Spills Of Oil Products Research Articles

ANTHROPOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF TERRAIN IN THE NORILSK INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT

The scale of anthropogenic terrain transformation within the Norilsk industrial region was quantified and a classification of its consequences has been elaborated. The work is based on the results of 2021 expeditionary geomorphologic studies, interpretation and analysis of remote sensing materials and digital elevation models. It has been established that the total area of direct terrain transformation during the territory development was about 122,4 km2, and that of indirect transformation - 23,6 km2. The volume of anthropogenic landforms is at least 1,8 billion m3; accumulative forms account for 93% of the area and 72,6% of the volume of direct landform transformations. The types of anthropogenic landforms were identified, it was found that the largest area is occupied by embankments for industrial development and tailings, and the largest volume is characteristic of slope dumps. Indirect terrain transformation is mainly activation of gravitational processes, linear erosion, suffusion, thermokarst, heaving and deflation. The mass displacement of slope dumps by landslides or stone glaciers are the most dangerous for infrastructure facilities. Separate areas of indirect transformations are mainly limited to the lacustrine-alluvial lowlands and the bottoms of river valleys. Among them, the largest area (up to 20 km2) is occupied by segments of river valleys affected by spills of oil products and tailings. It has been established that the accumulation of pollutants in river valleys of the Norilsk industrial region occurs within the internal deltas and ice glades where the longitudinal slope decreases. Three stages of anthropogenic development of the territory are distinguished (I - 1920-1953; II - 1953-1986; III - 1986-2021); the most significant increment in the area of anthropogenic terrain occurred from 1953 to 1986. The average rate of anthropogenic terrain area increment over the past 36 years amounted to 0,81 km2/year. The highest rates of area growth are characteristic of the Kayerkan and Talnakh regions, which is associated with ongoing mining.

Expanded graphite as the best sorbent for hydrocarbons

The current state of the problems of protecting the surrounding environment from the impact of anthropogenic human activity because of oil extraction and using oil products is analyzed. The existing methods of liquidation of technological and emergency spills of oil products were considered. It was found that the final stage of their collection requires the use of sorbents. We compared sorption characteristics, cost, environmental friendliness of disposal, availability, etc. of existing natural, artificial, organic and inorganic sorbents. And expanded graphite (EG) was singled out as the most attractive in terms of all the considered characteristics. The sorption properties of EG were studied using the example of the absorption of heavy types of oil, petroleum and decane. The advantages of EG as a sorbent have been established. The issue of increasing the bulk mass of EG for its efficient transportation by air transport to the zone of ecological disaster elimination has been resolved.

Comparative evaluation of the efficiency of solid and liquid dispersants in simulation of oil and oil product spills

Comparative evaluation of the efficiency of solid and liquid dispersants in simulation of oil and oil product spills

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF OIL PRODUCT SPILLS ON NATURAL OBJECTS BASED ON SENTINEL-2 REMOTE SENSING DATA IN EASTERN SIBERIA

The article analyzes the impact of oil spills on natural objects according to the remote sensing system Sentinel-2 in Eastern Siberia. Remote sensing data analysis is used to detect traces of oil products in the accident area. Conclusions about the usage of Sentinel-2 data for detecting traces of oil products were made.

Technology for obtaining modified oil sorbents

Expediency of using natural glauconite material as a basis for the production of an environmentally friendly sorbent with hydrophobic and magnetic properties for liquidating oil and oil products spills mechanically and using a magnetic field has been substantiated and experimentally proved. Fractional, elemental and oxide compositions of the original mineral have been studied. The structure of glauconite fraction 0.045-0.1 mm has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the surface of the sample particles is heterogeneous with a large number of pores and cracks. Based on the experimental data, the optimal conditions for the production and use of powder and granular sorbents based on glauconite with specified properties were determined, at which a high degree of recovery (more than 90%) of oil with water and hard surfaces. The optimum temperature for obtaining a magnetic oil sorbent is 400 °C. The doses of stearic acid and iron (III) oxide were established at 5 wt. %, which provide hydrophobicity and magnetic properties to the synthesized sorbent. A high degree of oil (97%) and oil (98%) recovery when using a sorbent is achieved at a ratio of 1: 10 to sorbate. To eliminate oil and oil product spills, it is proposed to use granular ferromagnetic sorbents obtained by introducing carboxymethyl cellulose into the modified glauconite composition. oil and oil products granular sorbent increases in comparison with the original mineral by 1.2–2.2 times. Technological schemes for obtaining ferromagnetic hydrophobic and granular sorbents based on glauconite for collecting oil and oil products from water and solid surfaces have been developed. The synthesized sorbents are characterized by high efficiency, low cost, and environmental friendliness.

Petroleum Bottling Model in the Arctic Zone of Krasnoyarsk Region by Neural Network Forecasting

Industrial development and active development of resources in the territory of the fragile Arctic ecosystem requires proper control of technological processes at enterprises located in these areas. Analysis and subsequent modelling of oil and oil products spills are performed in order to elaborate preventive measures concerning emergencies, means and methods of their liquidation being constantly ready to ensure safety of people and territories, as well as to reduce damage and losses as much as possible in case of their occurrence. The methods of oil product spill area assessment used at present, especially in the Arctic zone, have a number of limitations. This article presents modelling of the process of oil products spill to calculate pollutants concentration distribution and prediction of pollution area up to the moment of its localization with the application of neural network methods. The empirical results were got with NeuroPro neural network simulator and the PHOENICS software product were chosen. The simulation results were correlated with the data obtained in the analysis of an accident caused by depressurization of an aircraft fuel transfer pipeline from on an oil-loading pier on a river in the Arctic zone of Krasnoyarsk Krai.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРАВА: ТЕОРЕТИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ

The article is devoted to identifying current trends in the transformation of environmental law due to the global, supranational nature of existing challenges and threats. The conse-quences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the largest oil and oil products spill in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and other negative events that occurred in 2020 showed the awareness of the globalization and vulnerability of the world, as well as the reality and inevitability of the coming environmental crises, risks and transformations. Despite the progressiveness and technological sophistication of Russian environmental law, the tightening of legal norms in the field of nature management, the reform of control and oversight activities, and the creation of special state management bodies in the field of environmental protection have failed to fully stop the deterioration of the natural environment and prevent environmental catastrophe. Climatic, land, water, biosphere, genomic and other parameters of human survival require a change in the very paradigm of environmental law, implementation of a new modern envi-ronmental policy, development of environmental regulations taking into account the best existing technologies, transition from the concept of "regulating the negative impact" of eco-nomic activity on the environment to a new concept of receiving "technological benefits from the use of environmental technologies". According to the authors, the transformation of environmental law is part of the natural process of its globalisation, "technologisation", and the creation of prerequisites for the transition to a full-fledged ecological economy of sustainable development.

ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ НЕФТЕГАЗОВОЙ СТРУИ, ИСТЕКАЮЩЕЙ ЧЕРЕЗ РАЗРЫВ МАГИСТРАЛЬНОГО НЕФТЕПРОВОДА (ГАЗОПРОВОДА), РАСПОЛОЖЕННОГО НА ДНЕ ВОДОЕМА

Актуальность исследования связана с растущим интересом к добыче углеводородов на дне Мирового океана. При этом многократно увеличивается опасность аварийного разлива нефтепродуктов в воду. Разливы нефти на платформах Ixtoc-1 и Deepwater Horizon в Мексиканском заливе продемонстрировали неготовность современных методов к быстрой ликвидации аварийных утечек. В связи с этим существует необходимость в исследовании затопленных струй, состоящих из смеси углеводородов (нефти и газа). Кроме этого, при глубоководных разливах многофазной смеси нефти и попутных газов могут образовываться кристаллогидраты, которые могут влиять на динамику распространения этих выбросов. Поэтому изучение динамики распространения струи с учетом гидратообразования позволит сократить время ликвидации возможных утечек. В данной работе рассматривается математическая модель формирования затопленной многофазной струи с учетом гидратообразования при различных начальных условиях. Цель: исследовать формирование затопленной струи в зависимости от начальных условий. Объекты: многофазная струя углеводородов; компоненты струи: нефть, газ, вода; композитные пузырьки, покрытые гидратной оболочкой; характер распространения струйного течения, процесс гидратообразования. Методы. Для описания процесса распространения затопленной струи используется интегральный Лагранжевый метод контрольного объема, согласно которому струя представляется в виде последовательности элементарных объемов, каждый из которых характеризуется линейными размерами и теплофизическими характеристиками. Распространение затопленной струи рассматривается для глубоководных разливов на дне океана, что соответствует случаю, когда на поверхности пузырьков начинают образовываться гидратные оболочки и газовый пузырек превращается в гидратный. Для описания процесса гидратообразования в работе принята предельная схема, согласно которой гидратообразвание лимитируется диффузией газа через гидратную оболочку. Результаты. Дополнена математическая модель течения многофазной затопленной струи с учётом образования гидрата на поверхности пузырьков. Получены зависимости теплофизических характеристик затопленной струи от вертикальной координаты, траектория распространения струи. Для пузырьков метана, которые покрываются гидратной оболочкой, применено уравнение состояния для реальных газов. В результате расчетов получены зависимости радиусов газовой и гидратной составляющих композитного пузырька и его плотности от вертикальной координаты. Установлено, что радиус гидратной составляющей пузырька убывает для случая, когда поведение газа описывается уравнением состояния для идеального газа, и растет для случая применения уравнения состояния для реального газа.

Numerical analysis of flammable vapour cloud formation from gasoline pool

In order to assess the potential hazard of oil and oil product spills, it is necessary to accurately determine the evaporation rate from the multi-component spill surface. In this paper, a multi-component pool evaporation model has been built and applied to the gasoline spill. The computational procedure has been implemented in the ANSYS Fluent code 18.0 through user-defined functions (UDFs). Gasoline is represented as a mixture consisting of a fixed number of individual components, and pseudo components (narrow boiling fractions). The model has been validated against the experimental data obtained in this study. The sensitivity analysis has been performed to assess the influence of wind velocity, pool thickness, and bund walls on the pool evaporation, the mass of vapour within the flammability limits, and the size of the flammable cloud for hypothetical gasoline spills.

Использование клеточно-автоматных моделей в исследовании распространения пожара при разливе нефтепродуктов на поверхности почв

Использование клеточно-автоматных моделей в исследовании распространения пожара при разливе нефтепродуктов на поверхности почв

Features of reclamation of oil-contaminated lands in the conditions of the Middle Ob

In the process of extraction, collection, transportation and primary processing of hydrocarbons, the lands of the fields are often damaged. For the further operation of the oil field, it is necessary to carry out not only reclamation of disturbed lands, but also oil-contaminated lands formed as a result of accidental spills. The natural environment of Western Siberia is a fragile environment and interference in its existing balance as a result of accidental spills of oil products and pollution of land and water bodies leads to negative consequences for the flora and fauna. If the impact on the natural environment during the development of oil and gas fields during the placement of oil field facilities can still be considered as permissible, then the ingress of oil products into the environment should be considered as negative with far-reaching consequences.

Environmental assessment of heavy metals in surface and groundwater at Samarra City, Central Iraq

Urban Samarra City is characterized by high population density and wide variation in land use, has led to many environmental problems, for this purpose the environmental assessment became an urgent need for surface and ground water at study area. Three water samples from Tigris River and six groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metals as Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, Co ,Pb, Ni, Cr, As, Mo, Hg, Al, Li, Be, Se, V, U, Sr. Most heavy metal concentrations have shown higher level than standards, such as Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, As, Mo, Hg, Al ,Li ,Be, Se, V, that might be due to anthropogenic activities such as agricultural and the heavy use of fertilizers, besides other activities among them industrial . All water samples have higher concentration level of Uranium except (SW1, SW2, SW3, GW1) might be due to military activity. On the other hand all samples were polluted in Co except SW2, GW4, high value of Co may be caused by industrial processes and oil product spills. Physical and chemical properties values which have obtained in this study are pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD,COD and turbidity. Water analyses reveal unacceptable values for physical and chemical parameters according to WHO standard and IQS2009 limits for drinking water, BOD, EC have shown high values in all surface and groundwater samples. Whereas, high values of TDS, COD and turbidity only in ground water samples. The water is not drinkable according to Water Quality Index (WQI) all values are above 100 and, in the sequence (GW1>GW5>GW4>GW3>GW6>GW2), the water quality index of surface water (SW3>SW2>SW1). Mixing of the shallow groundwater and Tigris River water show various patterns affected by other factors such as the aquifer recharge and evaporation, especially at the shallowest parts.

Taking account of environmental damage in the environmental protection activities of JSC Russian Railways

The paper discusses issues related to the evaluation of the accumulated environmental damage, especially the elimination of consequences of negative impact on the environment. The authors enumerate the potential impact of oil products in soil on surrounding water bodies and groundwater. The problem of environmental damage consequences elimination for infrastructure companies of JSC Russian Railways is considered to be urgent. The authors investigated the object of accumulated environmental damage oil contamination at residential area (near the Partisan ravine in Syzran, Samara Region) and discussed methods for its reduction and elimination. The authors registered underground pollution with oil products, which occurred due to the leakage of oil from storage tanks into the ground. The authors have analyzed the elimination activities on oil and oil products spill from underground tanks with a strategic reserve of fuel for the locomotive depot in Syzran. It is noted that the cleanup of soil and groundwater has been comprehensive. The authors come to the conclusion that it is possible to carry out efficient measures for accumulated environmental damage elimination.

Estimation of Lidar Contrast "Oil Pollution – Clean Water Surface" in UV, Visible, Near and Middle IR Bands

The most reliable and promising operational methods to detect the and oil-product spills on the water are remote laser methods based on pulsed sounding and recording of the laser signal reflected from the water surface, or recording of the laser-induced fluorescent radiation of the water surface. Remote laser techniques can be used regardless of the time of day and have a high spatial resolution (can detect of small size). The detection method based on recording the laser signal reflected from the water allows sounding at high flight altitudes of the aircraft carrier that provides (with a spatial scan of the laser beam) a wide field of view on the water surface. Monitoring of is carried out by recording the laser signal reflected from the water surface, and defining the contrast between the power of the laser signal from the water and the water with pollution. However, at present it is unclear what wavelength is the most preferable for laser monitoring of pollution, as contrasts clean water - pollution are highly dependent on the wavelength and the thickness of films. Depending on the film thickness of on the water the paper conducts a comparative analysis of lidar contrasts oil - water surface in a wide spectral range (from ultraviolet to mid-infrared range). An estimate of lidar contrasts oil - water surface was conducted in the UV, visible, near and middle infrared bands for sounding wavelengths of 0.355, 0.532, 1.06, 1.54, 10.6 μm. It is shown that because of an oscillatory nature of dependence of lidar contrast value on the film thickness of the the use of visible and UV range is more promising (in terms of reliability of measurements). Thus, in terms of eye-saving safety the sounding wavelength of 0.3556 μm in UV range is preferable.

Esterification of Corn Silk Fiber to Improve Oil Absorbency

Oil contamination has caused more public anxiety than other waste or spilt materials into the marine environment. Oil sorbents of high sorption capacity, biodegradable, readily available and low cost, are important for protection of water environment, especially from oil spillage. This work deals with raw and modified corn silk, an agricultural waste, as a low cost sorbent for oil-products spill cleanup in the aquatic environment. Corn silk was modified using fatty acid (oleic acid) to improve its sorption capacity. The chemical functional groups of raw and modified corn silk were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Kinetic tests were conducted with a series of contact times. The kinetic studies showed good correlation coefficients for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The oleic acid treated corn silk (OTCS) showed high degree of hydrophobicity and oil sorption capacity of approximately 10.7 and 11.90 g oil/g sorbent for Tapis and Arabian crude oil, respectively. Corn silk is a cheap waste material that can be treated to have an acceptable sorption capacity which can be used as an alternative to the commercial synthetic sorbents such as polypropylene.

Investigation of Modified Mangrove Bark on the Sorption of Oil in Water

Today oil spills generally cause worldwide worry due to their damaging effects on environment. Use of agricultural wastes such as raw and modified mangrove barks (RhizophoraApiculata), as an abundant and low cost adsorbent for oil-products spill cleanup in aquatic systems, has been developed to control these spills. Sorption capacity can improve by modification of adsorbent. The modification significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent. The raw mangrove bark was modified using fatty acid (Palmitic acid) to improve its adsorption capacity. Oil sorption capacity of the modified bark was studied and compared with the raw bark. Kinetic tests were conducted with a series of contact time. The kinetic studies show good correlation coefficients for a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. A correlation between surface functional groups of the adsorbent was studied by FTIR spectrum. The results gave the maximum adsorption capacity of 2640.00 ± 2.00 mg/g for Palmitic acid treated bark (PTB). The prepared adsorbent revealed the potential to use as a low-cost adsorbent in oil-spill clean-up.

Chemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Sediments of the Ikizcetepeler Dam Lake of Northwestern Turkey.

The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments collected from 44 sites of the A°kizcetepeler Dam Lake, in BalA±kesir province of Northwestern Turkey are determined. The soxhlet extraction procedures had been optimised and validated by using gas chromatography-Mass detector (GC_Mass). Recovery was in between 56-124%. Relative standard deviation was less than 1% and limit of detection changed from 0.0010 to 0.028 µg/g. The accuracy of the method was verified by analyzing National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Material 1597 (NIST SRM 1597). The selectivity, accuracy and precision were quite adequate for the determination of PAHs in sediment samples. The sum PAH concentrations was 0.19 ± 0.07 mg/kg. The Factor Analysis (FA) and diagnostic analysis results indicated that pyrogenic and petrogenic sources are the important sources of PAHs. Further analysis showed that contributions of Factor 1 (mixed) and Factor 2 (pyrogenic) are 37.9% and 26.9% respectively. Factor 3 (explains 15.4 of the total variance), represents petrogenic (spills of oil products) source.

Characterization and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments in the Yellow River Estuary, China

Concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface sediments of the Yellow River Estuary (YRE). The isobath-parallel tidal and residual currents play important roles in the variation of PAH distribution, such that the contamination level of PAHs in fine-grained sediments is significantly higher than in the relatively coarse grain size sediments. Both diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) with multivariate linear regression (MLR) were used to apportion sources of PAHs. The results revealed that pyrogenic sources are important sources of PAHs. Further analysis indicated that the contributions of coal combustion, traffic-related pollution and mixed sources (spills of oil products and vegetation combustion) were 35, 29 and 36 %, respectively, using PCA/MLR. Pyrogenic sources (coal combustion and traffic-related pollution) contribute 64 % of anthropogenic PAHs in sediments, which indicates that energy consumption could be a predominant factor in PAH pollution of YRE. Acenaphthylene and acenaphthene are the two main species of PAHs with more ecotoxicological concern in YRE.

Using Pyrolyzed Rice Husks as an Adsorbent for Purification of Water Basins Polluted with Diesel Fuel

Black rice husk ash (BRHA) was obtained by means of thermal degradation of raw rice husks (RRH) on a pilot plant fluidized bed reactor. BRHA was characterized using chemical analyses, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The kinetics was studied using batch adsorption technique and on the basis of prior characterization by X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption capacities of diesel fuel at 288, 293 and 298 K onto BRHA were determined. Results showed that the material studied has very high adsorption capacity and low cost and may successfully be used as an effective adsorbent to clean up spills of oil products in water basins. The adsorption of diesel fuel onto BRHA proceeds rapidly to reach adsorption equilibrium in about 10 min. The saturated BRHA can be burnt in incinerators, industrial ovens or steam generators, and through this way ecological and economic benefits are attained.

Numerical modelling of the work of a pulsed aerosol system for fire fighting at the ignitions of liquid hydrocarbon fuels

The work of a pulsed aerosol system for fire fighting is modelled, which is designed for fire fighting at oil storages and at the spills of oil products, whose vapors were modelled by gaseous methane. The system represents a device for separate installation, which consists of a charge of solid propellant (the gas generator) and a container with fine-dispersed powder of the flame-damper substance. The methane combustion was described by a one-stage gross-reaction, the influence of the concentration of vapors of the flame-damper substance on the combustion process was taken into account by reducing the pre-exponent factor in the Arrhenius law and was described by an empirical dependence.