Release Of Oil Research Articles

Study and optimization of oil-in-water emulsions formulated by low- and high-frequency ultrasounds.

A combined treatment using both low-frequency (20 kHz) and high-frequency ultrasounds (1.63 MHz) is a promising new process to stabilize emulsions with minimalist formulation. In order to optimize process parameters, a Doehlert experimental design was performed with oil-in-water emulsions, presently used for cosmetic products, composed of water, caprylic/capric triglycerides and oleic acid. Effects of treatment time, oil content and oleic acid content were studied on emulsion properties (droplet size, polydispersity index, ζ-potential and yield of oil incorporation) and on emulsion stability after a 28-day storage (creaming index, Turbiscan stability index (TSI) and oil release). From experimental data, a model was established that allowed to study effects of each parameter and their interactions on emulsion formation and stability. Oleic acid content had a great impact on emulsion formation: It reduced droplet size, PDI and ζ-potential and increased yield of oil incorporation. However, a critical value could be highlighted, beyond which oleic acid effects reversed. Treatment time had an important beneficial effect on emulsion stability as it decreased creaming index, TSI and oil release after 28 days of storage. Oil content had a negative effect on emulsion formation and on emulsion stability. However, treatment time and oil content often had a beneficial synergistic effect. The optimized conditions for emulsion processing were obtained through a desirability approach. They were experimentally validated.

Extraction of citronella oil from lemongrass (Cymbopogon winterianus) by sequential ultrasonic and microwave-assisted hydro-distillation

The Ultrasonic and Microwave-Assisted Hydro-Distillation (US-MAHD) method is a process combination of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) carried out sequentially. This method aims to improve the UAE and MAHD methods in extracting citronella oil. This study evaluates the performance of US-MAHD in the extraction of citronella oil from the citronella plant. Extraction is conducted for 90 min at various solvent-plant ratios (v/m) (10:1, 12:1, 14:1), ultrasonic bath temperature (30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C), and power of microwave oven (150 W, 300 W, 450 W). US-MAHD yields a maximum yield of citronella oil of 1.82 mg/g when extracting lemongrass plant with a combination of ultrasonic bath temperature of 30 °C, a solvent-plant ratio of 10:1, microwave power of 300 W, and time of 90 min. All quality parameters of the oil produced have met ISO 3848:1976 standard. Extraction of citronella oil using the US-MAHD method produces higher yields than the UAE and MAHD methods under the same operating conditions. The yields of citronella oil from the US-MAHD, UAE, and MAHD methods are 1.82, 0.92, and 1.48 mg/g, respectively. SEM analysis of residual lemongrass plant shows more cell wall damage which indicates more oil release from the plant matrix.

Legal Protection of the Marine Environment from Oil and Petroleum Product Spills

The article deals with social relations arising in the process of preventing and eliminating emergency oil and petroleum product spills in the marine environment. The danger of pollution of the marine environment by oil and petroleum products is reviewed, two major accidents related to the spill of oil and petroleum products are mentioned: the release of oil from the Exxon Valdez tanker and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The methods used to eliminate accidents in the Baltic Sea, as well as some features of this region, are considered. The special role of the Polar Code in the prevention of pollution of polar waters by oil and petroleum products is considered. The article also discusses the requirements for the prevention of accidental spills contained in international acts. The article notes that most of the existing international legal norms, as well as legal acts of national legislation, are aimed at ensuring compliance with the established rules for the transportation of oil and petroleum products, requirements for the operation of ships, their design features, as well as for the proper operation of equipment. It is necessary to eliminate gaps in legislation regarding the regulation of oil collection under ice in the polar region. It seems necessary to legislatively regulate the use of special means for monitoring oil spills. Legislation in the field of forecasting, accident prevention, as well as taking into account the natural features of the region of production and transportation of petroleum products needs further improvement

Quality comparison of camellia (Camellia oleifera C.Abel) seed oil with different extraction methods

The quality of camellia seed oil (CSO) varies with the oil extraction methods. In the present work, the oil yield, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, fatty acid composition, and Fourier transform infrared spectra of CSOs prepared by supercritical fluid, aqueous, pressing, and solvent extraction were explored systematically. Additionally, the microstructure of camellia seed cake after oil extraction was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that supercritical fluid extraction had the highest oil yield (92.42%), and the extracted oil was also superior to the other methods in the contents of polyphenol, β-sitosterol, and squalene, which were 89.34, 3173.23, and 6.20 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, CSO extracted by supercritical fluid extraction had lower peroxide value and better colour indexes. In terms of fatty acid composition, CSOs extracted by supercritical fluid, pressing, and solvent extraction were similar, while CSO extracted by aqueous extraction had higher saturated fatty acid contents and lower unsaturated fatty acid contents than the other samples. Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis showed that the extraction methods had no significant effect on the chemical functional groups of CSOs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that supercritical fluid extraction and solvent extraction could more effectively promote the release of oil from camellia seeds. In general, the quality of CSOs extracted by different methods had significant differences, and supercritical fluid extraction could be a promising extraction method for CSO.

Spray-drying encapsulation and in-package release of cinnamon leaf essential oil in arabic gum to reduce microbial growth of fresh-cut kiwifruit

Spray-drying encapsulation and in-package release of cinnamon leaf essential oil in arabic gum to reduce microbial growth of fresh-cut kiwifruit

Dispersion modeling of underwater oil released from buried subsea pipeline considering current and wave

Marine oil release accident may pose a serve threat to marine environment. Modeling of underwater oil dispersion is helpful for risk assessment and emergency response of marine oil spill accident. This paper presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to describe the dispersion behavior of oil released from buried subsea oil pipeline leak considering current and wave. The numerical model is validated by repeating the small-scale experiments. A comprehensive simulation of underwater oil dispersion from seafloor soil to sea surface under the combined action of wave and current is carried out. Effects of oil density, oil release rate, soil porosity, current speed on underwater oil dispersion are analyzed. Besides, this study considers underwater oil dispersion from multiple leak points on the pipeline, and a regression model for rapidly predicting oil dispersion is developed by numerical fitting. The uniqueness of this study is that it models underwater oil dispersion considering the seafloor soil and the combined action of current and wave. The presence of seafloor soil has a significant effect on oil migration shape and trajectory, and the variation of soil porosity has little effect on the dispersion distance of crude oil plume. Essentially, this study can be useful for the safety-related applications in marine oil spill accidents.

Polymeric encapsulation of anti-larval essential oil nanoemulsion for controlled release of bioactive compounds

In the present study, polymeric encapsulation of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion was done for the controlled release of bioactive compounds. O/W nanoemulsion was prepared from lemongrass essential oil, non-ionic surfactant polysorbate80 and water by spontaneous emulsification method. Geranial and neral were found to be the major bioactive compounds, constituting 45.1 % and 31.1 % of total lemongrass essential oil. The optimized lemongrass oil nanoemulsion was formulated with the droplet diameter of 14.4 nm and polydispersity index of 0.111. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that the nanoemulsion droplets were spherical in morphology and were in the size range of 10–100 nm. The optimized nanoemulsion was encapsulated with chitosan polymer by using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Encapsulation of essential oil nanoemulsion was optimized for the process parameters such as chitosan concentration and nanoemulsion concentration in order to obtain applicable encapsulation with enhanced release of lemongrass oil. The essential oil-loaded microcapsules were spherical and smooth in shape as revealed by phase contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the diameter of 0.53 ± 0.02 mm. Mosquito larvicidal activity of encapsulated essential oil nanoemulsion was better against malaria vectors Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies when compared to non-encapsulated nanoemulsion, due to the controlled release of the bioactive components. The results of this study will be helpful for future vector control strategies as we provided a practical combined technique of nanoemulsion formulation and polymeric encapsulation as potential delivery system of hydrophobic bioactive compounds against mosquito vector.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Cosmos sulphureus seed oil with ultrasound assistance

A hybrid procedure using ultrasound-assisted supercritical CO2 extraction (UASCE) was developed to recover Cosmos sulphureus seed oil (CSSO). Optimization of CSSO extraction was executed by the Taguchi approach. The maximum oil yield (193.1 ± 4.4 mg/g, dry mass) was obtained at 75 dynamic extraction time, 25 MPa pressure, 55 ℃ temperature, 0.5 g/min CO2 flow rate, and 0.2 W/mL ultrasound energy density (UED). Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed that a remarkable porous and loose microstructure was observed in UASCE-treated sample, this may have positive effects on oil release. CSSO acquired by UASCE had higher global yield and higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, phenols, and exhibited better physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity and oxidation and thermal stability compared to CSSO acquired by traditional techniques. Furthermore, the kinetics study highlighted that the employed Sovová models fitted well with the extraction kinetics behaviors. The extraction transport primarily contributed from convective mechanisms during the UASCE process and ultrasound clearly increased mass transfer coefficients and abridged the characteristic extraction periods. Consequently, UASCE can be considered a high-performance and sustainable technique for plant oil extraction in food and dietary supplement industries. Cosmos sulphureus is a potential good source of edible oil due to its excellent nutritional properties.

Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose on the emulsifying, gel and digestive properties of myofibrillar protein-soybean oil emulsion

Improving the qualities of vegetable oil replaced animal fat meat products is particularly fascinating for the development of healthy meat products. This work was designed to investigate the effects of different carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) concentrations (0.01 %, 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.5 %) on the emulsifying, gelation, and digestive properties of myofibrillar protein (MP)-soybean oil emulsions. The changes in MP emulsion characteristics, gelation properties, protein digestibility, and oil release rate were determined. Results demonstrated that CMC addition decreased the average droplet size and increased the apparent viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus of MP emulsions, and a 0.5 % CMC addition significantly increased the storage stability during 6 weeks. Lower CMC addition (0.01 % to 0.1 %) increased the hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of emulsion gel especially for the 0.1 % CMC addition, while higher CMC (0.5 %) content decreased the texture properties and water holding capacity of emulsion gels. The addition of CMC decreased protein digestibility during the gastric stage, and 0.01 % and 0.05 % CMC addition significantly decreased the free fatty acid release rate. In summary, the addition of CMC could improve the stability of MP emulsion and the texture properties of the emulsion gels, and decrease protein digestibility during the gastric stage.

Hybrid Microcapsules for Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Rosemary Essential Oil.

The foremost objective of this work is to assess the microcapsules composition (polymer-based and polymer/clay-based) effect, on the release of rosemary essential oil into w/o medium and evaluate their antioxidant activity. Calcium alginate (CA) and calcium alginate/montmorillonite hybrid (CA-MTN) microcapsules were developed following an ionotropic crosslinking gelation and were used as host materials for the encapsulation of rosemary essential oil. The unloaded/loaded CA and hybrid CA-MTN microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform infra-red (FT-ATR) spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and DPPH assay. The evaluation of the microcapsule's physicochemical properties has shown that the clay filling with montmorillonite improved the microcapsule's properties. The encapsulation efficiency improved significantly in hybrid CA-MTN microcapsules and exhibited higher values ranging from 81 for CA to 83% for hybrid CA-MTN and a loading capacity of 71 for CA and 73% for hybrid CA-MTN, owing to the large adsorption capacity of the sodic clay. Moreover, the hybrid CA-MTN microcapsules showed a time-extended release of rosemary essential oil compared to CA microcapsules. Finally, the DPPH assay displayed a higher reduction of free radicals in hybrid CA-MNT-REO (12.8%) than CA-REO (10%) loaded microcapsules. These results proved that the clay-alginate combination provides microcapsules with enhanced properties compared to the polymer-based microcapsules.

Encapsulation of Tocotrienol-Enriched Flaxseed Oil in Calcium Alginate–Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel Beads for Improved Oxidative Stability and Release Profile

The objective of this study was to encapsulate tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil in calcium alginate–carboxymethyl cellulose (CA-CMC) hydrogel beads by an extrusion-dripping technique. Two polymeric blends of sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were selected to emulsify with flaxseed oil (10–50% v/v) depending on the sphericity and swelling behavior of the unloaded beads. One selected emulsion with a high stability, narrow particle size distribution, and small droplet mean diameter was used to prepare tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil beads. The beads were approximately 1.7 mm in diameter with a high encapsulation efficiency of approximately 87%. The beads swelled more in the intestinal fluid than the gastric fluid, allowing sustained and higher oil release in the intestinal fluid. CA-CMC beads protected the oxidation of tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil during storage at 4 and 65 °C, improving the oxidative stability of the enriched oil. CA-CMC beads have a good potential to preserve and deliver tocotrienol-enriched flaxseed oil.

Ultrasound-Assisted Encapsulation of Citronella Oil in Alginate/Carrageenan Beads: Characterization and Kinetic Models

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of ultrasonication on citronella oil encapsulation using alginate/carrageenan (Alg/Carr) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The functional groups of microparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the beads’ morphologies were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The FTIR results showed that the ultrasonication process caused the C-H bonds (1426 cm−1) to break down, resulting in polymer degradation. The SEM results showed that the ultrasonication caused the presence of cavities or pores in the cracked wall and a decrease in the beads’ size. In this study, the use of ultrasound during the encapsulation of citronella oil in Alg/Carr enhanced the encapsulation efficiency up to 95–97%. The kinetic evaluation of the oil release of the beads treated with ultrasound (UTS) showed a higher k1 value of the Ritger–Peppas model than that without ultrasonication (non-UTS), indicating that the oil release rate from the beads was faster. The R/F value from the Peppas–Sahlin model of the beads treated with UTS was smaller than that of the non-UTS model, revealing that the release of bioactive compounds from the UTS-treated beads was diffusion-controlled rather than due to a relaxation mechanism. This study suggests the potential utilization of UTS for controlling the bioactive compound release rate.

Soy lecithin increases the stability and lipolysis of encapsulated algal oil and probiotics complex coacervates.

Co-encapsulation of probiotics and omega-3 oil using complex coacervation is an effective method for enhancing the tolerance of probiotics under adverse conditions, whereas complex coacervation of omega-3 oil was found to have low lipid digestibility. In the present study, gelatin (GE, 30 g kg-1 ) and gum arabic (GA, 30 g kg-1 ) were used to encapsulate Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 and algal oil by complex coacervation to produce microcapsules containing probiotics (GE-P-GA) and co-microcapsules containing probiotics and algal oil (GE-P-O-GA), and soy lecithin (SL) was added to probiotics-algal oil complex coacervates [GE-P-O(SL)-GA] to enhance its stability and lipolysis. Then, we evaluated the viability of different microencapsulated probiotics exposed to freeze-drying and long-term storage, as well as the survival rate and release performance of encapsulated probiotics and algal oil during in vitro digestion. GE-P-O(SL)-GA had a smaller particle size (51.20 μm), as well as higher freeze-drying survival (90.06%) of probiotics and encapsulation efficiency of algal oil (75.74%). Moreover, GE-P-O(SL)-GA showed a higher algal oil release rate (79.54%), lipolysis degree (74.63%) and docosahexaenoic acid lipolysis efficiency (64.8%) in the in vitro digestion model. The viability of microencapsulated probiotics after simulated digestion and long-term storage at -18,4 and 25 °C was in the order: GE-P-O(SL)-GA > GE-P-O-GA > GE-P-GA. As a result of its amphiphilic properties, SL strongly affected the physicochemical properties of probiotics and algal oil complex coacervates, resulting in higher stability and more effective lipolysis. Thus, the GE-P-O(SL)-GA can more effectively deliver probiotics and docosahexaenoic acid to the intestine, which provides a reference for the preparation of high-viability and high-lipolysis probiotics-algal oil microcapsules. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Novel delivery system with a dual–trigger release of savory essential oil by mesoporous silica nanospheres and its possible targets in leukemia cancer cells: in vitro study

IntroductionEssential oils (EOs) are complex structures and possess several pharmacological effects. Nanomedicine offers a solution for their major limitations, including poor solubility, volatility, and non–controlled release, preventing their clinical use.MethodsHere, we developed a novel delivery system by nanoformulations that were prepared by impregnating savory essential oil (SA) into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The nanoformulations were characterized and examined for their anticancer activities on cancer cells (HepG2 liver and HL60 leukemia cells) and MRC5 normal cells. We further tested the mechanisms of action and possible molecular targets against HL60 cells.ResultsThe results demonstrated that SA was governed by nanoformulations under the dual–trigger release of pH/glutathione, and it typically fit the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model. The nanoformulations enhanced the anticancer effect against HepG2 cells and HL60 cells compared to SA but were less cytotoxic to MRC5 normal cells and regulated various molecular pathways of apoptosis. Most importantly, new results were obtained on the genetic regulation principle through the high inhibition of long noncoding RNAs (HOTAIR, HULC, CCAT1, and H19) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP–2 and MMP–9), providing a novel leukemia target.ConclusionsThese results suggest potential impacts for nanoformulations composed of SA with a sustained release pattern controlled by dual–trigger release of pH/GSH that enhanced anticancer cells. This approach may offer a new route for using EOs as new targets for cancers and open the door for deep preclinical investigations.

Sponge-liked Silica Nanoporous Particles for Sustaining Release and Long-Term Antibacterial Activity of Natural Essential Oil

To improve the sustained release and long-term antibacterial activity of Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. essential oil (CEO), novel sponge-liked nanoporous silica particles (SNP) were synthesized via the soft template method, which was employed as a biocompatible carrier to prepare spong-liked nanoporous silica particles loading with CEO (CEO-SNP) through physical adsorption. The structure and properties of the samples were characterized via N2 adsorption/desorption measurements, thermogravimetry (TGA), Fourier transform infrared, SEM and TEM. The result showed that the SNP exhibited an excellent loading capability of CEO up to 76.3%. The thermal stability and release behavior of the CEO were significantly improved via the physical adsorption of the SNP materials. The release profile of CEO was in accordance with the first-order kinetic model, which meant that the release mechanism was drug Fick's diffusion. The antibacterial evaluation results demonstrated that the CEO-SNP exhibited strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The antibacterial results have shown that the CEO-SNP could destroy the cell structure of bacteria, and result in the generation of oxidative stress and the release of nucleic acid. After storage of 30 d at 25 °C, the CEO-SNP still had the stronger antibacterial activity towards S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa in comparison with CEO. Therefore, the sponge-like silica nanoporous particles seemed to be a promising carrier for long-term stability and antibacterial delivery of CEO.

Performance of ultrahigh methoxylated pectin as the delivery material in the simulated in vitro digestion

Performance of a modified ultrahigh methoxylated pectin (UHMP, DM>90%) as the delivery material during in vitro digestion was investigated. This pectin presented a good acidic resistance to simulated gastric fluid (SGF), but its degree of methoxylation (DM) was reduced in the simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) due to deesterification catalyzed by pancreatin. UHMP emulsions were prepared for in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Droplet size, ζ-potential, macroscopic and microscopic structure, and free fatty acid were determined to assess the stability and degree of lipolysis of emulsions during the simulated digestion. In SGF, emulsion droplets flocculated via hydrophobic interactions but droplets rupture was not occurred. In SIF stage, the flocs were redistributed under the action of bile salts, which provided space for the action of pancreatin. Resultantly, the deesterification of UHMP induced the oil release. This mechanism was supported by diverse characterizations including FTIR, CLSM and droplet size distribution measurement. The release of free fatty acids (FFA) during the simulated digestion suggested that UHMP provided better encapsulation of the oil phase in comparison with the normal citrus pectin. Moreover, the oil release could be controlled to some extent by adjusting the UHMP content adsorbed on the O/W interface. Emulsions prepared by UHMP at a concentration of 3% (w/v) presented a low FFA release ratio of ∼7% during the SIF digestion. Conclusively, the structurally modified pectin UHMP was a potential biomaterial for delivery systems with high safety and controllable release.

Electrospun PHBV nanofiber containing Tea Tree Oil: physicochemical and antimicrobial activity

Aiming to produce an antimicrobial dressing for wound healing applications, in this work Tea Tree oil (TTO) was incorporated into PHBV nanofibers by absorption. It was observed increase in the nanofiber diameter due to 5% TTO absorption efficiency, which also led to a 54% decrease in the contact angle. The releasing assay indicates a 6.8% oil release in the first 24 h – being probably the oil deposited at the polymer surface – followed by a minimal release at 48 h. The set of antimicrobial assays performed suggests the incorporation of TTO optimized the antimicrobial activity of the polymer for E. coli and C. albicans, while against S. aureus no significant difference was observed. The MTT assay showed no cytotoxicity of PHBV, but the incubation of L929 fibroblast cells with PHBV-TTO reduced cell viability. Overall, the PHBV nanofibers containing TTO present great potential as an antimicrobial dressing.

Formation, digestion properties, and physicochemical stability of the rice bran oil body carrier system

Rice bran is a major by-product of rice processing with abundant nutrient content. Oil bodies (OBs), which are fat particles with unique physicochemical stability, are specialized organelles for the storage of oils and fats in plant tissues. In this study, we extracted OBs from rice bran, to evaluate the function of hydrophobic nutrients efficiently delivered by OBs. The carrier system was prepared by sonicating curcumin with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) into rice bran oil bodies (RBOBs). Emulsions comprising different RBOB mass fractions were characterized. The results showed that the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE, 87.67%), optimal particle size (190 nm), and best storage stability were achieved with the 1.5 wt% RBOBs. Based on activity evaluation data, the carrier system can achieve sustained oil release in the intestine and shows high bioaccessibility (61.04%; IC50 in Caco-2 cells was 77.21 μg/mL), which is important for promoting grain by-product utilization.

Formulation and Optimization of Novel Controlled Release of Topical Thyme Oil- Loaded Organogel with Better Stability and Longer Activity

Formulation and Optimization of Novel Controlled Release of Topical Thyme Oil- Loaded Organogel with Better Stability and Longer Activity

Tribological and mechanical properties of lubricant filled microcapsules in thermoplastic composites

Polymeric materials with long lifetime and low frictional energy loss are frequently required for a broad range of applications. Microencapsulation of lubricating oils by in-situ polymerization (melamine-formaldehyde) and interfacial polymerization (polyurethane/polyurea) was used to obtain free-flowing powders, which can be used as additive for thermoplastic materials resulting in microcapsule-containing self-lubricating composites. The specific functionality of such composites is achieved via portioned and localised release of the lubricant in the areas of the interface, which experiences the highest degrees of stress and wear due to the friction. Friction-triggered on-demand release of the lubricating oil results in materials with higher wear resistance and potentially leading to new products with prolonged lifetime. In this study, different ratios of microcapsules were added in polyoxymethylene (POM) and polybutylterephthalat (PBT) matrices by using laboratory scale twin-screw extruder resulting in self-lubricating composite materials. The effect of such modification on the tribological and mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composites were investigated. Rotational ball on disc tests were used to investigate the wear loss and coefficient of friction for the composites with varied microcapsule concentrations. Tensile tests revealed decreased mechanical stability for the composites with higher microcapsule content regardless of microcapsule wall material composition. Addition of 5 wt.- % of encapsulated lubricant oil led to the substantial decrease of the frictional and wear coefficients. Further increase of encapsulated lubricant oil content to 10 wt.-% had a major decreasing impact on the mechanical properties, whilst the effect on the tribological performance was rather small.