Plant Oils Research Articles

Аккумулирование тепловой энергии масла и охлаждающей жидкости дизельного двигателя маневрового тепловоза

Objective: to substantiate the effectiveness of using heat-storing materials to preserve the thermal energy of the oil and coolant of the diesel power plant of a shunting diesel locomotive. To achieve this goal it is necessary: to identify the relevance of the problem of preserving the thermal energy of oil and coolant during the operation of diesel locomotives in conditions of negative ambient temperatures; develop a concept for the use of heat-storing phase transition materials in the oil and water systems of a diesel locomotive; carry out the selection of heat-storing materials based on their physical properties and the operating characteristics of diesel locomotive engine systems; conduct laboratory experimental studies to assess the effectiveness of using a particular heat-storing material. Methods: physical experiment performed in laboratory conditions, which consists of recording the temperature of the working medium (oil and water) and the temperature of the heat-storing material used depending on the cold idle time. Experimental studies make it possible to more accurately select the most preferred materials for accumulating heat from oil and water in diesel locomotive engine systems. Results: an experimental dependence of the temperature of various heat-accumulating materials on the cold idle time was constructed, which makes it possible to justify the use of stearin to accumulate heat from engine oil and cooling system water. Practical importance: the research was carried out as part of the implementation of a grant from Russian Railways JSC for young scientists to conduct scientific research aimed at creating new equipment and technologies for use in railway transport and recommended for use in the locomotive complex. Grant agreement No. 5103675 dated December 26, 2022 “Thermal accumulator for the pre-start preparation system for diesel locomotives in the cold season”

Identification and Candidate Gene Evaluation of a Large Fast Neutron-Induced Deletion Associated with a High-Oil Phenotype in Soybean Seeds.

Since the dawn of agriculture, crops have been genetically altered for desirable characteristics. This has included the selection of natural and induced mutants. Increasing the production of plant oils such as soybean (Glycine max) oil as a renewable resource for food and fuel is valuable. Successful breeding for higher oil levels in soybeans, however, usually results in reduced seed protein. A soybean fast neutron population was screened for oil content, and three high oil mutants with minimal reductions in protein levels were found. Three backcross F2 populations derived from these mutants exhibited segregation for seed oil content. DNA was pooled from the high-oil and normal-oil plants within each population and assessed by comparative genomic hybridization. A deletion encompassing 20 gene models on chromosome 14 was found to co-segregate with the high-oil trait in two of the three populations. Eighteen genes in the deleted region have known functions that appear unrelated to oil biosynthesis and accumulation pathways, while one of the unknown genes (Glyma.14G101900) may contribute to the regulation of lipid droplet formation. This high-oil trait can facilitate the breeding of high-oil soybeans without protein reduction, resulting in higher meal protein levels.

Effects of Camellia oleifera seed shell polyphenols and 1,3,6-tri-O-galloylglucose on androgenic alopecia via inhibiting 5a-reductase and regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the leading cause of hair loss in adults. Its pathogenesis remains unclear, but studies have shown that the androgen-mediated 5α-reductase-AR receptor pathway and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway play significant roles. Camellia oleifera is an oil plant, and its fruits have been documented in folklore as having a hair cleansing effect and preventing hair loss. In this study, we used UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS to identify the structure of the substances contained in the polyphenols of Camellia oleifera seed shell. These polyphenols are mainly used for shampooing and anti-hair loss purposes. Next, we used molecular docking technology to dock 41 polyphenols and steroidal 5 alpha reductase 2 (SRD5A2). We found that the docking scores and docking sites of 1,3,6-tri-O-galloylglucose (TGG) and finasteride were similar. We constructed a mouse model of DHT-induced AGA to evaluate the effects of Camellia oleifera seed shell polyphenols (CSSP) and TGG in vivo. Treatment with CSSP and TGG alleviated alopecia symptoms and reduced DHT levels. Additionally, CSSP and TGG were able to reduce androgen levels by inhibiting the SRD5A2-AR receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, by regulating the secretion of growth factors and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, CSSP and TGG were able to extend the duration of hair growth. In conclusion, our study showed that CSSP and TGG can improve AGA in C57BL/6 J mice and reduce the effect of androgen on hair follicle through the two signaling pathways mentioned above. This provides new insights into the material basis and mechanism of the treatment of AGA by CSSP.

History of studying essential oil crops

The article provides a historical overview of the formation and development of the essential oil industry. The main attention is paid to the history of scientific research of essential oil and medicinal plants. Our ancestors may have instinctively selected certain herbs for healing, just as sick animals today seek out plants they wouldn't normally eat. Based on an analysis of the current state, the need has been determined and the priority tasks have been formed for a full-scale revival of essential oil production in the Russian Federation.The problem tatement: in the republics of the former USSR, a number of essential oil plants were cultivated: coriander, lavender, essential oil rose, sage and others. In the 1970-80s the area of cultivation of essential oil plants exceeded 200 thousand hectares. At the same time, the demand for essential oils and other essential oil products was not fully satisfied. With the collapse of the USSR, the essential oil industry declined. The growing areas for most of the essential oil crops ended up on the territory of the newly formed independent states. The cultivation and processing of essential oils in Russia decreased significantly.The goal of the research is substantiation and acquisition of knowledge about the history of emergence and development of essential oil plants, herbal medicine, active substances as a tool for developing a common problem and combining the scientific, industrial and innovative potential of all interested parties.The research methods used are source study, historical-typological and biographical methods. The research results: the opportunity to gain new knowledge about the history of the origin and distribution of essential oil plants, and the creation of a huge food base for animals and people.

Improving the triphenylphosphine/triphenylphosphine oxide (TPP/TPPO)‐based method for the absolute and accurate quantification by FTIR‐ATR of hydroperoxides in oils or lipid extracts

AbstractResearch on natural sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for both food and nutraceutical prospects has significantly grown in recent years. Some plant oils and lipid extracts contain carotenoids, xanthophylls, sterols, and/or phenolic compounds that can provoke a lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) overestimation when quantifying them using nonselective colorimetric assays. Herein, we have optimized a mid‐infrared method using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) to quantify LOOHs in oils or lipid extracts. This method is based on the conversion of triphenylphosphine (TPP) to triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) in the presence of hydroperoxides, with a direct assessment of TPPO levels following the formation of an oil film on the ATR crystal's surface, allowing for a low detection limit of 0.5 mmol of LOOH kg−1. The concentration of oil and TPP, as well as the reaction time, were optimized. It was demonstrated that the presence of pigments, unsaponifiable compounds, phenolics, and/or PUFAs on oils, do not disrupt the analysis. Furthermore, the stoichiometry of the TPP/LOOH reaction was examined, confirming the reliability of the method in detecting various forms of hydroperoxides. An accelerated oxidation study was carried out and the hydroperoxide contents measured using TPP/TPPO were found to be comparable to those obtained using the ferric thiocyanate method. Our method offers a fast, simple, robust, and sensitive approach to accurately quantify hydroperoxides, regardless of the chemical composition of oil or lipid extracts.Practical Application: The hydroperoxide assay method outlined in this study allows for the rapid and straightforward detection of hydroperoxides in pure oil matrices. The method's elevated sensitivity facilitates the early identification of oxidation indicators in oils, especially those with significant carotenoid or xanthophyll contents since these compounds may affect the results when using methods based on colorimetric quantification of hydroperoxides. This accurate, precise, and reproducible approach requires only small quantities of test samples and chemical products, making it well suited to routine application in laboratories and industrial environments.

Application of rosemary oil nano-emulsion as antimicrobial and antioxidant natural alternative in pasteurized cream and Karish cheese

Essential oils possess significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and are increasingly used as natural substitutes for food preservation. Therefore, this study investigated the potential application of rosemary essential oil (REO) and REO nano-emulsion in the dairy plant. The antimicrobial effects of REO and REO nano-emulsion were determined by an agar well diffusion assay after chemical profiling by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The REO nano-emulsion was characterized by a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The REO chemical profile revealed the presence of 42 chemical compounds, including 1, 8-cineole (9.72 %), and α-pinene (5.46 %) as major active components. REO nano-emulsion demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity compared to REO (P < 0.05) with a MIC value of 0.0001 mg/ml against Listeria monocytogenes and Aspergillus flavus and 0.001 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. REO nano-emulsion enhanced the oxidative stability of pasteurized fresh cream, revealing a non-significant difference compared with that inoculated with butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA; synthetic antioxidant) (P˃ 0.05). Fortified cream and Karish cheese with REO nano-emulsion were evaluated organoleptically, and the results showed higher grades of overall acceptability when compared to control samples with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Viability studies were estimated using the previously mentioned microorganisms in fortified fresh cream and Karish cheese with REO nano-emulsion. Results of the fortified cream showed a complete reduction of L. monocytogenes, A. flavus, and B. cereus on days 5, 7, and 10, respectively, and a 96.93 % reduction of P. aeruginosa by the end of the storage period. Regarding Karish cheese viability studies, C. albicans, A. flavus, and P. aeruginosa exhibited complete reduction on days 10, 10, and 15 of storage, respectively. In conclusion, REO nano-emulsion was recommended as a natural, safe, and effective antimicrobial and antioxidant additive in the dairy industry.

Tank-Mix Adjuvants Enhance Pesticide Efficacy by Improving Physicochemical Properties and Spraying Characteristics for Application to Cotton with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.

Tank-mix adjuvants have been used to reduce spray drift and facilitate the efficacy of pesticides applied with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, the effects of specific adjuvants on pesticide characteristics and the mechanism of action remain unclear. Herein, we analyzed the effects of three different types of tank-mix adjuvants (plant oil; mineral oil; and mixture of alcohol and ester) on the surface tension (ST), contact angle, wetting, permeation, evaporation, spray performance, and aphid-control effects of two types of pesticides. The mineral oil adjuvant Weichi (WCH) was highly effective in reducing the pesticide solution ST, improving the wetting and penetration ability, increasing droplet size, and promoting droplet deposition. The mixed alcohol and ester adjuvant Quanrun (QR) showed excellent wetting and antievaporation properties and promoted droplet deposition. A plant oil adjuvant (Beidatong) moderately improved wetting and penetration ability and reduced droplet drift. Field tests showed that the control efficiencies (CEs) of two pesticides were increased after the addition of adjuvants, even with 20% reductions in pesticide application. When the UAV was operated at 1.5 m, the CEs of two pesticides were increased from 65.39 and 66.63% to 73.11-76.52% and 77.91-88.31%, respectively. When operated at 2.5 m, the CEs were increased from 51.24 and 68.60% to 65.06-75.70% and 77.57-92.59%, respectively. Especially, the CEs of pesticides with WCH and QR increased obviously. Importantly, neither WCH nor QR inhibited hatching of the critical insect natural enemy ladybird beetle at concentrations used in the field. This study provides a framework for assessment of tank-mix adjuvants in aerial sprays and directly demonstrates the value of specific adjuvants in improving pesticide bioavailability and minimizing associated environmental pollution.

Vitamin K Concentrations in Nuts, Nut Butters, and Plant Oils

Vitamin K Concentrations in Nuts, Nut Butters, and Plant Oils

Dampak Hilirisasi Terhadap Pendapatan Petani Kelapa Sawit di Nagari Talang Binjai Kecamatan Silaut Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan

This research aims to analyze the impact of downstreaming on the income of oil palm farmers in Nagari Talang Binjai, Silaut District, Pesisir Selatan Regency. The main problem in this research is the extent to which palm oil downstreaming helps increase the income of oil palm farmers in Nagari Talang Binjai, Silaut District, Pesisir Selatan Regency. This type of research is field research with a qualitative approach. The data analysis technique used is Miles and Huberman which includes reduction, presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this research found that the downstreaming of palm oil stabilized the selling price of palm oil to farmers. Which can help stabilize the income of oil palm farmers in Nagari Talang Binjai, Silaut District, Pesisir Selatan Regency. Moreover, the European Union is boycotting palm oil commodities and their derivatives produced in Indonesia. After discussion, the Indonesian government must continue to carry out research regarding downstream palm oil and increase its costs. This is so that scientists can immediately produce one hundred percent vegetable energy, whether in the form of diesel or fuel, even in other forms of vegetable energy. After that, mass production of every vegetable energy product from palm oil will be carried out as soon as possible. Due to economic threats from abroad in the form of boycotts, reducing imports and planting oil palm, several countries have begun to implement them. By downstreaming palm oil, Indonesia will become a developed and strong country, and can bring prosperity to its people, especially oil palm farmers in Nagari Talang Binjai, Silaut District, Pesisir Selatan Regency.

Preparation And Evaluation Of Polyherbal Scented Candle Using Volatile Oils Extracted By Enfleurage Method

Background: Medicinal plants serve dual roles, offering remedies for various diseases and income-generation opportunities. Ancient Indian texts, including Ayurveda, extensively document plant use in healthcare. Globally, medicinal plants are vital resources in the fight against severe diseases. Essential oils in plants provide distinct aromas, flavors, and pathogen protection. Tithonia erecta flower oil boasts a complex composition with diverse beneficial properties. Exocarp extract from Citrus sinensis differs from juice or leaf extracts, containing more lipophilic compounds but fewer glycosylated compounds and lacking cyanidins and sterols. Eucalyptus globulus oil acts as an antiseptic and anti-spasmodic stimulant for respiratory issues. Scented candles are a popular relaxation method, promoting well-being through ambient lighting. This study aims to create practical scented candles using natural materials like soy wax, beeswax, and essential oils. Methods: The desired candle should offer a long burn time, be cost-effective, and pose no health risks to users. The candle composition includes gel wax, vegetable or animal fat, eucalyptus leaves, marigold petals, and orange peels. This study involves preparing and evaluating polyherbal scented candles using volatile oils extracted through the enfleurage method. Results: The phytochemical analysis of these extracts revealed the presence of volatile oils, alkaloids and proteins. The FTIR analysis reveals the presence of OH group in these extracts. Conclusion: This research successfully developed a natural polyherbal scented candle with extended burn time, cost-effectiveness, and user safety. Antioxidants prevent undesired changes during production and use. The candle contains gel wax, vegetable or animal fat, eucalyptus leaves, marigold petals, and orange peels. Evaluation tests confirmed safety and effectiveness. Among formulations, F1 is fragrance-minimal and allergy-free, while others may cause counter-irritation. This eco-friendly product provides a fresh herbal fragrance for stress relief and is competitively priced.

Antigenotoxic Properties of Different Plant Oils and the Influence of Olfactory Bias

In this study, antigenotoxic effects and developmental toxicity of frankincense and blue anemone oils were aimed to be analysed and the olfactory bias was aimed to be checked to see the possibility of an interaction between the olfactory perception and antigenotoxicity of the plant oils. The somatic mutation and recombination test was used to analyze genotoxicity, developmental process of Drosophila melanogaster was screened and the feeding assay was used to perform an olfactory bias test. Genotoxicity test results showed that none of the oils affected the spot frequencies compared to negative control and they caused 73.3 - 100 % inhibitions after the cotreatment with H2O2. None of them caused any significant difference in puparation and eclosion. The frankincense and blue anemone oils were also found antigenotoxic in this study and these effects were independent from the olfactory perception because the rates of feeding were similar to the one observed with negative control.

Evaluation of plant oils against angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier infesting stored rice

Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier is one of the important insect pests during storages of ricee. Evaluation plant oils against the pest showed that all oils cause mortality over control. Among them neem oil @5ml/kg was found effective followed by pongamia oil as it causes mortality of S. cerealella, less weight loss and adult emergence.

Level of Attack of Ganoderma boninense on Palm Oil Plant in Different Topographies

This research was motivated by the stem rot disease of Ganoderma boninense. Symptoms of Ganoderma disease attack young and old plants aged 10-25 years, as a result of this attack, the production of oil palm fruit bunches decreases. This research aims to determine the symptoms of Ganoderma attacks on oil palm plants, and determine the highest level of Ganoderma attacks in different topography, namely hilly, flat and swampy. This research uses samples of oil palm plants by determining saturated sampling, namely taking samples of oil palm plants in all topography, including hilly, flat and swampy, with a total of 15 blocks in Division 4, with 5 blocks in each topography. Data collection uses primary and secondary data. The data analysis used was by calculating the percentage of attacks and using a completely randomized design (RAL) test. The research results show that the oil palm plants at PT. Rea Kaltim Plantations, Estate Sentekan Main in Division 4 has symptoms of Ganoderma boninense attacks. The highest percentage of Ganoderma boninense attacks is found in the swamp topography (17.08%). Based on ANOVA test, the topography gives a significant effect on the percentage of Ganoderma attacks.

Analysis of the essential oils in leaves and rhizomes with roots of angelica Archangelica growing in Ukraine

Essential oils, comprised of volatile compounds, have a wide range of biological effects, making them valuable in medicine, industry, and agriculture. They exhibit properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, and smooth muscle relaxation. In this aspect, plants belonging to the genus Angelica show promise. One of these essential oil plants is Angelica archangelica. There is insufficient information in the literature on the essential oils of the leaves and rhizomes with roots of Angelica archangelica. The aim. The aim of our study was to identify and determine the quantitative content of essential oils by GC/MS method in Angelica archangelica leaves and rhizomes with roots grown in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The determination of the essential oils composition of Angelica archangelica was conducted using Agilent Technologies 6890 chromatograph with mass spectrometric detector 5973 (Agilent Technologies, USA). Results. The leaves of Angelica archangelica were found to contain twenty-three components in their essential oil, while the rhizomes and roots of this plant contained fifteen components. Eleven components were common to both parts of the plant, namely cis-Pinane, α-Farnesene, α-Curcumene, α-Caryophyllene, Copaen, β-Bisabolene, δ-Amorphene, α-Muurolene, trans-Chrysanthemal, β-Guaiene, α-Elemene. Twelve components such as α-Pinene, β-Myrcene, 3-p-Menthene, Isoborneol, Anisole, Bornyl acetate, (Z)-β-Elemene, Caryophyllene, (-)-Spathulenol, α-Bergamotene, γ-Muurolene, α-Bisabolol were present only in leaves, and four components namely p-Isopropenylacetophenone, β-Cubebene, α-Zingiberene, Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone were present only in rhizomes with roots. Conclusions. The component composition of the essential oil in the leaves and the rhizomes with roots of Angelica archangelica growing in Ukraine was investigated using the GS/MC method. We have defined for the first time the chemical composition of the essential oils of the leaves of Angelica archangelica, 23 components of essential oil were identified. In the rhizomes with roots, 15 components of essential oils were identified. The following pharmacologically important components, cis-Pinane and α-Farnesene, were found in both samples of the essential oil of Angelica archangelica in significant quantities. These results have been cross-analyzed and are particularly important for planning and defining the process of cultivation and use of this species plant in traditional and official medicine

The effect of trehalose on the contents of starch and oil in microalga Dunaliella parva

Dunaliella parva (D. parva) is a green alga with an extremely salt tolerance, that can synthesize a lot of oil. Its oil composition is similar to that of oil plants. It can accumulate a large amount of oil under stress conditions, making it an ideal raw material for biodiesel production. Previous studies have found that trehalose can inhibit starch synthesis in plants. In this study, D. parva was treated with trehalose at different concentrations (1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM) to explore the suitable trehalose concentration to increase oil content. The results showed that 3 mM trehalose significantly reduced starch content by inhibiting the expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) gene and increased oil content. Trehalose also affected the contents of carbohydrate and protein in D. parva. In addition, trehalose treatment increased the proportions of palmitoleic acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, and reduced the proportions of myristic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. This study investigated the effect of trehalose on D. parva, and improved its economic benefits.

A comprehensive review on Ricinus communis and its therapeutic utilization as medicinal herb

Medicinal herbs possess a significant function in promoting human wellness, with herbal drugs flourishing tremendously over the past several centuries due to their continuous growth in developed as well as developing nations owing to its natural source and reduced consequences. Ricinus communis, often referred to as the castor oil plant or castor bean, is an herbaceous plant in the Euphorbiaceae family, possessing medicinal properties to address a wide range of health issues. This wide family comprises about 7,500 species and 300 genera, most of which are lowering plants. The castor plant offers traditional and therapeutic health benefits and its parts such as leaves, bark, seeds, flowers, and oil are valued for medicinal purposes. Castor oil, derived from the plant's seeds, finds application in Ayurvedic, homeopathic, unani, and allopathic medicine systems primarily as a laxative. Moreover, it exhibits a diverse range of medicinal properties including antimicrobial, pain-relieving, antioxidant, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory, and many others. These effects are attributed to its rich phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. The current research seeks to assess the distinctive pharmacological properties of Ricinus communis, its possible applications in herbal medicine, and its assessment for safety and efficacy.

Penentuan Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) minyak atsiri Acorus calamus terhadap Aspergillus flavus

Balinese lontar manuscripts are documentation of past Balinese culture. The main component of palm leaves is cellulose. Efforts to prevent damage to lontar manuscripts from cellulose-degrading fungi such as Aspergillus flavus are needed to maintain Balinese local wisdom. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Minimum Inhibitory Concentratiton (MIC) value of jangu leaf essential oil (Acorus calamus) in inhibiting the growth of A. flavus in vitro. The results obtained were the optimum concentration of A. calamus essential oil at 5% (v/v), with an average inhibition zone diameter of 11.72 mm (strong category). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of jangu leaf essential oil in inhibiting A. flavus is 2% v/v with an average inhibition zone diameter of 7.08 mm. This research opens new insights in the conservation of Balinese ancient manuscripts from damage caused by cellulose-degrading fungi, by utilizing the essential oil of local Balinese plants, namely jangu leaf (A. calamus).

Sustainable Hydrogen Production from Oil Palm Trunk Biomass in Indonesia: A Techno-Economic Study

Hydrogen has been recognized as a global sustainable alternative sustainable energy source. The government of Indonesia has been working on a novel idea to launch the hydrogen industry. Accordingly, research and development of ecologically acceptable hydrogen manufacturing methods are essential. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is one of the recent techniques to create hydrogen. This research investigated the techno-economics of hydrogen production in Indonesia using SCWG. Oil palm trunks (OPT), a plentiful byproduct of palm oil plants, are the primary raw materials employed in this industry. This study extracted data from several research publications on SCWG-related hydrogen generation and performed computational analysis using several economic parameter equations. According to the analysis, with a potential OPT source of around 34 million tons, the plant could manufacture 304,166.67 tons of OPT per year, generating 365,000 tons of hydrogen annually. The production cost was projected to be USD 1,179,409,295, with a fixed capital investment of USD 1,178,853,030.47. The expected annual income was USD 1,825,000,000. This assessment yielded an ROI of 60% and an NPV of USD 1,888,889,382.70. The IRR value was 26.96%, with a PoT of 2.49 years. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the price of hydrogen significantly affected the values of IRR and PoT. Therefore, the government must determine the exact price of hydrogen to ensure its sustainability.

Development and validation of a quantitative method for the analysis of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), and cannabidiol (CBD) in botanicals, edibles, liquids, oils, waxes, and bath products by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

A quantitative gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), and cannabidiol (CBD) in matrices including plant material, liquids and oils, waxes, edibles, and bath and body products. Samples were prepared by homogenization, extraction of the cannabinoids into solvent, liquid/liquid extraction, and derivatization. The GC/MS method was validated from 0.15% to 5.00% (weight basis) to encompass the 0.3% legal distinction between hemp and marijuana. Validation was performed assessing imprecision/bias, calibration model, recovery, interferences, limit of detection, matrix matching, carryover, accuracy, and an assessment of CBD conversion to delta-9-THC. The calibration curves were quadratic weighted 1/x with r2 > 0.990. The method had a detection limit of 0.075% in plant material for each analyte. Analyte recovery was greater than 70% in plant material. Carryover was not observed up to concentrations equivalent to 100% analyte, and no forensically significant conversion of CBD to delta-9-THC was observed. One cannabinoid isomer, 9(R)-delta-7-tetrahydrocannabinol (9(R)-delta-7-THC), was determined to interfere with the quantitation of delta-9-THC, but could be differentiated based on mass spectrum. The method was determined to be suitable for quantitation of delta-9-THC, delta-8-THC, delta-9-THCA, and CBD and was able to differentiate hemp samples from marijuana samples.

THE INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDE PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIES ON ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE TRAITS AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS IN THE CENTRAL FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

In the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine during 2021–2023, the influence of herbicide protection technologies on the formation of plant height, basket diameter, oil content and yield of sunflower hybrids was studied. Twelve sunflower hybrids were studied: SY Bacardi CLP, NK Kondi, SUZUKA (Syngenta Crop Protection AG), LG5555 CLP, LG5580, LG59580 (Limagrain Europe), ЕS GENESIS, ES Bellamis CL, ES AROMATIC SU (Euralis Semences), P64LP130, PR64F66, P64LE25 (Pioneer Overseas Corporation). Sunflower hybrids were studied using classical, Express (or SUMO), Clearfield® Plus (CLP) herbicide protection technologies. Taking into account the agrometeorological conditions of sunflower hybrids cultivation and their genetic potential, it was found that under the Express Sun (or SUMO) herbicide protection technology of Dupont (consisting of sunflower hybrids resistant to tribenuron-methyl-based products), the most stable was the height of sunflower plants in SUZUKA (194–197 cm) and P64LE25 (206–207 cm) hybrids. According to the technology of herbicide protection Clearfield® Plus (CLP) by BASF (based on the resistance of sunflower hybrids to herbicides of the imidazoline group), the highest stability in plant height was shown by the hybrid LG5555 CLP (175–177 cm). According to the classical technology, using soil and post-emergence herbicides and graminicides with elements of mechanical control, the hybrid ES Bellamis SL had the greatest variation in plant height from 177 cm to 223 cm during the three years of research. The most stable was the diameter of the sunflower basket in the hybrid SI Bacardi CLP (22.3–22.5 cm) with Clearfield® Plus (CLP) herbicide protection technology. According to the Express Sun (or SUMO) herbicide protection technology, high indicators of the basket diameter were obtained in the hybrids ES AROMATIC SU (20.7–23.2 cm) and SUZUKA (19.3–23.3 cm). The highest yields per plot were recorded for hybrids SUZUKA (11.15 kg), ES AROMATIC SU (11.05 kg) and P64LE25 (10.84 kg) using Clearfield® Plus (CLP) herbicide protection technology. The hybrids that provided the best yields and formed high quality seeds were P64LE25 (3.86 t/ha), with an oil content of 47.2%; ES AROMATIC SU (3.95 t/ha), with an oil content of 47.1%; and SUZUKA (3.98 t/ha), with an oil content of 47.7%, using Clearfield® Plus (CLP) herbicide protection technology. With Express Sun (or SUMO) technology, the best hybrid was LG5580 (4.0 t/ha), with an oil content of 48.6%.