Oil Production Companies Research Articles

Optimization of Maintenance Strategies in an Oil and Gas Production Facility to Minimize Maintenance Cost

Abstract: In this study, maintenance strategies in an oil and gas production facility were optimized to minimize maintenance costs. The centrifugal pump system in Port Harcourt Refinery was selected for this study because it significantly impacts on the productivity of the refining plant. The pump system’s failure mode effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) were examined, and an optimized maintenance task was developed for the system. The exponential reliability method was employed to analyse the pump’s failure data to determine the pump systems' failure rate and reliability while reliability centred maintenance (RCM) and linear programming (LP) model were employed to optimize the pump’s maintenance strategies and the pump’s maintenance labour force respectively. Broad-based results of the optimized maintenance strategies consisted of on-condition-directed (CD) maintenance, preventive maintenance (PreM), and Proactive maintenance (ProM) strategies to be carried out monthly. The optimized maintenance labour force result revealed that approximately three engineers and two technicians should be employed for the pump’s maintenance task with a minimum of N2, 585, 700 as cost of salaries for the labour force monthly as against the current maintenance labour force requiring fourteen engineers and thirteen technicians monthly. The results showed that the labour cost decreased from N180,000,000 per year to N31,028,400 per year (approximately 82.76% reduction) using the proposed optimized maintenance task compared to the current maintenance plan. Conclusion and recommendation were made that the maintenance optimization technique presented in this work should be adopted by the oil and gas processing and production companies in order to minimize maintenance cost.

Automated methodology for calculating key production indicators of oil field development for business planning model

Background: In order to secure the stable and efficient operations of oil-producing companies, it is essential to forecast the profitability and ROI of the enterprise, as well as to regulate development for the next 5 years. Accurate forecasts facilitate more informed planning and decision-making, directly influencing the economic sustainability and competitiveness of the enterprise. Aim: The purpose of this study is to develop an innovative approach to automate the methodology for calculating key development indicators in a business planning model. Materials and methods: The study utilizes methods for collecting and analyzing production and geological data, empirical forecasting models, and statistical analysis techniques to enchance the accuracy and reliability of forecasts. This approach employs modern algorithms and technologies to process large volumes of data, which allows for more accurate and reasonable forecasts of key production indicators of the field development. Results: This methodology can be applied to forecast a five-year business plan and evaluate its expected implementation. It is integrated into the ‘Production planning and monitoring’ of the ABAI information system, which allows direct data export from the database, automates the monthly monitoring of production indicators, and generate reports for further export. Conclusion: The proposed method for automated planning of key production indicators of the development enhances the accuracy and efficiency of forecasting, thereby improving the quality of planning and evaluating the implementation of the business plan. This contributes to more informed and strategically validated management of oil production processes. Automation of planning processes reduces the labor costs traditionally associated with manual analysis and calculations, freeing up resources for more strategic purposes. This enables rapid responses to changes in production conditions and prompt adjustments of plans. As a result, managers can allocate resources more efficiently, minimize risks, and increase the overall productivity of oil production operations.

Strategic Insights: Analyzing External Environment Affecting Private Oil Spill Response Company In Indonesia

It is inevitable that the growth of the oil and gas industry becomes one of the most significant causes of environmental pollution. The increasing number of oil and gas exploration and production company and companies focusing in conservation of natural and environmental resources will inevitably become a dilemma that will be faced considering the potential impact of such activities. It is important for a private oil spill response company in Indonesia to understand market dynamics, comply with regulations, manage risks, and build a strategic position for a long-term success. This research is part of the type or type of qualitative research that is analytically descriptive in order to provide a complete picture of the occurrence or event being studied and to analyze how the variables being investigated relate to each other. Analyzing the external environment that affecting private oil spill response company in Indonesia improves the organization's capacity to mitigate risks, adjust to technological advancements, and preserve a competitive advantage. It also enables the company to maintain a higher level of customer and stakeholder engagement that essential to deliver effective and efficient services.

Increasing the Sustainability of the Strategic Development of Oil Producing Companies in Mexico

In the oil industry, there is a gap between the goals of sustainable development, the implementation of oil projects and its specific consequences. Oil projects are implemented in isolation from other variables, have an insufficiently targeted impact on the territory and often have a negative impact on the environment. The purpose of the study is to improve the efficiency of oil producing companies and increase their contribution to the development of the country’s economy as a whole. The methodology used in this article is based on the concept of sustainable development, systemic and integrated approaches, methodology of sub-potentials and modeling of business processes of a circular economy. The results of the study include a methodological approach to the formation of an effective business model for oil companies. We propose this methodological approach to select the projects of oil companies, taking into account economic, environmental and other factors, and the most promising prospects for Mexico. The significance of the study is that the proposed methodology makes it possible to increase the sustainability of the development of oil companies and integrate their business processes into the task of increasing the efficiency of operation and development of the territory. The novelty of the study lies in the application of the concept of sub-potentials and the calculation of critical indicator values for oil producing companies in Mexico to prevent the transition of sub-potentials of functioning and development into sub-potentials of threat and containment during project implementation.

Методический подход к проектно-процессному управлению инновационным развитием нефтегазодобывающих компаний РФ

в статье представлен разработанный авторами методический подход к организации проектно-процессного управления инновационным развитием российских нефтегазодобывающих компаний. В основу сформулированных предложений положено структурно-логическое моделирование бизнес-процессов инновационного преобразования компаний в целях их адаптации к изменяющимся внешним и внутренним факторам развития. Рассматривается классификация основных бизнес-процессов инновационного развития и предлагаются соответствующие типологические группы инноваций для эффективной бизнес-деятельности. Цель: Обосновать методический программно-целевой подход к проектно-процессному управлению инновационным развитием компаний, позволяющий специалистам осуществлять практическую разработку программ инновационного развития предприятий. Методы: Использованы общенаучные методы системного анализа, а также аналитический и инструментальные методы структурно-логической схематизации и организационного моделирования. the article presents the methodological approach developed by the authors to the organization of project-process management of innovative development of Russian oil and gas producing companies. The proposals formulated are based on structural and logical modeling of business processes of innovative transformation of companies in order to adapt them to changing external and internal development factors. The classification of the main business processes of innovative development is considered and the corresponding typological groups of innovations for effective business activities are proposed. Goal: To substantiate a methodological program-targeted approach to project-process management of innovative development of companies, allowing specialists to carry out the practical development of programs for innovative development of enterprises. Methods: General scientific methods of system analysis, as well as analytical and instrumental methods of structural and logical schematization and organizational modeling were used. Results: a complex of structural and logical models was identified as the main result of the study. Conclusion: As a result of the study, it is possible to form calculation and evaluation complexes and develop in-house documents for planning and managing innovative development management processes.

Financial Performance and Total Resources: Trend and sensitivity Analysis of Indian Oil Exploration and Production Companies

The firms involved in the exploration and production (E&P) of natural gas resources and crude oil play a crucial role in the energy sector and contribute to the economy. Exploration and production refer to discovering, drilling, and extracting natural gas resources and crude oil from beneath the earth’s surface. Exploration and production firms provide a base for the downstream companies to make crude oil consumable. The financial performance of the downstream companies depends on the cost efficiency of the E&P firms. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the total resources and measures of financial performance. The study is based on secondary data and financial ratios, index numbers applied to get the financial performance, and variability of financial performance. Correlation is used to get the trend and quick impact of variability on the total assets on the financial measures in the short and long run. The study found that while return on total resources is positively influenced in the long run, profitability based on sales and short-term paying ability is negatively governed by the absolute quantity of expansion of all available resources. Although the long-term association is positive, there is a short-term lag in the positive increase of the total resources on the ROA. Overall, based on their average absolute amount of total resources, relatively, the mutual study of the mean growth rate of all resources and financial indicators of Indian E&P explore negativity.

Effect of herding behavior and overconfidence bias on investor’s financial decisions: A case of investment in crypto currency in Pakistan

There are various behavioral aspects that influence the financial decisions of individual investors, such as overconfidence, herding behavior, loss aversion, and regret aversion. Other psychological elements may play a substantial influence in deciding the success or failure of any financial action. The primary aims of the present research article are to examine the effects of overconfidence bias and herding behavior on individual financial decisions regarding crypto currency investment. The markets for crypto currencies are extremely sensitive to any minute or significant changes in the economy, as well as to any changes in the individual behaviors of investors. To achieve these aims, 650 questionnaires were distributed to individual investors employed by various financial institutions, multinational corporations, including oil and gas exploration and production companies, operating in Pakistan, individual investors dealing in stocks, and students regardless of investment size. Purposive sampling was used to choose 311 valid responses from a total of 593. Those investors that engage in crypto currency investments were deemed valid responses. Classifications of investments were outlined, and demographic information was requested from respondents. SPSS-based empirical analysis provided the basis for the conclusions. The primary findings indicate that both overconfidence bias and herding tendency have a favorable and statistically significant impact on investors' financial decisions when investing in cryptocurrencies. In this study's sample, however, the majority of investors were overconfident in their crypto currency investing decisions.

INTELLIGENCE ANALYTICAL SUBSYSTEM OF CORPORATE MANAGEMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF AN OIL & GAS COMPANY)

The changes that have taken place in the Ukrainian economy in recent years due to the consistent impact of global macroeconomic, epidemiological and military factors of the current deep crisis - actualized for enterprises and corporations a complex adaptive reorganization of their analytical subsystem of their management [1, 2].
 In addition, in order to be consistently effective in today's global business environment (liberalization of markets, their globalization, increased competition, decreasing consumer loyalty, constant variation in oil and gas prices, etc.), oil and gas companies must have an innovative data and knowledge environment that allows seamless and effective joint leveraging knowledge inside the corporation and across the value chain [3]. The application of knowledge-based decision support systems as an important tool of innovative management policy enables effective and sustainable management of a complex of integrated processes of an oil and gas production company (mitigating the impact of crisis factors) [4].
 The scientific and practical results presented in the article regarding the methodology and design of innovative analytical subsystem of the corporation management information systems should be taken into account when reengineering corporate information systems not only in the oil and gas industry in Ukraine [5-6]. 
 Moreover, the obtained results are relevant and applicable not only for local companies, but also for international corporations on emerging markets in the context of global and regional macroeconomic and edipemical crisis phenomena.

The Role of Economic and Social Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Small-Scale Sunflower Oil Production Companies in Tanzania

Most developing nations, including Tanzania, consider agro-processing a key to industrialization. Despite an attractive sunflower seed yield, Tanzania's sunflower oil processing and production have been staggering over the years. Sunflower oil production is inefficient, which leads to low output. So, this research studied sunflower oil production technical efficiency in the Singida region. The study examined the social and economic factors that affect technical efficiency in small-scale sunflower oil producers. It applied cross-sectional design and secondary data for the years 2016–2017, which were collected from the Central Zone Sunflower Oil Processors Association and Small Industrial Development Organization based on Singida sunflower oil producers. It also used stochastic frontier analysis and multiple linear regressions to find the empirical economic relationship between the variables. Sunflower oil producers averaged 30.1% less technical efficiency, as the average was 69.9%. It also revealed that labor, seed, capital, and electricity affect production, while age, experience, education, and locality also matter. Finally, processing techniques, socio-economic, and demographic differences affect sunflower oil production. So, producers must increase capital inputs to be technically efficient. Consider boosting producer capacity and abilities and observing a minimum number of productive staff.

Human Resource Succession Planning and Resilience of Multinational Oil and Gas Producing Companies in Nigeria

Human Resource Succession Planning and Resilience of Multinational Oil and Gas Producing Companies in Nigeria

MODIFYING TEMPERATURE CORRELATIONS IN MELTING PROPERTIESCALCULATIONS FOR ACCURATE PREDICTION OF WAX DEPOSITION

The formation of paraffin deposits is a common problem faced by oil production companies, as it complicates the production and transportation of hydrocarbons. Paraffins are a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) contained in oil in a dissolved or, depending on temperature, crystalline state. Paraffins in the form of crystals can be released from oil if its temperature drops below a certain value - the temperature at which paraffins begin to crystallize. The crystallization temperature of paraffins depends on the chemical composition of the oil and the molecular weight of the paraffins dissolved in it. Thermodynamic modeling plays an important role in preventing wax formation. The article analyzes modifications of temperature correlations (melting point and pour point) included in the calculations of fusion properties. Temperature correlation data is used in thermodynamic prediction models of wax precipitation.Two correlations were taken for the study: Won's (1986) correlation and Nichita's (2001) correlation, and by modifying them, new correlations were obtained that give more accurate results with the experimental data. For the experiment, 3 samples with calculated molecular weights were taken from field X. As a result, the modified correlation for determining the melting point gives an accuracy of calculation results compared to the correlation of Won (1986) by 5%. The modified correlation for determining the solid-state transition temperature gives an accuracy of the calculation results compared to the Nichita (2001) correlation by 17.5% for the X field. These results provide valuable information for the practical application of modified theoretical temperature correlations, which will make it possible to more accurately characterize the behavior of the oil mixture, increase the accuracy of calculations, and improve the predictive model of wax deposition for various oils.

Estimation of critical thickness of wax deposits during mechanical removal from high water cut oil well

The formation of wax deposits in oil wells is one of the most costly problems for oil production companies. The most common method of removing deposits is mechanical removal with a scraper. However, there is still no understanding of the critical conditions for wax removal. As part of this work, the authors consider the process of mechanical removal of wax from a high water cut oil well. The work carried out studies to assess the influence of the aqueous phase on the intensity of wax formation and simulated the thickness of wax deposits during the period of their removal under field conditions. It was found that the aqueous phase is actively included in the volume of deposits, increasing the rate of wax formation and their density. Based on the modeling, it was concluded that in wells with a low inclination, the critical thickness of wax deposits is 0.18 mm. The effect of water cut in production on the critical wax thickness has not been found, while with increasing well flow rate the critical thickness decreases. The work performed is extremely useful for understanding the process of mechanical removal of wax deposits from oil production wells producing water-cut oil.

Fractured reservoirs: An extensive geomechanical integrity approach

There is no more challenging task for today oil and gas production companies than simulating the production behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs fields. These reservoirs are highly prosperous at their early stage of production, only to decline afterward. Previous behavior has risen awareness of the geomechanics role in controlling deliverability of those reservoirs. Hasdrubal is a naturally fractured reservoir field located in offshore Tunisia. Recently, the field has manifested serious integrity and water coning issues. An integrity study was necessary to accurately determine the ever-changing stress settings and properly assimilate their impact on the production trend. Thus, former geomechanical investigations of the field were revisited to acquire a strong understanding of the reservoir and so develop an appropriate Mechanical Earth Models that assimilate the current stresses state and mechanical properties. The rock-mechanical characteristics was subsequently up-scaled to an Intact Three-Dimensional Geomechanical Model that incorporates the geomechanical properties along with the faults network. The homogenization concept was then adopted to generate the homogenized rock properties that were then populated over the latest model in order to establish the Three-Dimensional Homogenized Geomechanical Model (3D-HGM). The 3D-HGM was deployed to investigate the invasive impact of the fractures on field deliverability and ultimately generate a reactivation potential map of the faults at current and future conditions, which showed again the reactivation of most of faults intercepted by the well notably the ones responsible of water production. A justification that the former investigation studies were not in position to offer it as they were grounded only on the 1D modelling approaches (i.e. intact model). Previous observation was confirmed through the built of a two dimensional finite model for the problematic well A1ST thus allowing us to compute displacement of the fault's walls and accordingly interpret the new values of permeability associated to the different faults of the field. The up-to-date permeabilities were introduced to the dynamic reservoir model hence to estimate production trend of the A1ST1 well. A fair matching with field production data was achieved, proving again the reliability of the integral approach developed in this study in modelling the Hasdrubal field with high accuracy.

Human Resource Demand Forecast and Resilience of Multinational Oil and Gas Producing Companies in Nigeria

Human Resource Demand Forecast and Resilience of Multinational Oil and Gas Producing Companies in Nigeria

Identification and prioritization of factors causing delays in ICT projects based on PMBOK standards using Fuzzy Delphi & Fuzzy Delphi hierarchical analysis

Due to the importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) projects and lack of research on such projects in the petroleum industry, the present study mainly aimed to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the delay of ICT projects in Masjid-i-Solieman Oil and Gas Production Company as the case study. This investigation seeks the causes of undesirable conclusions of the ICT petroleum industry. The results are crucial to prevent the wastage of financial resources or time (due to sanctions and the difficulty of supply resources in Iran), also are very important for the project management of the oil and gas industry. On the other hand, it can be helpful all over the world. According to the obtained prioritization, the most significant impact was the wrong sequence and definition of prerequisite relationships, prioritization instructions and lack of review of the priority in allocating limited resources to project components, and lack of timely allocation of financial resources, respectively, with the highest importance.

Carrier Line Technique for Downhole Chemical Injection in Oil and Gas Industry; Case Study: El Hamra Oil Company

In oil production companies, corrosion is a common issue with various adverse economic and environmental consequences. Active well production fluid always comprises inherently corrosive and highly corrosive substances. There are a variety of treatment techniques to prohibit corrosion, such as chemical treatment, cathodic protection, and paint-based corrosion inhibitors. El Hamra Oil Company produces crude oil from three main locations. The research group noticed several downhole localized corrosion problems in the artificial lift system. This paper presents a case study to quantify the extra operation cost of periodically replacing the entire tubing string, renting the pulling unit, and production deferring. The research quantifies the economic impacts after corrosion inhibitor is injected downhole using the carrier line technique (CLT). The results show that the company saved more than 672 K $ during three years of using downhole chemical treatment; dramatically decreasing the regular corrosion incidents in three active wells. The actual profits are expected to increase exponentially for the following years, meanwhile reducing the environmental impacts to meet Egypt’s strategy towards sustainable goals in 2030.

Flood Management: Solving Conformance or Sweep Efficiency Problems—Part 4: Solution Performance Analysis

The first three articles in this series have discussed problem identification, problem understanding; solution design, execution, and performance; and benefit methods and techniques that should help in our efforts to improve the solution success rate, but we still have further improvements to make. Part 4 provides an overview of ongoing research and recent technology improvements focused on improving sweep efficiency or conformance solutions taking place in both academia and the service industry within the US. This article does not review efforts taking place inside oil production companies or national oil companies as that work is generally not publicized until completed. Before we start this review, let’s capture some thoughts that were expressed by several department chairs and other leaders in the industry. There is a common feeling that the level of research activity on all conventional oilfield recovery problems has suffered from a change in interest and funding over the past 10 to 15 years. Research on conformance or sweep efficiency problems is a subset of conventional oilfield recovery issues and thus has also suffered from this reduced interest. Instead, a significant rise of unconventional oilfield recovery needs and focus on greenhouse gases (GHG), carbon footprint, and the energy industry transition has shifted the priorities at many universities, governments, and service providers. This shift in efforts has resulted in a significant redistribution of resources that were once focused on conventional oilfield recovery issues. The number and types of conventional oilfield recovery problems has not changed; if anything, they continue to grow, but the addition of unconventional resources and their unique character, along with the push for studies on GHG, carbon footprint, and energy transition without a corresponding increase in funding and manpower has diluted our ability to respond as an industry to these needs. This perspective is offered as a simple observation of conditions that exist in the energy research arena. No judgment is made on the appropriateness of this change or the overall situation. Simply be aware that as an industry we have many challenges to face in the future and some will suffer as others are prioritized. As a result of this and some other reasons, several universities such as Colorado School of Mines, Louisiana State University, Penn State, Stanford University, University of Houston, University of Southern California, The University of Tulsa, and University of Wyoming are not reporting any active or current efforts on conventional asset sweep efficiency or conformance solution research. This does not mean that all interest in these technologies has been lost, only that no current research activities are underway. This is unfortunate, but I believe it is representative of this industry shift. Now, back to the primary focus of this article.

Updating the processes of long-term monitoring of production wells

The development of West Siberian oil and gas fields in conditions of total horizontal completion of wells showed that technologically our industry was not sufficiently ready for this challenge. To quickly build high-tech horizontal wells, to carry out multistage hydraulic fracturing in them and at the same time effectively manage the operation of high-tech horizontal wells, to ensure the required degree of reserves development, unfortunately, is not the same thing...Despite the fact that the actual coverage of well-testing, production logging and alternative long-term distributed monitoring based on stationary information and measurement systems in Russia in recent years has been extremely insignificant, a cumulative analysis of the data obtained in the industry on the leading vertically integrated oil companies speaks about the following negative trends identified by diagnostic methods: the existing domestic technologies do not allow to regulate and manage the inflow and intake profiles in horizontal wells, horizontal wells with multistage hydraulic fracturing, multibarrel wells, thereby initially ensuring uniform production of recoverable oil and gas reserves in the drainage zones of wells with horizontal completion; the undesirable breakthroughs into the borehole of a horizontal well of water and gas detected by means of borehole diagnostics were eventually not isolated by field services, as a result of which the wells were decommissioned prematurely, without ensuring the achievement of the project accumulated indicators of hydrocarbon production; according to measurements in the horizontal wells, incomplete confirmability of multistage hydraulic fracturing designs was found (both in estimates of crack lengths and in terms of determining the places and forms of their initiation in holes); finally, the profiles of the inflow and the composition of the inflow studied in dynamics, as a rule, changed quite quickly in time from the moment the wells were launched for the selection of products, which usually led to unpredictable production losses (flow deterioration was usually recorded from the toe and the central parts of the boreholes of horizontal wells); the most typical reason for the decrease in productivity in horizontal wells and horizontal wells with multistage hydraulic fracturing should be recognized as the clogging of boreholes with sand and proppant, as well as the lack of the ability of producers to promptly clean the boreholes without creating repression on the formation; all these problems are certainly aggravated for objects of the category of hard-to-recover initial-recoverable reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials. The fixation and justification of the above conclusions were largely obtained due to the gradual transition of oil and gas producing and service companies from traditional one-time complex measurements by production logging and well testing to permanent long-term stationary monitoring of well testing and production logging parameters in production wells using various types of point-distributed and distributed modular means of stationary information and measurement systems. This progressive high-tech direction of borehole research can potentially be significantly developed and spread in the industry in the near future (which will objectively contribute to the achievement of higher oil and gas recovery coefficients), provided that the state bodies supervising the development of hydrocarbon raw materials (Rosnedra, Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation) will involve measures to motivate a deeper and more detailed study of the state of development of residual recoverable reserves at the developed fields.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Measuring the air quality of three communities in Port Harcourt, Rivers State

There are a good number of major oil-producing companies as well as numerous activities that involve the combustion of organic matter. These activities release enormous quantities of pollutants into the atmosphere and there seems to be a paucity of data that captures the concentration of pollutants in the air as well as their health implications. This study was aimed at determining the levels/concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surrounding air of three communities in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Rivers State houses two oil refineries, a fertilizer company, and numerous companies. Sampling was conducted using the EGASPIN 2018 sampling procedure. Air samples were collected unto sterilized filter paper from the three communities using a Bosean meter. Sample extraction and analysis were conducted using GC-FID (EPA 8270). The study was conducted over the dry and wet seasons in 2019. Dry season result showed the presence of majorly four low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene; in Okrika, concentrations of were 2.766±1.429 mg/kg, 0.976±0.491 mg/kg, 0.014±0.007 mg/kg and 0.040±0.023 mg/kg respectively; in Mgbuodohia the concentrations were 0.822±0.668 mg/kg, 1.199±0.626 mg/kg, 0.008±0.004 mg/kg and 0.012±0.009 mg/kg respectively; in Chokocho the concentrations were 0.144±0.097 mg/kg, 1.074±0.738 mg/kg, 0.001±0.000 mg/kg, and 0.142±0.067 mg/kg respectively. Wet season results showed the concentration of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene; in Okrika, the concentration was 0.271±0.034 mg/kg, 0.108±0.019 mg/kg, 0.055±0.009 mg/kg and 0.001±0.000 mg/kg respectively; in Mgbuodohia the concentrations were 0.014±0.002 mg/kg, 0.005±0.004 mg/kg, 0.009±0.002 mg/kg and 0.001±0.000 mg/kg respectively; in Chokocho the concentrations were 0.001±0.000 mg/kg, 0.001±0.000 mg/kg, 0.002±0.001 mg/kg and 0.001±0.000 mg/kg. Against the backdrop of past studies linking the concentration of PAHs to the presence of refineries and other anthropogenic human activities, the Chokocho study location was chosen as a control site. The result agrees with the premise that air around regions where there is relatively less human activity like the combustion of organic matter, tend to have lower concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content. The total concentrations of PAHs in the air during the dry season are 3.809 mg/kg, 2.045 mg/kg, and 1.375 mg/kg in Okrika, Mgbuodohia, and Chokocho respectively, showing Okrika to be the most polluted followed by Mgbuodohia and lastly Chokocho. Source apportionment points to petrogenic, pyrolytic, and other possible sources. The detection of just four out of the sixteen priority PAHs points to the fact that there seems to be more effect on other matrices like soil and water.

Intelligent management of an innovative oil and gas producing company under conditions of the modern system crisis

Intelligent management of an innovative oil and gas producing company under conditions of the modern system crisis