of the corrected DQ build-up curve was extremely useful to provide insight into the modality and widths of the crosslink density distributions. A high degree of heterogeneity of the crosslink network of heat and oil resistant elastomers was found. Crosslink density distributions were explained in terms of the polymer chain structure comprised of monomer sequencing coupled with the position of the crosslinking sites. The type of vulcanization system had a lesser effect of the nature of the crosslink density distribution. The primary polymer chain crosslinking sites may become segregated from the continuous phase due to polarity differences seen in the microstructure of oil and heat resistance elastomers. The development of such micromorphologies can favor curative partitioning. The sole use of DQ NMR can provide valuable insight into the nature of the polymer chain structure and crosslink network in rubber.

Synthesis, characterization and properties of vinyl-terminated poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-methyl(phenyl)siloxane]

Phenyl-containing polysiloxanes have better thermal stability, low-temperature flexibility, and room-temperature damping performance than polydimethylsiloxanes. Poly [dimethylsiloxane-co-methyl (phenyl)siloxane] and poly (dimethylsiloxane-co-diphenylsiloxane) were synthesized through a bulk copolymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and methylphenylcyclosiloxane mixture or octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane, and the structure and properties of the copolysiloxanes were comparatively studied. The phenyl content in poly [dimethylsiloxane-co-methyl (phenyl)siloxane] can be as high as 50 mol%. With the increment of the phenyl content, the thermal stability of the copolysiloxanes is dramatically improved as evaluated by thermal gravimetric analysis. At a given phenyl content, poly [dimethylsiloxane-co-methyl (phenyl)siloxane] has higher thermal stability than poly (dimethylsiloxane-co-diphenylsiloxane). The former is more difficult to crystalline at low temperatures and has lower room temperature viscosity than the latter as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and rotational rheometer. The copolysiloxanes is mixed with hydrogen-containing polysiloxane and silica, and vulcanized at elevated temperature to get copolysiloxane composites with good damping properties, oil resistance, and low-temperature resistance. This study not only enriches the fundamental academic research on functional polysiloxanes, but also provides useful technical references for practical applications of phenyl silicone rubber.

Oil resistivity of fluorine-free foams stabilized by silica nanoparticles and mixture of silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants

Oil resistivity of fluorine-free foams stabilized by silica nanoparticles and mixture of silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants

Technoeconomic Analysis for Biodegradable and Recyclable Paper Coated with Synthetic Ionic PBAT for Packaging Application.

This study presents a technoeconomic analysis (TEA) for a novel ionic polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT), CPBAT, as a paper coating material, showcasing excellent water and oil resistance. This TEA determined total capital investment, operating costs, and minimum selling prices for a production capacity of 1,000 kg of CPBAT per day. The minimum selling prices of CPBAT coated on Kraft paper (CPBAT-K) and CPABT coated on starch-coated Kraft paper (CPBAT-S) are estimated to be $1.327/m2 and $1.864/m2, respectively. Additionally, the results of a sensitivity analysis show that the production of CPBAT-K and CPBAT-S is highly sensitive to the production capacity, raw material costs, energy efficiency of the coating process, reaction energy, and reaction yield. Recovery of the ionization solvent only marginally increases the selling prices of CPBAT-K and CPBAT-S, and hence, it is highly favorable. By increasing production capacity, lowering raw material costs, using energy-efficient coating machines, and partially recovering energy from reactions, the prices of CPBAT-K and CPBAT-S can be reduced to $0.588/m2 and $0.914/m2, respectively. Given that commercial polyethylene-coated paper prices range from $0.94/m2 to $1.850/m2, CPBAT-based coated papers with comparable mechanical and barrier properties along with biodegradability and recyclability are positioned as highly competitive and sustainable alternatives in the market.